Bacillus Typhosus Research Articles

The effectiveness of medical antibiotics and herbs as antibiotic on mouth bacterial flora

Background Plant are the oldest source of pharmacological active compounds. The Achyranthes aspera's seeds, roots and shoots are used as medicine from ancient times. Oral infections and oral disease are directly depends on the oral application of our daily lives. The present study gives information on anti-bacterial properties of this plant. The role of this plant against bacteria have been screened and confirmed by many researchers. While many people in the villages of India also use the roots of this plant as tooth brush, it still has a long way to go to be established as a recognized entity in the prevention and treatment of oral infections and oral diseases. Various studies report that the aqueous solution of A. aspera has shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus heamolyticus, and Bacillus typhosus, while alcoholic and aqueous extract of its leaves possess antibacterial activity against S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Till today, very few studies have been conducted on the antibacterial effect of the extracts of A. aspera against mouth bacterial flora and oral pathogens. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the extracts of A. aspera against mouth bacterias like S. aureus, E-coli, Staphylococcus aureus etc. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the extracts of Achyranthes aspera against mouth bacterial flora and compare it's effectiveness with common antibiotics that we generally adviced by the physician in medical field. Methods: A observation study with quantitative approach was used to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the common bacteria of the saliva of different people. With scientific perspective the data was made and analysis of it's effectiveness as anti-bacteria. The effect of broad aspectrum antibiotics were used to examine association between the effects of Achyranthes aspera on common bacterias of saliva like S. aureus, E-coli, Staphylococcus aureus in terms of zone of inhibition. Results The study showed the effect of extracts (EES, EEL, MES, MEL, IES, IEL) on mouth bacterial flora. On Pseudomonos species the highest effect showed by Ethanolic extracts of stem and Methanolic extracts of leaves. All the data that the extracts of leaves and stem of Achyranthes aspera are effective against mouth bacterial flora. The study also compares the effect of selected antibiotics with the effect of extracts of Achyranthes aspera. On E. coli, the effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf was greater than the effects of AZM and LE but lower than that of CX. Discussion These data comprehensively summarize the measurable difference between the effects of different extracts of Achyranthes aspera on bacteria and between the effect of antibiotics and effect of extracts of Achyranthes aspera. These data were collected statistically based on the objectives of the study. Recommendation In the light of the finding and personal experience of the researches, the following recommendations are put forth. The findings of the present study can be used as a guide for future study A similar study can be conducted in a large representative sample for better generalization A similar study can be conducted on individuals with some kind of oral infection to assess the efficacy of the herbs A similar study can be conducted on multidrug resistant bacteria using the same extracts A comparative study can be conducted to established differences in effects between extracts of A. aspera and other drugs used for mouth rinsing. Conclusion Much advancement in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections has been introduced over the past century. Medicinal plants are pluripotent in nature and hence offer great therapeutic entities for the health sciences. If the strengths of the knowledge based traditional herbal medicine combined with the scientific methods of drug preparation, it can provide new and more advanced functional leads to reduce time, money and toxicity - the three main hurdles in drug development. As the result of the present study exhibited presence of antibacterial properties in the studied extracts of A. aspera, this also indicates that active bio-molecule is present in each extract. Hence, they can be utilized along with conventional medicine that can assure us of greater health in the future. Further studies can be conducted in future to assess the safety levels of this herb.

Furan誘導體の抗菌力滲透に對する賦形藥としてのGlycol類の態度 第1報

The experiments were carried out to observe the influence of PG (propylene glycol) and PEG (polyethylene glycol) as vehicles in the penetration of furan derivative ointments (furacin, guanofuracin, parafuracin, paraguanofuracin). Staphylococcus aureus Teracshima, Streptococcus hemolyticus, Diplococcus pneumonia, Bacillus coli, Bacillus typhosus, Bacillus paratyphosus A, Bacillus paratyphosus B and Bacillus dysenteria were tested as strains and the ointment paper disc agar plate method was used. The results obtained were : (1) PG (15%) added to the Unguentum simplex base increased about ten times the penetration of furacin and guanofuracin as compared to the action with only Ung. simplex base. Streptococcus hemolyticus was the only exception, and here the hemolytic activity was increased by the combination with PG (See Table 1 and 2). (2) in studying the penetration of 0.2 % furacin in various bases, PEG was most effective of all. The hydrophilic ointment as well as vaseline bases were weakest in effectiveness (Table 3). (3) The penetrating action of a lower concentration (0.05%) of furacin in the PEG-ointment base was just as effective as a higher concentration (0.2 %) in other bases (Table 4). (4) The penetrations of parafuracin and paraguanofuracin were made more effective by PG and PEG as vehicles (Table 5). (5) The penetration of furacin derivatives was strengthened by PG and PEG in the agar plate culture medium, and the application of these results to the human body was discussed.

Furan誘導體の抗菌力滲透に對する賦形藥としてのGlycol類の態度 第2報

In present report the influence of PG (propylene glycol) as a solvent on the penetration of furan derivatives were investigated by the one-dimensional diffusion method. Another experiment was carried out to determine the action of PG as a vehicle strengthening the effect of drugs. The results obtained are as follows : (1) The antibacterial zones in agar tube culture media were markedly increased by the drug (furacin, guanofuracin, parafuracin, paraguanofuracin) when PG was used as a solvent. Staphylococcus aureus Terashima, Diplococcus pneumonia, Bacillus coil, Bacillus typhosus, Bacillus paratyphyphsus A, Bacillus paratyphosus B, Bacillus dysenteria were used as tested strains (See Table 1). (2) The penetrative activity of the furan derivatives in solvents containing various concentration of PG was increased in proportion to PG concentration (Table 2). (3) When PG-furacin solution was exposed to sunlight, its colour turned to red. orange and the antibacterial potency decreased, but this did not-occur if the solution were kept in a dark place (Table 3). (4) The antibacterial activity of furacin was increased in culture media containing increased concentration of PG. The same results were obtained by both the one dimensional diffusion method and the ointment paper disc plate method (Table 5). PG potentiates the antibacterial action of furacin, especially in a lower concentration of the furacin. (5) PG and PEG aid in the furacin soluble and therefore increase its penetration, so they play a role as a drug carrier. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of furan derivatives especially in a lower concentration is supported by synergism with the antibacterial activity of PG. (6) The penetration of furacin in the gelatin medium was increased by PG and PEG, similar to the situation using agar medium (Table 6).

チフス菌の発育素に関する研究 (第7報)

The growth promoting action of tryptophane and indole against Bacillus typhosus are remarkably accelerated in the presence of compounds -SH group, such as cystine. No difference in their co-operative growth promoting effects was found when cystine was replaced by ascorbic acid. This seems to signify that cystine acts as an adjustor of oxido-reduction potentials suitable for bacterial growth.

Production In Vitro of Substances Resembling Antibodies from Bacteria

During studies of pneumococci and pneumonia, it was found that toxicity diminished and specific antigens useful in the treatment of lobar pneumonia became available as pneumococci became gram-negative during autolysis in saline solution under ether.'-4 It was learned also that, when crisis occurred in lobar pneumonia, cultures of exudates, obtained by puncture of the consolidated lung, had become sterile and stained films revealed large numbers of gram-negative, disintegrating pneumococci.5 Larson and Nelson' reported striking protective action against experimental pneumococcic infections in rabbits by injection of mixtures containing pneumococci lysed with sodium ricinoleate. During my own studies of diseases shown to be due to, or associated with, streptococci, the organisms found in exudates in the acute stage of the infection were gram-positive but, as symptoms abated, disintegrating, gram-negative forms appeared. Many attempts have been made, without much success, to cause autolysis of streptococci and loss of toxicity without destruction of antigenic specificity. Long preservation of streptococci in a dense suspension of glycerin (2 parts) and 25% solution of sodium chloride (1 part) has been found to reduce toxicity and preserve specificity. Streptococcic vaccines prepared from streptococci thus preserved have proved to be more suitable in prevention and treatment of experimental infections in animals and spontaneous diseases of man due to streptococci than vaccines in which the killed, freshly grown organisms are used, as is usually done.7-9 The present study was stimulated by the production in vitro of pneumococcus antibodies by Pauling and Campbell'o from specific polysaccharide and beef globulin, and by the demonstration of auto-antigen and auto-antibody in the eggs of keyhole limpets and sea urchins by Tyler. It was thought that nontoxic antigens and nonsensitizing antibodies might be produced or be made available from micro-organisms by causing their degradation or disintegration from application of heat. Streptococci, pneumococci (types I, II and III), staphylococci, diphtheroid bacilli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus dysenteriae, Bacillus proteus, Bacillus typhosus and Bacillus coli, have been studied in this way thus far.

SURGICAL REMOVAL OF BRAIN ABSCESS DUE TO BACILLUS TYPHOSUS FOLLOWING TYPHOID FEVER

Cerebral complications following typhoid fever are rare, and although cases of meningitis, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, encephalitis and psychosis are reported in the literature, only 1 case of abscess of the brain proved to be due to Bacillus typhosus was discovered at autopsy. For this reason the following case is reported. REPORT OF A CASE History. —F. L., a French Canadian aged 21, was admitted to the Montreal Neurological Institute on April 9, 1941, with the complaints of headache, nausea and vomiting for four months and visual failure and aphasia for three months. He had been in good health until August 1940, when he was admitted to the Hotel-Dieu in a semiconscious state. The diagnosis of typhoid fever was established at this time. He was discharged on November 14, and shortly after returning home began to complain of generalized headache, which gradually increased in severity. About this time he became aware

Persistence of Antibodies One Year after Active Immunization of Human Beings with a Mixed Heat-Killed Vaccine of B. Typhosus, Br. Abortus and Br. Melitensis

We have previously shown' that the subcutaneous injection at weekly intervals of 3 doses (0.5, 1.0 and 1.0 cc.) of a mixed heat-killed vaccine carrying 1,000 million Bacillus typhosus (58), 1,000 million Brucella abortus (1,259) and 1,000 million Brucella melitensis (2,464) per cc., to 29 normal adults, was generally well borne and that a large percentage of the serums tested 2 weeks after the third dose showed the production of agglutinins and mouse protective antibodies for B. typhosus, Br. abortus and Br. melitensis and of opsonin for Br. abortus.

DYSENTERIC BACTEREMIA

In the classic description of bacillary dysentery found in the textbooks on bacteriology and pathology, the statement is usually made that bacteremia due to Bacillus dysenteriae does not occur. As late as 1936, Topley and Wilson 1 made this statement concerning B. dysenteriae: This organism, unlike Bacillus typhosus, does not invade the blood stream and cannot therefore be cultured from the blood. However, Rothman 2 reviewed the literature on this subject in 1936 and discovered that antemortem bacteremia due to B. dysenteriae has been found and reported in 16 cases. He added an additional case of his own. The organism has also been cultured at autopsy from the blood, the liver and the spleen and in several instances from the mesenteric lymph nodes. Many investigators have undertaken to secure routine blood cultures in cases of bacillary dysentery. Duval 3 reported 43 cases of Shiga dysentery with negative blood cultures, but

The use of tumor extracts in the production of the Shwartzman phenomenon: Antopol, W.: J. Infect. Dis. 61: 334, 1937

The bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities of a number of β-naphthol and 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid derivatives are reported against Bacillus typhosus, Micrococcus pyogenes, var. aureus, and Aspergillus niger. Selected compounds from the initial screening were further tested for their activity against Bacillus paratyphosus A, Bacillus coli, Bacillus dysenteriae Shiga, Micrococcus pyogenes, var. albus, Streptococcus-β-haemolyticus, Clostridium tetani, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton gypseum. Few compounds exhibit activity against Gram-negative organisms at concentrations below 50 μg/cc., and none against C. tetani. The bacteriostatic concentration for Gram-positive organisms of 3,6-dibromo-, 3,4′,6-tribromo-, 6-n-pentyl-, and 6-n-hexyl-β-naphthols and 1,4-dibromo-, 1,6-dibromo-, and 1,4,6-tribromo-2-hydroxy-3-naphthanilides is between 0.2 and 10 μg./cc. Marked inhibition of all the fungous pathogens was shown by 6,6′-dibromo-β-dinaphthol and 1-bromo-β-naphthol. 3-Chloro-, 1-bromo-, 6-bromo-, and 1,6-dinitro-naphthols inhibited the growth of E. floccosum and T. rubrum at concentrations ranging between 1 and 10 μg/cc.

BACTERIOLOGIC STUDIES OF AN EPIDEMIC OF PLEURODYNIA

Macdonald and Hewell and one of us 1 have summarized elsewhere the clinical and bacteriologic observations on children in an epidemic of pleurodynia in Cincinnati. Seventy-four children suffering from this condition were admitted to the Children's Hospital during the summer of 1935. Twenty-six of this group were studied bacteriologically. Attlee, Amsler and Beaumont 2 studied an epidemic in Eton College, England, among forty-eight boys from 14 to 18 years of age. They found some colonies of Staphylococcus aureus and a free growth of streptococci. Wood, 3 who saw a large number of patients, observed that blood cultures and agglutination tests for Bacillus typhosus and Bacillus paratyphosus A and B were negative and that smears from throats showed only organisms normally present. Churchill, Landis and Glusker 4 observed An Epidemic of Undetermined Origin; Dengue? in which there were fifty cases. They reported that cultures of material from the throats of eleven

Acute pyogenic parotiditis

1. 1. Acute pyogenic parotiditis is of medical and surgical importance. 2. 2. The preponderance of evidence seems to indicate that the majority of infections are ductogenous, rather than hematogenous in origin. 3. 3. The histopathologic pictures produced in the two instances are dissimilar and sufficiently characteristic to predicate the mode of infection in a given instance. 4. 4. The majority of cases are caused by the Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus albus, the various streptococcic strains, pneumococcus, and Bacillus typhosus occur, but with far less frequency. 5. 5. The affection has its highest incidence in females during the third decade, and during the months of November to April, inclusive. It follows many medical, as well as surgical conditions. 6. 6. Prophylaxis rests on scrupulous oral hygiene, a free flow of saliva, and maintenance of general bodily economy. 7. 7. The most characteristic clinical signs are pain and swelling in the parotid region, pyrexia, and leucocytosis. 8. 8. Treatment consists of supportive and conservative measures, with recourse to surgery in the event that these prove futile. If radium is available, and its use can be controlled by one who is competent to do so, it will probably afford the most effective means of treatment. 9. 9. The affection in the majority of cases is not of itself lethal; death should usually be attributed to the original disease, or to some other complication.

The Failure of Brilliant Green and Telluric Acid as Selective Agents for the Isolation ofBacillus typhosusfrom Faeces

1. The causes of failure of the brilliant green enrichment method for isolation ofB. typhosusare discussed.2. It has been shown that the negative results obtained depend partly on the number of resistantB. colistrains normally present in faeces, and partly on the use of McConkey's as a plating out medium.3. The alleged selective action of telluric acid could not be confirmed.4. The so-called antagonism betweenB. coliandB. typhosushas been investigated, and by the use of a selective bismuth medium it is shown that this is more apparent than real in most cases.5. However, the existence of certain strains ofB. colior similar bacteria with a specific inhibitory effect onB. typhosushas been confirmed.6. The value of Wilson's bismuth medium for the isolation ofB. typhosushas been demonstrated.

Effect of Supersonic Waves on Bacteria

Destruction of living organisms by supersonic waves has recently been observed. The mechanism of the destruction is, however, unknown. The present communication extends the observation to a number of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria and the results seem to indicate that the destruction is due to the dissolution of the bacterial cells. The oscillating circuit was similar to that described by Wu and Liu, and the quartz was adjusted to vibrate at the rate of 1.5 × 106 times per second. Bacterial suspensions to be exposed were placed in a thin test tube, 15 mm. in diameter. Inside the test tube was placed a glass cooling coil through which cold water circulated. The temperature of the bacterial suspension was never over 20° C. The possibility of destruction by heat was therefore eliminated. Saline suspensions of the following 10 strains of bacteria were used: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus proteus X 19, Bacillus coli communis, Bacillus typhosus, Bacillus dysenteriae Shiga, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus catarrhalis, Bacillus influenzae, and Streptococcus hemolyticus. The number of surviving bacteria per cc. before and after exposure was determined by counting the colonies in poured plates. In the case of Bacillus influenzae streak plating was used. Control experiments with bacterial suspension standing at room temperature without exposure showed no significant change in the number of surviving bacteria. Results are shown in Fig. 1.

二鹽基脂肪酸類の腐敗菌、腸チフス菌及びコレラ菌に對する殺菌作用

Attention was called in my previous works(1)(2)(3) to the bactericidal action of monobasic fatty acids on Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus typhosus and Vibrio cholerae. In the present paper is given an extension of my observations on the same kinds of bacteria with the same methods(4) but using dibasic fatty acids instead. Incidentally monobasic and dibasic fatty acids are herein compared in this connexion. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: - (1) Among the dibasic fatty acids of the same molecular concentration, oxalic acid (C2) tops the list in the strength as bactericide, and malonic acid (C3) comes the next. With increase in the number of C-atoms the bactericidal activity of the acids in question suddenly falls down from malonic acid on until C6 acid is reached but it goes up gradually henceforth. (2) The bactericidal action of anions is not observable in those dibasic fatty acids with 2 to 6 C-atoms, but it is the case with those having more than 6 C-atoms. (3) Dibasic, monobasic, unsaturated, and monobasic saturated fatty acids having 2 or 3 C-atoms stand in descending order of bactericidal activity when tested with respective acids having the same number of C-atoms and the same concentration. This is chiefly due to the difference of pH values. The above-mentioned order is reversed with those having the same concentration but containing 5 or more than 5 C-atoms. Such seems to be caused by undissociated molecules of these acids. (4) The already mentioned 3 kinds of the acids are graded as weak, strong, stronger in their bactericidal capacity when compared at the same pH-value, due to the difference of molecular concntration of each. (5) Neither increase nor decrease in the number of carboxyl group in the acids in question is accompanied by any change in strength as bactericide.

一鹽基脂肪酸類の腐敗菌・チフス菌及びコレラ菌に對する殺菌作用(第二報)

In the previous paper(2), I have reported the bactericidal activity of saturated monobasic fatty acids (C1-C10) on Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Proteus vulgaris HAUSER, Bacillus typhosus and Vibrio cholerae. The present paper deals with the bactericidal activity of saturated monobasic higher fatty acids (C11-C18) on the above-mentioned kinds of bacteria using the method described in the previous paper(1). The results obtained are summarized as follows:- (1) As regards the bactericidal activity of the saturated solutions of acids, from undecylic acid (C11) to stearic acid (C18), undecylic acid leads the list, and lauric acid comes next. The acids with C14-C18 have no bactericidal power, but even afford better conditions to microorganisms for sustaining life. (2) Hydrogen-ion, dissociated from acids, concerns little with the bactericidal action of these acids. (3) Anions of C11-C12 acids have bactericidal power to a certain measure. (4) Among Na-, Ca-and NH4-salts, the last one has the weakest bactericidal power. (5) Undissociated molecules have also remarkable effects on the bactericidal activites of undecylic and lauric acids.

The Nursing Care of Typhoid Fever

T YPHOID FEVER has been a foe of mankind from earliest times, but only since 1837 has the causative organism, the Bacillus typhosus, been recognized and differentiated from that causing typhus fever. This was first done by Doctors Gerhard and Pennock, working in the laboratory of the Philadelphia General Hospital. Since then, great strides have been made by science toward the prevention of the disease, including public sanitation, antityphoid vaccine, and public health education. After examining yearly medical reports on the prevalence of typhoid fever in our country, we can see what wonderful work public health teaching, sanitation, and individual immunization against typhoid fever have done, and it is our duty and privilege to continue to spread the good news of immunization. The course of treatment consists of three injections, intramuscularly, of antityphoid vaccine, given four to seven days apart. This vaccine is composed of killed typhoid bacilli in normal saline solution usually in a dilution of one billion per cubic centimeter, the dosage being as follows:

An Organism Intermediate Between Bacillus Typhosus and Bacillus Dysenteriae Shiga Isolated in Atypical Typhoid Fever: Report of Two Cases

Journal Article An Organism Intermediate Between Bacillus Typhosus and Bacillus Dysenteriae Shiga Isolated in Atypical Typhoid Fever: Report of Two Cases Get access Albert H. Lazere, Albert H. Lazere Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Virginia Breaks Virginia Breaks Chicago Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 50, Issue 5-6, May 1932, Pages 473–483, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/50.5-6.473 Published: 01 May 1932 Article history Received: 09 October 1931 Published: 01 May 1932

PROTECTION OF ADRENALECTOMIZED ANIMALS AGAINST BACTERIAL INTOXICATION BY AN EXTRACT OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX

1. The resistance of adrenal-deficient rats to bacterial intoxication has been significantly increased by an extract of the adrenal cortex. 2. This is shown both for acute intoxication with killed Bacillus typhosus and for chronic intoxication with killed Staphylococcus aureus. 3. During the height of the bacterial intoxication relatively large amounts of the cortical hormone are apparently required to maintain the animals. 4. It is considered probable that a human pyogenic infection imposes a severe load upon the adrenal cortex.

Further Experience of the Bismuth Sulphite Media in the Isolation of Bacillus typhosus and B. paratyphosus B from Faeces, Sewage and Water

1. By means of the Old Standard bismuth sulphite medium B. typhosus was cultivated 44 times out of 50 examinations of the stools of 50 typhoid fever patients and convalescents.2. By means of the same medium B. paratyphosus B was cultivated 22 times out of 27 examinations of the stools of 27 different cases of paratyphoid fever.3. In 13 examinations of Belfast sewage in different months during 1928 and 1929, by means of the Old Standard sulphite media, B. typhosus was isolated on 10 occasions. In two examinations of Lisburn sewage B. typhosus was isolated. Although no special search for B. paratyphosus B was undertaken, this organism was isolated on two occasions from Belfast sewage. The viability of B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus B in sewage is longer than was suggested by the work of previous observers. It has been possible to cultivate B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus B from the deposit of sewage stored in a bottle at room temperature for 3 weeks. On one occasion B. typhosus was found alive at the end of 5 weeks.4. On two occasions water from the River Lagan was examined, and on one of these B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus B were cultivated.5. For the isolation of the B. enteritidis Gaertner the media gave good results in the examination of faeces from cases of food-poisoning.

APPENDICITIS FOLLOWING TONSILLECTOMY: REPORT OF TWO CASES

Appendicitis following tonsillectomy is apparently not common, judging from the literature, as a careful search failed to reveal any cases reported. That such a relationship may exist is probable, for during recent years it has become increasingly evident that appendicitis or peritonitis may follow acute or chronic tonsillitis. Kelynack,¹in 1893, first called attention to the possibility of appendicitis following tonsillitis. Adrin,²in 1901, succeeded in producing appendicitis in rabbits by injecting staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci,<i>Bacillus typhosus</i>,<i>B. coli</i>,<i>B. anthracis</i>and tubercle bacilli into the blood stream. Tedesco later confirmed Adrin's results, using staphylococci, streptococci and<i>B. anthracis</i>. In 1916, Anderson³reemphasized the apparent relationship between infection of the upper respiratory tract and that of the appendix. That such a relationship exists is suggested by the similar lymphoid tissue in each structure and by the frequently noted increased incidence of appendicitis during an epidemic