Backwardation Research Articles

A group employment program for rehabilitating clients with severe emotional disabilities.

#{149}Denver, which has a population of approximately 1.2 million, is like most urban areas in that it has a large number of social isolates, many of whom live in boarding and nursing homes or on skid row. The number of such persons in Denver is estimated to be 60,000, of whom approximately 4800 are disabled. Many of the disabled are ex-patients from the back wards of state mental institutions. They have frequent contact with social service and employment agencies, and welfare and public medical facilities are their regular support systems. In Denver vocational services for severely emotionally disabled clients have been limited. Programs have followed traditional rehabilitation and manpower models, with little concern for establishing innovative programs based on sound research, Programs often excluded a vast portion of clients whose handicaps were too severe or who required too much staff energy and financial investment. For many such clients, apathy and despair become a way of life. Because of the narrow focus of existing community programs, and their paucity, the vocational services unit of the Northwest Denver Mental Health Center developed a program in January 1973 to provide work and rehabilitation for persons who had severe emotional handicaps and who were not considered to be employable in a competitive situation. A nonprofit corporation called BRIDGE Industries (Bringing Rehabilitation into Industry for Disadvantaged Groups of Employees) was formed within the unit. State, federal, and local funds were used to provide a staff of three profes-

Higher than Usual Dosage of Haloperidol: A Pilot Study in ‘Back Ward’ Schizophrenics

A study was carried out in 39 severe, chronic psychotic patients of the effect of rapidly increasing and larger than usual doses of haloperidol in bringing about an improvement in their condition. Symptoms clearly improved in 10 patients. No improvement was observed in the other 29. However, such a success rate with chemotherapy alone, achieved under conditions where occupational or group therapy could not be given, clearly demonstrates the value of such drug administration. Haloperidol has proved to be remarkably safe in this high dose regimen. It should certainly form an integral part of the more comprehensive therapy programmes of the future.

Behavior modification in a state mental hospital: a participant-observer's critique.

Token economy behavior modification has become a popular and voluminously reported strategy for altering the behavior of patients in mental hospital back wards. This paper provides a qualitative, process view of one such token economy program. It reports subject perspectives, as well as interactions among experimenters, hospital staff, and patients. Questions are raised in regard to the overall effectiveness of such programs in alleviating the problems of mental patients.

Scannings: The Theory and Experience of Experience

Scannings: The Theory and Experience of Experience

Community Care for Chronic Mental Patients: The Need for a Reassessment

The release of chronic mental patients from the hospital to the community has been prompted more by political and economic considerations than by any planned treatment strategy. Large numbers of former patients have gone to live in privately operated boarding houses and nursing homes, where staff have had little experience with mental illness, and where conditions are not much different from the back wards of state hospitals of past decades. New models for caring for chronic, dependent patients should be developed; they should incorporate the precepts of an open social system and should be built around the needs of such patients as they themselves perceive them. To date, few state mental hospitals, have had the funding, staff, or support to adequately explore the possibilities of an optimal environment.

BODY REACTION TIMES TO EIGHT DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS IN THE EGO-CENTRIC SPACE

Disjunctive reaction times (RT's) to eight different directions in the ego-centric space were measured in adult subjects standing upright. Two major findings were: 1) RT's to the forward direction were longer than those to other directions. 2) RT's to the left side were better than those to frontal right side, but this difference was not shown in the back ward direction. From these findings, it is suggested there might be a phenomenon of "anisotropy of space" for our sensory-motor adjustment to environment. The mean scores of eight RT's of different directions were obtained and their validity was examined as an index of the individual preparedness to its environmental change. The mean RT of college male students was 0.813 seconds. It was found that these RT's were better in some athletic club members who usually need quick decision making of this type. From additional experiments, it was also found that RT improved with child developmental stage and retardation was observed after middle age, and that RT was related with W/H ratio in youth and adult subjects. From these results it is possible to state that RT is a useful indicator of the individual preparedness to directional change of body.

Compulsory Mental Hospitalization in England and Wales

Morris, Pauline. 1969 Put Away. New York: Atherton. Roy, Donald. 1952 Quota restriction and goldbricking in a machine shop. American Journal of Sociology 57 (March): 427-442. Scheff, Thomas J. 1961 Control over policy by attendants in a mental hospital. Journal of Health and Human Behavior 2 (Summer): 93-105. Taylor, Steven J. 1973 Attendants Perspectives: A View from the Back Ward. Unpublished paper presented at the 97th annual meeting of American Association on Mental Deficiency. Tizard, Jack. 1970 The role of social institutions in the causation, prevention, and alleviation of mental retardation. Pp. 281-340. In H.C. Haywood (ed.) Social-Cultural Aspects of Mental Retardation. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Principles of rehabilitation

Any list of principles must be tentative and incomplete in the present state of knowledge. Nonetheless, it is possible to derive a number of principles from the work quoted. 1. (1) In the case of schizophrenic patients, one should aim at an optimal level of stimulation, since it has been shown that both extremes of stimulation are dangerous. This principle has a number of practical implications, an important one being that there has to be a graded series of steps, both within the rehabilitation workshop and in the kinds of living accommodations available to the patients. 2. (2) Staff must acknowledge the various levels at which disability occurs and plan rehabilitation programs in such a way that intervention occurs on as many levels as possible. 3. (3) The therapeutic milieu must be planned so that a patient's sense of social incompetence in minimized. Attention must be focused on recognizing a patient's assets and exploiting them, rather than on merely enumerating handicaps. Patients must also be given more responsibility and more independence, rather than being allowed to become passive and compliant. 4. (4) The work available should be varied and suitable in type. This point should not be overemphasized, however, since it is probable that the exact type of work is less important than the reestablishment of a regular work habit and a work personality. However, having a wide variety of work available will also enable staff to assess short-stay patients in various work settings; assessment is a valuable additional function for the workshop. 5. (5) One must acknowledge the limitations put on rehabilitation by the nature of the disease processes that are being treated. If rehabilitation workshops and living accommodations are each viewed as ladders with graded series of steps, then it must be realized that not everyone can reach the top of each ladder. If some alternative is to be found in the future to the back wards of the nineteenth-century mental hospitals, there must be long-stay hostels and sheltered workshops in the community to cater to patients who have improved as far as they are going to. It is discouraging for the staff of a rehabilitation workshop if it is allowed to fill up with patients who have stopped improving, and it is unhelpful for the therapeutic milieu.

End of a Back Ward: The Rapid Rehabilitation And Release of Chronically Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients

End of a Back Ward: The Rapid Rehabilitation And Release of Chronically Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients

Exclusion of the mentally ill. Reflection on an old problem in a new context.

Are those individuals who were formerly placed on the back wards of the state mental hospital drifting to the back alleys of the community? There is some evidence to suggest that the erosion of the state hospitals system has led communities to develop new methods of excluding their mentally ill. Viewing inclusion and exclusion efforts as a function of social distance, we have reviewed empirical data on the nature of attitudinal response to the mentally ill. Implications of public attitudinal response to this group are considered with respect to providing the necessary incentives for inclusion. Taking California as an example, we also attempt to conceptualize and classify actual community response patterns in the light of what appears to be the development of new formal and informal mechanisms of exclusion.

Organizing House Officers

Working with an acutely ill patient late at night on the back wards of a city hospital, with no nursing care, minimal laboratory support, and pathological conditions that should have been noticed months before were there adequate screening clinics, the young intern or resident feels far removed from the process of medical education. Even under the relatively more auspicious circumstances under which most house officers pass their period of post-graduate training, there is the sense of being removed from the structured and formalistically didactic medical school situation. Its demands, its rewards, its circumstances, and its style combine to make house officership an experience relatively more involved and less pristine than its undergraduate predecessor. There is no debate that house officership is an educational experience, but unlike medical school, it is also a service experience and a commitment of work to patient and community alike. It is heartening that the Council

Unlearning of Context-Item and Specific Associations in the W 1 -R 1 ,W 2 -R 2 Paradigm

Unlearning of List 1 contextual associations was studied in the verbal-discrimination nonspecific-transfer paradigm (W1-R1, Wr-,R). Bidirectional modified free-recall data revealed significant experimental unlearning of context-W (wrong item) and context-R (right item) associations, compared with both a control group that recalled immediately after List 1 practice and a 'normal forgetting' control group that recalled List 1 after working on a neutral interpolated task. In addition, an associative-matching task indicated that the experimental group also experienced unlearning of specific, incidentally learned, W-R/R-W List 1 associations. These results represent an extension to verbal-discrimination learning of several recent paired-associate studies that demonstrated unlearning of specific as well as context-item associations in the A-B, C-D paradigm. McGovern presented evidence in a study of the A-B, C-D paired-associate nonspecific-transfer paradigm that List 1 contextual associations formed between the learning context and the response items undergo extinction, or unlearning, during C-D learning.' Specific forward (A-B) and backward (B-A) associations, however, were shown to remain near criterion strength. The unlearning of context-response associations was measured in a modified free-recall task. Recall of specific associations was measured by an associative-matching task, which is assumed to eliminate the effects of item unlearning. The extinction of context-item associations was attributed to the fact that the context-response associations of the two successive lists enter into the well-documented A-B, A-C competition-unlearning relationship. Houston noted that the absence in the McGovern study of any evidence for the unlearning of specific List 1 associations could be an artifact of either (a) the overlearning of List 1 associations or (b) the failure to utilize a control group required to perform an associative-matching task after only single-list learning.2 In Received for publication October 31, 1969. A paper based on the study was presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, 1969. 1 J. B. McGovern, Extinction of associations in four transfer paradigms, Psychol. Monogr., 78, 1964 (No. 16, Whole No. 593). 2J. P. Houston, Unlearning of specific associations in the A-B, C-D paradigm, J. exp. Psychol., 74, 1967, 254-285.

Schizophrenia and interference. An analogy with a malfunctioning computer.

THE SUBJECT of schizophrenia is responsible for a fast growing but increasingly indigestible mass of clinical descriptions and experiments. Many of these data are valuable, but some conceptual scheme for ordering and organizing these observations would be helpful. The obvious parallels between human thought processes and computer programs have inspired some useful models; thus, I was led to explore a computer analogy for schizophrenic thought-process disorder. Some years ago, before phenothiazines, a fire broke out on the back ward of a state hospital. Most of the patients were hallucinated, chronic, process schizophrenics. However, they quickly queued up and marched out as sane as you please. Mannerisms, responses to hallucinations, and other gross signs of disorder vanished until after they reached the safety of the yard; then things returned to normal, or, in this case, to abnormal. With such a clear

Discussion about the potential-current curve of aluminum electrolytes

The electrichemical behavior of aluminum electrolytes was discussed with respect to the potential-current curves by means of chronoamperometry with linearly variable potential.For this purpose, aluminum electrolytes were prepared with any one of the additives of NaF, BaF2, CaF2, ALF3, and MgF2. To some of them were further added more aluminum, but others were not.The polarization potentials up to 1500, 2500, or 4500 mV were examined by linear scanning in for ward and back ward potentials.The differences in polarization potentials between acid and base electrolytes were clarified and the mechanism of cathodic polarization was discussed.

Out of the Back Ward into the World

MIRS. DODD (St. Helena Sanitarium School of Nursing, Sanitarium, Calif.; B.S. Pacific Union College, Angwin, Calif.; M.S., Loma Linda University, Calif.) is a staff nurse at Jefferson Barracks Veterans Administration Hospital, St. Louis, M). DR. PETROVICH (Ph.D., Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.) is a staff clinical psychologist at the same hospital. Both of them were nmembers of the treatment team whose work is described in this article. physician, psychologist, head nurse, part-time staff nurse, and four nursing assistants (one of the latter being an L.P.N.). The nurses and nursing assistants worked only the day tour of duty as did the physician and psychologist, who were also assigned to the two other 30bed wards comprising the second floor of the building. The building was part of the continued treatment section of the hospital and was long considered to be the end of the line -its patients being most chronically ill and unlikely to get well.

Out of the Back Ward

Out of the Back Ward

Is the nursing home the mental hospital's back ward in the community?

Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyVolume 15, Issue 1 p. 75-81 IS THE NURSING HOME THE MENTAL HOSPITAL'S BACK WARD IN THE COMMUNITY?* JEROME A. COLLINS M.D., JEROME A. COLLINS M.D. Boston State Hospital and Northeastern University, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorBERNARD A. STOTSKY M.D., Ph.D., BERNARD A. STOTSKY M.D., Ph.D. Boston State Hospital and Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts All communications should be addressed to: Bernard A. Stotsky, M.D., Boston State Hospital, Boston, Massachussets 02124.Search for more papers by this authorJOAN R. DOMINICK R.N., JOAN R. DOMINICK R.N. Boston State Hospital and Northeastern University, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this author JEROME A. COLLINS M.D., JEROME A. COLLINS M.D. Boston State Hospital and Northeastern University, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this authorBERNARD A. STOTSKY M.D., Ph.D., BERNARD A. STOTSKY M.D., Ph.D. Boston State Hospital and Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts All communications should be addressed to: Bernard A. Stotsky, M.D., Boston State Hospital, Boston, Massachussets 02124.Search for more papers by this authorJOAN R. DOMINICK R.N., JOAN R. DOMINICK R.N. Boston State Hospital and Northeastern University, Boston, MassachusettsSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1967 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1967.tb05340.xCitations: 6 † This paper is based on research performed under PHS Research Grant MH 1624–02 from the National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume15, Issue1January 1967Pages 75-81 RelatedInformation

"Is the hospital back ward being moved to the nursing home"?

"Is the hospital back ward being moved to the nursing home"?

Resocialization of the geriatric mental patient.

Resocialization of the geriatric mental patient. L E GottesmanCopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.55.12.1964 Published Online: August 29, 2011

SHORT COURSES OF E.C.T. AND SIMULATED E.C.T. IN CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA.

The problem of treating the “back ward” chronic schizophrenic is likely to remain for some years to come, and with it the problem of establishing the genuine effectiveness of particular treatments. Disentangling effective from non-effective therapeutic techniques in “total-push” programmes is particularly complicated. What precisely is responsible for the minimal improvements observed: some subtle change in “ward climate”, the altered medication or the new music therapist? Writers who view mental illness primarily as a breakdown in normal interactional relationships with other persons have stressed the therapeutic importance of certain types of social milieu (e.g. Martin, 1962). Others (e.g. Greenblatt et al., 1955) have suggested that the success of even the physical treatments can be explained in terms of the optimism and enthusiasm with which they are carried out. However, there are few systematic research attempts to disentangle the physiological from the psychological variables.