Backwardation Research Articles

Direction specific preserved limits of stability in early progressive supranuclear palsy: A dynamic posturographic study

ObjectivesTo quantitatively detect the nature of balance impairment in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) using dynamic posturography. MethodsTwenty clinically diagnosed PSP patients (8 women, 12 men; age: 62.1±7.7 years; duration: 2.6±1.3 years) and 20 healthy controls were studied. All subjects were right side dominant. They were evaluated by dynamic posturography (Biodex, USA). The measurements included (i) balance indices: ability to control balance in all directions (overall balance index, OBI), front to back (anterior–posterior index, API) and side-to-side (medio-lateral index, MLI), and (ii) the limits of stability (LOS) in 8 directions: forward (FW), backward (BW), right (RT), left (LT), forward-right (FW-RT), forward-left (FW-LT), backward-right (BW-RT) and backward-left (BW-LT). ResultsCompared to controls, patients showed significantly higher OBI (p<0.001), API (p=0.003) and MLI (p<0.001), implying impaired balance. The total LOS score was significantly lower (implying poor stability) in PSP than in controls (18.3±7.3 vs. 28.4±8.5, p<0.001). Patients took significantly longer time to complete LOS test (262.7±33.0s vs. 135.4±20.6s, p<0.001). Direction-wise analysis showed that PSP patients had significantly lower LOS scores in FW, BW, RT, FW-RT, BW-RT and BW-LT directions compared to controls. However the scores in LT and FW-LT did not differ significantly. ConclusionsPSP patients showed impaired balance indices and decreased overall LOS compared to controls. Though LOS is affected in PSP, the scores in the left (non-dominant side) and forward-left (non-dominant forward diagonal) directions were preserved.

Non linear Optimum Interacting Multiple Model Smoother for GPS Navigation System

The navigation problem is to direct the movement of vehicle so as to arrive at a given destination.The single model unscented filter gives better accuracy for non-linear navigation problems using unscented transform.But it fails to address noise variations in vehicle dynamics.Hence the multiple model filtering[3] is required to deal with both non-linearity and noise variations in vehicle movement.The interacting multiple model unscented filter(IMMUF) gives better navigation results compared to individual model filters like EKF ,UKF and IMM-EKF.In this paper, the Interacting multiple model unscented smoothing approach (IMMUS) which combines the estimates of two separately running forward and back ward IMMUF is introduced to improve navigation results.The simulation result proves that IMMUS approach provides better estimation accuracy compared to IMMUF and single model UKF. KeywordsGPS; INS; Interacting Multiple Model (IMM);Extended Kalman Filter(EKF); Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF);Unscented Two Filter Smoother(UTFS); Interacting Multiple Model Unscented Filter(IMMUF);Interacting Multiple Model Unscented Smoother(IMMUS)

Vertical reaction forces and kinematics of backward walking underwater

The aim of this study was to compare the first and second peaks of the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and kinematics at initial contact (IC) and final stance (FS) during walking in one of two directions (forward×backward) and two environments (on land×underwater). Twenty-two adults (24.6±2.6 years) walking forward (FW) and backward (BW) on a 7.5m walkway with a central force plate. Underwater immersion was at the height of the Xiphoid process. Ten trials were performed for each condition giving a total of 40 trials where the VGRF and kinematic data were recorded. Two-way repeated measures analysis of covariance was used with a combination of environment and direction of walking: FW on land, FW underwater, BW on land and BW underwater (entered as between-subjects factor) and repeated measures of VGRF peaks (first and second) or angles (at IC and FS). Walking velocity was included as a covariate. Both VGRF peaks were reduced when participants walked underwater compared to on land (p<.001). For BW, in both environments, the second peak was lower than the first (p<.001; for both). During BW at IC the ankle is more dorsiflexed and the knee is more flexed, both on land and underwater. At FS, there was no difference between the ankle angle for FW and BW in both environments. At IC, in FW and BW the knee and hip are more flexed underwater. BW underwater involves a lower VGRF and more knee and hip flexion than BW on land.

Dynamic posturography in evaluation of balance in patients of Parkinson’s disease with normal pull test: Concept of a diagonal pull test

Objectives To assess subclinical balance impairment in patients of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with normal “pull test”, using dynamic posturography. Methods Twenty PD patients (H&Y stage 2) and 20 matched healthy controls were studied. The patients were evaluated in best ‘ON’ state using UPDRS and Dynamic Posturography. The latter measured dynamic balance indices and limits of stability (LOS) in 8 directions: forward (FW), backward (BW), right (RT), left (LT), forward-right (FW-RT), forward-left (FW-LT), backward-right (BW-RT) and backward-left (BW-LT). Results The dynamic balance indices and total LOS scores did not differ significantly between PD and controls. Direction-wise analysis of LOS showed significantly lower scores (suggesting impaired balance) in PD compared to controls only in FW-RT (21.2 ± 13.8 vs 34.5 ± 17.5, p = 0.005) and BW-LT (20.8 ± 9.8 vs 31.8 ± 15.1, p = 0.018) directions. In LOS test, controls had better stability in FW than BW ( p = 0.002) and on RT than LT directions ( p = 0.0005). Analysis in diagonal directions showed greater stability in FW-RT than FW-LT, in BW-LT than BW-RT, in FW-RT than BW-RT, and BW-LT than FW-LT directions. Though PD patients maintained greater stability in FW direction like controls, they lost the advantage in other directions. Conclusions Despite normal “pull test”, PD patients had subclinical direction-specific balance impairment, more apparent in forward-right and backward-left directions. This information may be useful in modifying the standard “pull test” with addition of pull in diagonal directions for detection of early balance impairment.

Context-Dependent Modulation of Cutaneous Reflex Amplitudes during Forward and Backward Leg Cycling

We used amplitude modulation of cutaneous reflexes during leg cycling as a paradigm to investigate neural control mechanisms regulating forward (FWD) and backward (BWD) rhythmic limb movement. Our prediction was a simple reversal of reflex modulation during BWD leg cycling and context-dependent reflex modulation. Cutaneous reflexes were evoked by electrical stimulation delivered to the superficial peroneal (SP) and distal tibial (TIB) nerves at the ankle. EMG recordings were collected from muscles acting at the hip, knee, and ankle. Kinematic data were also collected at these joints. Cutaneous reflexes were analyzed according to the phase of movement in which they were evoked. When functional phases (i.e., flexion or extension) of cycling were matched between FWD and BWD, background EMG and reflex modulation patterns were generally similar. The reflex patterns when compared at similar functional phases presented as a simple reversal suggesting FWD and BWD cycling are regulated by similar neural mechanisms. The general reflex regulation of limb trajectory was maintained between cycling directions in accordance with the task requirements of the movement direction.

The effect of backward training on the speed, agility and power of netball players

This study investigated the effect of a backward training programme on the speed, agility and power of well-trained netball players. Seventeen women club netball players (aged 19 – 20 years) were divided into an experimental (n=10) and a control group (n=7) and participated in a six-week backward (BW) and forward (FW) training programme after the competitive season. Before and after the intervention, all the subjects completed the following tests: agility-505 test, agility-T, ladder-test,sprint test (5, 10 and 20 meters) and a vertical jump test. The experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement in the agility-505 test, both for the right leg (p=0.03) and left leg (p=0.03), the agility-T test (p=0.01), as well as the ladder-test (p=0.001). No statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups with regards to straight-line speed and leg power. Although it is not uncommon for coaches to include backward running exercises inthe conditioning programmes of team sport players, the actual value of this type of training may have been underestimated in the past. Our findings suggest that netball specific exercises, performed backwards, can be successfully included in the conditioning and skills training programmes of team sport players.

The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewFull AccessThe Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United StatesJennifer Neuwalder M.D., M.Arch.Jennifer Neuwalder M.D., M.Arch.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:13 Jan 2015https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.8.1147AboutSectionsView articleView PDFView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article Carla Yanni's recent book, The Architecture of Madness, provides a lucid history of state asylums in the United States, from the 1770s through the late 19th century. An architectural historian by training, Yanni emphasizes the formal organization of asylums as built manifestations of the prevailing technological advances and moral hypotheses of their times. The scope of Yanni's scholarship is impressive, and her writing is accessible and clear. Her introduction explores socio-ideological contexts that underpinned "the architecture of madness." She qualifies her undertaking, emphasizing that most asylums were not designed by big-name architects and that she covers neither "inebriate asylums" nor "idiot asylums," which were distinct from asylums for the "curably insane." Her task was complicated by the fact that many of these buildings are in disrepair or have been torn down. Chapter 1 begins with London's (in)famous Bethlem, the oldest psychiatric institution in Europe and the epitome of pre-Enlightenment, brutal approaches to madness. Yanni moves briskly into an overview of late-18th-century British and French institutions, modeled on the Enlightenment ideal of "moral treatment." She concludes with England's York Retreat, which ushered in a model of psychiatric hospitalization embraced by American "alienists," characterized by separation from society, a healthful environment, and avoidance of mechanical restraints. In chapter 2, the Linear Plan (or "the Kirkbride Plan") takes center stage. Linear Plan is a misnomer, because the design is more of a V shape, with the "center main" at the apex, which housed the superintendent, chapel, and public parlors. The wards, stepped back from either side of the center main, led literally to the "back wards," those reserved for the most treatment-refractory patients. Kirkbride's asylums, intended to house 250 patients, embodied principles of "environmental determinism," such as morally uplifting rural outdoor environments, with paths, gardens, vistas, light, ventilation, and views of natural beauty from all rooms.Chapters 3 looks beyond Kirkbride to the Cottage Plan. As the 19th century progressed, the contiguous, often oppressively monolithic, linear-plan structures were replaced by smaller building units, in parallel with university campus design of the same era. Chapter 4 continues with the culmination of the Kirkbride Plan on a scale previously unimagined, with an officially sanctioned census of 650 that often exceeded 1,000. Each chapter is punctuated with photographs and architectural plans of individual buildings as well as master plans of hospital grounds. An appendix shows the plans of five asylums that are representative of different periods, and the shift in scale is dramatically apparent.Yanni concludes with an overview of state psychiatric institutions' more recent past, including deinstitutionalization, the advent of the clubhouse model, and how we as a society remember asylums and the people who lived, and often died, within their walls. Yanni's work raises many questions worthy of future study: What do state psychiatric hospitals mean to society today? What solutions have contemporary architects found for the issues of containment and rehabilitation in an age that favors community psychiatry over long-term hospitalization? In the end, although the fashion of architecture may matter less than it did in the 19th century, the elusive potential of environmental determinism remains.The reviewer reports no competing interests.Dr. Neuwalder is affiliated with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts, Worcester. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 60Issue 8 August, 2009Pages 1147-1147PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES August 2009 Volume 60 Number 8 Metrics History Published online 13 January 2015 Published in print 1 August 2009

Evidence on normal backwardation and forecasting theory in futures markets

This paper tests the theory of normal backwardation versus forecasting theory in futures markets. The study examines the characteristics of price movements in 29 markets from 1987 to 2007. Empirical evidence indicates that both theories exist and the dominant mechanism varies in different markets. Despite the cross-sectional differences across futures markets, the prevailing mechanism in each market is relatively sustainable across time. The majority of the markets experience no change in the dominance of the functional mechanism. However, some markets do switch the dominant mechanisms over the sample period. The results have important implications on understanding the futures risk premium and the hedging needs in different futures markets.

The disintegration of a community mental health outpatient program or, off the back wards into the streets.

The disintegration of a community mental health outpatient program or, off the back wards into the streets.

Back Ward

Perspectives in Psychiatric CareVolume 21, Issue 2 p. 53-53 Back Ward Elaine Dietz, Elaine DietzSearch for more papers by this author Elaine Dietz, Elaine DietzSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1983 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.1983.tb00174.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume21, Issue2April 1983Pages 53-53 RelatedInformation

1913: The Cradle of Modernism by Jean-Michel Rabaté

MLR, 104.4, 2009 1101 Leibniz, Jean Baptiste Rene Robinet, Bichat, and SirWilliam Lawrence, among others. In the second part Koelb approaches theways inwhich a dead past can affect the living present by examining Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, Keats's Endymion (1817), Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), and Gautiers Spirite (1865). In Part m of his analysis Koelb focuses on 'the interaction ofmatter and spirit as a process of incarnation inwhich bodies take on the character of texts and texts the characters of bodies' (p. 12). Kleist's Michael Kohlhaas (1810), Shelley's Frankenstein (1818), Robert Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer (1820), and various tales by Poe are offered as evidence of the demonic underside of a resurrection of the fleshand a death thatbrings one into life' (p. 145). Koelb's engaging thesis argues for an original connection between theApostle Paul and 'theRomantic century, but itisat times tenuous and even overstated.With regard to an age of revolution, one also questions the veracity ofKoelb's claim that 'thepolitical history of the time [...] had primarily indirect effectson thematters re levant' tohis enquiry (p. xi). However, in a study that admits topresenting a 'sample' that is 'not meant tobe exhaustive but rather illustrative' (ibid.), his selective analysis suggests an interesting currentwithin Romantic thought, prose, and poetry. University of Warwick Brian Haman 1913' The Cradle ofModernism. By Jean-Michel Rabate. Oxford: Blackwell. 2007. viii+246 pp. ?50 (pbk ?19.99). ISBN 978-1-4051-5117-7 (pbk 978 1-4051-6192-3). 1913 takes itsplace in a series of studies thatdissect cultural modernism by taking one year for an analytic snapshot. One thinks, for example, of Thomas Harrison's 1910: The Emancipation ofDissonance, Michael North's Reading 1922: A Return to the Scene of the Modern, and Marc Manganaro's Culture, 1922. As Rabate notes, his own chosen annus mirahilis has had its fair share of attention, with books by Frederic Morton and Virginia Cowles, and the weighty three-volume collection of essays edited by Liliane Brion-Guerry {VAnnee 1913: lesformes esthetiques de Vceuvred'art a la veille de lapremiere guerre mondiale). But Rabate's principal model is inmany ways Marjorie Perloff's magisterial The FuturistMoment: Avant-Garde, Avant Guerre, and theLanguage ofRupture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), which takes the avant-garde preoccupation with techniques of'simultaneity as a spur to itsown presentation of themultiple currents converging in the vortex of avant-guerre European modernism. Like Perloff, Rabate wears his formidable scholarship lightly,and the pleasure to be gained from reading 1913 derives from the admirable fluencywith which different and sometimes unexpected strands of this protean cultural moment arewoven together. Of the many writers discussed here, it is perhaps Fernando Pessoa who best exemplifies in this pivotal year 'the difficult birth ofmodernism' (p. 204) as he looks for 'ways to combine his new-found ventriloquism with movements likeneo classicism, late Romanticism, Whitmanian lyricism, paganism, and modernism' 1102 Reviews (p. 155). In 1913 history ison the turn and itsactors are caught looking both back ward and forward, as thatmelange of tendencies indicates. Modernism emerges here as a volatile swirl of traditional and modern pieties in a world that finds itself'increasingly interconnected' (p. 11) but that also sees cosmopolitan values yielding increasingly to aggressive forms of nationalism. The year 1913 may mark 'the inception of ourmodern period of globalization' (p. 1), but it witnesses too the persistence ofRomantic fascinations, most damagingly in themystique ofwar and violence (as Rabate notes, artists such as Blaise Cendrars, Guillaume Apollinaire, and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska went towar because theywanted to?'All three could have easily avoided the draft, for reasons of nationality [...] or distance' (p. 208)). This 'emergentmodernism' made its own contribution to the belligerence of 1913, then?'the modern spirit appears as vivisective', Rabate accurately observes (p. 141)?and for that reason ithas undoubtedly brought us 'bad luck', as 1913 an nounces at the outset. Indeed, the curious fusion of the atavistic and thedefinitively new that underlies this early modernism and that is so distinctively announced in Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring (premiered that year) fostered occultism and superstition at the very same time as itmystified the technologies of...

Mo Yan's Fiction and the Chinese Nativist Literary Tradition

Mo Yan's Fiction and the Chinese Nativist Literary Tradition LiuHongtao Scholars usually concur that the great Chi nese writer Lu Xun (1881-1936) was the forefatherof the nativist literary tradition inChina on two grounds: first, by turninga par ticular location into the object of representation, and second, by transplanting the contemporary discourse on "national character" in native soil, thus spearheading the Enlightenment model of literature fora backward nation forciblybrought into the modernization process. But in my view, Chinese nativist literature has two traditions: besides the Enlightenment tradition represented by Lu Xun, therewas the cultural conservatism of Shen Congwen (1902-88), whose stature rivals thatof Lu Xun. And Mo Yan has inheritedboth traditions. The most dazzling and also most controver sial aspect of the Shen Congwen tradition is the idealization of the primitive state of existence. Shen went to great lengths to depict themagic and romance of west Hunan, imbuing with ten der affections its insular but robust inhabitants even as they engage inmurder, robbery, drunken brawls, and debauchery. Mo Yan has carried on this style. In Red Sorghum, the natives of Gaomi are all rough and boisterous bravehearts.What is usually regarded as uncivilized behavior?killing, robbery, adultery, and so on?all emanates poetic aura under his unrestrained pen. Both Shen Congwen's and Mo Yan's works have been regarded as national allegories. Shen's fictionchronicles theparallel historical experience of the Miao people ofwest Hunan going frompri meval isolation tobeing absorbed into thenational community and of China going from a dynastic empire to a modern nation-state. By moving back ward in history,Mo Yan is able to reinvent the national imaginary. Sandalwood Punishment, Big Breasts andWide Hips, Red Sorghum,LifeandDeath Are Wearing Me Out, and other novels encompass Learning fromPu Songling byMo Yan Three hundred // west ofmy home is a place called Zichuan. There, threehundred years ago, under a tallwillow tree in thePu Village, sat a gray-bearded old man. In frontofhim stood a small square tablewith a tea kettle, tea cups, tobacco, and pipes arrayed on the table top.Any thirsty orwearied pass erby could sitdown and help himself to a cup of tea or a smoke.While thevoyager was puffing away or sipping his tea, thegray-bearded man would say, "How about a tale?Anything will do: strange folks, bizarre events, ox demons, snake spirits.... Anything will do. Much obliged...." Although his hair was all silver gray and his face deeply furrowed,his eyes were as limpid as those of a three-year-old. Who would have theheart todisappoint such a host? Then of course there was the tobacco and the tea courtesy ofhim. Thus many a fantastic tale,perchance heard ormade up on the spot, became the rawmaterial of StrangeTalesfroma Chinese Studio.The gray-bearded old man was of course Pu Songling, a genius with a copper-coin-sized birthmarkunder his rightnipple. My great, great, great. . . grandfather was a horse dealer. Several times a year he would drive his *. flockof steeds throughPu Village by the tallwillow. He had drunk Pu Songling's tea, smoked Pu *, Songling's pipe, and naturally told stories toPu Songling as well. That storyabout a femalemouse ' V V spiritnamed Aqian inStrangeTales, forexample, was furnishedby none other thanmy ancestor. It is theonly story,of theover fourhundred stories in thecollection, that is set in my hometown, Gaomi. Aqian is such a cutemouse under thegrandmaster's writing brush. She is lovely and the fullrange ofmodern Chinese history: fromthe Boxer Uprising, Sino-Japanese War, land reform, collectivization, and the Cultural Revolution to reformand opening up. Mo Yan's fictioncarries greater historical depth than Shen Congwen's fiction, and his national imagination is heavier and more astringent, shedding Shen's passionate romanticism.Mo Yan laments the regress of the "race," the stagnation of society, and thepointless slaughter and strifethathave wasted theprimitive vitalityof thepeople ofGaomi. Inbearing witness to theunrealized promise of the modern nation, he comes closer to theLu Xun tradition. In comparison to both Shen Congwen and Lu Xun, Mo Yan has the advantages of a richer language and more sophisticated style. InOctober 2008 BeijingNormal University and the University of Oklahoma co-sponsored an international con ferenceunder the rubric "World Literature Today and China." The...

Numerical Simulation Of Diluent Effect On NOx Emission In A X Turbulent Premixed Methane Flames

The stringent requirement to reduce the NO x from various combustion devices while maintaining the combustor performance is of paramount motivation for the current study. Partially premixing, fuel blends and fuel diluents represents promising approaches for reducing NO x from flames. A detailed two dimensional, transient numerical study on the later aspect of fuel diluents (helium) to reduce the NO x emission in a back ward facing step geometry has been carried out using CFX 5.7. The equivalence ratio has been varied from 0.85-1, to study the effect of excess air on NO x emission. The methane flame is simulated using Eddy break-up model with Zeldovich thermal mechanism for NO x formation and the turbulence model is w-RSS (Reynolds Shear Stress). The simulation results indicate that considerable reduction in NO x emission and increase in flame stability can be achieved for a predetermined addition of inert in to the fuel air mixture.

Study of characteristics of acoustic-optic Q-switched double-clad fiber laser with different cavity configurations

The characteristics of acoustic-optic double-clad fiber laser end-pumped by diode laser are reported for different pumping constructions. The comparison and discussions of average power, pulse width and stability of Q-switched pulses under the forward pump and back ward pump conditions are presented. In experiment, the output of Q-switched pulses with 60% slope efficiency of average power, 52ns pulse width and 03mJ single pulse were obtained at the repetition rate of 10kHz. Finally, the rate equations with different pump configurations are deduced to analyze the Q-switched pulse, and the theoretical results agree with well experimental results.

A study of offensive component compositions of most effective and used in volleyball.

Important of the study : The important of this research was to discover and identify the offensive component compositions , and which is the most effective and useable during the match of volley ball Also , to know the differences between the levels of offensive component compositions. Statement of the problem : The major problem of the research was the following : - to was the following the offensive team has no ability to play with different offensive compositions in a technical performance. Aim of the study: 1-To identify on offensive component compositions of most effective and used of Iraqi varsity teams of universities in volley ball. Methodology - A sample of (60) players of Iraqi university varsity teams of 2004-2005. - A sample total of (5) from (6) university was conducted and the percentage of the sample was (83%). - A descriptive research was conducted in this study for the time of 26/2/2005 – 2/3/2005 at the college of physical education, university of salahaddin. - The researcher used standard test for the evaluator of the skill of spiking sere which has been used by international federation as an accurate instrument test : Results and Recommmmedations. On the basis of the basis of the analysis of the data, the following conclusions were presented: 1. The high and fast offensive Components of the game was most used and affective. On the other hand, the medium offensive Components of the back ward zone. 2. More emphasis on specializing and selecting players of all affective Components should be taken into consideration. 3. More emphasis on training of all kind of Components on the training unit should be taken into consideration especially on the back ward zone of the volleyball.

Respecting human rights is the sine qua non for all mental health care and support: the strategy of MindFreedom International

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared there is a global of human rights violations in the mental health system. We look at this emergency from the point of view of individuals who identify as survivors of rights violations while in mental health care. We focus on three types of coercive human rights violations: 1) Force with intrusive, irreversible procedures. We use two examples: (a) Involuntary electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) against the expressed wishes of the subject is a documented practice in both developed and developing nations. WHO has stated an intent to ban what is commonly known as forced electroshock absolutely and internationally. (b) Long-term, high-dosage administration of neuroleptic psychiatric drugs on an outpatient basis, using court orders, is now a fairly common practice in the USA and several other countries. Increased use of involuntary outpatient commitments or community treatment orders are opposed by every known client organization, but is favored by many professional organizations. We examine this controversy by focusing on the implications of recent medical evidence (brain scans, autopsies, animal studies) that long-term use of high-dosage neuroleptics is linked to structural change in the higher level areas of the brain.2) Fraud. All agree full informed consent is important, but what if physicians themselves are not informed of significant hazards that psychiatric drug manufacturers may be aware of? 3) Fear. If a family with a member in severe crisis is primarily or only offered psychiatric drugs, when non-drug approaches can work, this too is a kind of coercion. Decades ago coerced psychiatry was most common in back wards. Today with globalization and marketing of psychiatric care to the general population, the fear of no alternative is one of the most common forms of psychiatric coercion. Creating more non-drug voluntary alternatives is a fundamental human right.

Conversation with William L. White

Conversation with William L. White

Electron Cyclotron Counter Current Drive Experiments in Lower Hybrid Current Drive Plasma in TRIAM-1M

Combined experiments with lower hybrid (LH) waves (LHWs) and electron cyclotron (EC) waves (ECWs) have been performed to study counter (ctr) current drive (CD) (ctr-CD) in LHCD plasma. Although there exists a large spectrum gap under the condition of the forward (FW) LHCD at high ratio (>13) of the thermal velocity and the phase velocity, the relativistic Doppler resonance for backward (BW) ECWs coupled with the energetic electrons streaming along the current direction is used to confirm that the gap in the opposite velocity region is also filled by BW LHWs and the counter current tends to be driven. Three experimental scenarios have been studied for ctr-CD by the following experiments: (a) BW-LHW injection into FW LHW, (b) BW-ECW injection into FW LHW, and (c) BW-ECW injection into bidirectional BW-LHCD and FW-LHCD plasma. A transition depending on the power ratio is observed in case (a). The Ohkawa current is discussed for the co-driven current observation for case (b). The role of the amount of the resonance electrons is understood as a function of the power ratio of BW LHW to FW LHW for case (c).

The Enchantments of Modern Life: Attachments, Crossings, and Ethics by Jane Bennett (review)

Book Reviews 245 Jane Bennett, The Enchantments of Modern Life: Attachments, Crossings, and Ethics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. viii + 213. ISBN 0-691-08812-8.£13.95. The idea of modern life as critically disenchanted, or literally de-magified (Entzau berung) is, of course, a canonically Weberian trope, and the possible choices open to any who wish to maintain a sense of personality in this bureaucratized world are amongst those laid out by Weber in his political writings especially. But would Weber's arguments countenance any form of 're-enchantment'? That is a difficult question to answer, as Weber is forever chastising those with either Utopian or back ward looking worldviews, as being incapable of dealing with the here and now. But if applied to an ethical vision of human interaction in the world, is it really possible to engage meaningfully with others, with new experiences, or to develop new proj ects and challenges without some form of enchantment. For Bennett, disenchantment narratives whether of the type outlined by Weber— the subject of some detailed discussion in chapter 4 along with Blumenberg and oth ers—or more generally, miss out the always ethical and always possibly enchanted spheres of life, where enchantment turns out to be concerned with the sense of wonder and unexpectedness of a wide variety of states and feelings. Furthermore, for Bennett, there is an ontological basis to enchantment that makes it fundamen tal to our very existence; we simply cannot act as ethical creatures without such a foundation. To illustrate this, Bennett outlines in broad brush the importance of Epicurean philosophy and the idea of the 'swerving' atom that occasionally can deviate from its original course, to outline a materialism that remains nonetheless non-teleological. It was this, she asserts, that attracted Marx to Epicurus and led to the ranking of Epicurus above Democritus in the young Marx's dissertation. But Marx infused his Epicurean atomism with the Hegelian vision of such movement as stations on the way to individual self-realization and development. Epicurean argu ments themselves sought ataraxy, or tranquillity through rational inquiry, therapy in effect from the general fear of death. On Bennett's reading this is, though, not 'an indifferent passivity', as Blumenberg suggests, but instead 'it entails the active affirmation of a world that swerves; it calls for us to work diligently to cultivate a cheerful, chagrined, or stoic (as the particulars require) acceptance of a world unsusceptible to human mastery' (p. 73). One of the political subtexts of her study is the use of environmental projects in the notion of re-enchantment, with a defence of a particular vision of nature, derived largely from Thoreau, that can be defended with such a revitalized and enchanted ontology of ethical life so that it recognizes uncertainty and the necessity of dili gent reconciliation to the circumstances one finds oneself in. A further interesting twist to her analysis, though, concerns the possibility of commodity enchantment. Taking a further cue from Marx's seminal analysis of commodity fetishism, through an engaging analysis of the GAP television advert 'Khakis Swing' of 1998 Bennett seeks to test whether commodity advertising and spectacle can still offer forms of enchantment that do not succumb ultimately to the totalizing power of capitalist social relations. Here she thinks Marx went too far in his anthropomorphizing of Epicurean atoms into human relations, offering an unbalanced philosophical anthro pology neatly detailed in a section entitled 'Marx and the Swerve' (pp. 119ff.). She moves via Marx into a critique of the dialectic of Enlightenment outlined by Adorno and Horkheimer, to suggest that their rationalist equation of wonder and enjoyment© Max Weber Studies 2008. 246 Max Weber Studies with a sense of naiveté and an absence of critical thinking really misses the point. For although commodification and consumption can doubtless involve stupidity, indo lence and whatever else, it can also 'enliven, energise, and, under the right circum stances, support ethical generosity' (p. 128), and this can then be added to an account of the creation of the self as a work of art, a work of enchantment, in a tradition that runs from Kant and Schiller to Michel Foucault. And in...

Has Schizophrenia Evolved Into Less Serious Illness?

Has Schizophrenia Evolved Into Less Serious Illness?