Award System Research Articles

Developments of Doctoral Studies Management Process in NAS RA

The paper analyzes the developments of doctoral studies in National Academy of Sciences of RA since 1997 and the management process. Education and training of highly qualified personnel is increasingly seen as a fundamental platform that ensures the development of the state. Reforming the national institute for doctoral studies (aspirantura) is aimed at improving the quality of human resources in science, optimizing research topics in accordance with the priority areas of development of science and technology, increasing publication and innovative activities, bringing national science and research closer to the world level and achieving international recognition.We present numbers of defended dissertations both in Armenia and in NAS RA during the last 25 years, the dynamics and the main trends of development of academic degree awarding system. We discuss the possible impact of reforming of the system of training and certification of highly qualified personnel on the organization of third – level doctoral education (doctoral schools) and specialized / dissertation councils in NAS RA.

ОТРАЖЕНИЕ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ КАЗАХСКОГО КОЧЕВОГО ОБЩЕСТВА В ДЕЛОПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННОЙ ДОКУМЕНТАЦИИ И ВИЗУАЛЬНЫХ ИСТОЧНИКАХ XIXВ.

In this article, through the analysis of office documentations (petitions, letters, reports of sultans-rulers, distant and local chiefs) and visual materials (portraits,artistic images), the process of social changes in the Kazakh nomadic society during the 19th century is considered. The social transformation of the Kazakh nomadic society began with the introduction of new administrative-territorial structures in the Steppe (district area, divisions, volosts, distances, auls) and, accordingly, new symbols of power appeared. In the first half of the XIX century the symbolic representation of the new system of power (the institution of senior sultans and sultan-rulers) wasthe spread of ranking order in the Steppe (assignment of a military or civil rank), the award system of the Russian Empire (medals, orders of St. Anna, St. Stanislav, St. Vladimir), the construction of a single uniform for officials -Kazakhs. The introduction of imperial standards and values in the Steppe contributed to the gradual inclusion of the Kazakh elite in this process and the emergence of new attributes of power in the Steppe.

Quantifying Award Network and Career Development in the Movie Industry

In show business, awards are conferred to persons and films to provide incentives to performers’ future career development through periodic film festivals and events. In this work, we focused on exploring the growth and dynamics of the film award system, the structure of the award network, and the relationships between historical performance, collaborations, and future career success of performers in the movie industry. We collected data from IMDb, which covers more than 3.5K movie events for 520K individuals with their award-winning and career records for over 90 years. By using network analysis and regression models, we find several novel results. At first, we found the exponential proliferation of awards across all genres of films and all professions of individuals and the uneven distribution of the number of awards in careers across time. More than 30% of the performers have won multiple awards. Second, we built an award network to reveal the interlocks between awards based on multiple award-winning phenomena. We found that for prestigious awards, 47% of the linkages were over-representative than the expectations from the null model. Furthermore, the performers’ collaboration network was highly clustered, exhibiting a high propensity of linkages between awarded performers. Lastly, our regression models revealed that multiple factors were related to performers’ early career success and award winning. Specifically, we showed that along with the performers’ historical achievements, their collaborators serve an important role in award winning after being nominated, with the scope and depth of the impact differing in the awards’ prestige. This work has strong implications for the harmonious dynamics of the movie industry and the career development of performers.

Monitoring of the principles of awards law of the Russian Federation subjects

Objective: to assess the state of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects and to develop measuresto improve it.Methods: the main methods of the conducted research are general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, and the specific-legal methods of cognition of award relations based on them, used in the Russian theory of law and the state.Results: the knowledge about the legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects is systematized; the features of the legal regulation of the higher official (state) regional awards system formation and application by the legal norms of the Russian Federation subjects are identified. Typical shortcomings of the constitutional and legal regulation of award relations in individual Russian Federation subjects are revealed: on the one hand, the lack of consolidation of the regional awards institution within the constitutional (statutory) legislation, and on the other hand, excessive detailing of award relations in regional constitutions and statutes, which is to be reflected in the norms of special regional award legislation. Measures are proposed to eliminate the identified shortcomings and improve the constitutional and legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects.Scientific novelty: for the first time in the Russian legal science, a monitoring study of the principles of award law of the Russian Federation subjects was conducted, which allows assessing the quality of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions.Practical significance: the results obtained can be used in the law-making activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation subjects to improve the legal regulation of award relations.

Una famiglia diversa....ma pur sempre una famiglia

Several studies showed how family is the main pillar of society and of the evolution from childhood to adulthood. Thus, studies on abandoned children argued about those who could not have had a traditional family, so they received education from bodies, institutes and private or state hospices. This apparent family crisis, manifested by its absence, give youngsters an alternative opportunity to grow through the development of a different idea of family, in which the role of parents was assigned to the state, to directors, to sentinels, the staff of such institutes, who often were endowed with the role of educating those children. At the end of 19th century, there were 973 ‘Opere Pie’ (good works), under the denomination of orphanages, hospices, retreats, which had the scope to provide shelter, support, education and training to poor children, orphans or abandoned from parents and relatives. New methodologies of historical-educational research witnessed how the different children and youngsters were brought up to be part of the society. The present study aims to analyse the educational path of orphans and abandoned children in Lecce, with a specific focus on the Hospice Garibaldi, comparing it to similar, contemporary institutions in the national framework of the late 19th century, as the Orphanage Loffredo of Orphans and Abandoned in Cardito (Naples), the Hospices of abandoned childhood of the Province of Genoa, of the ‘Istituto de’ Trovatelli’ in Palermo, the County Hospices of Bari and Turin. By consulting statutes and scopes of those institutions, we aimed at the reconstruction of how such bodies took the place of family education, and the reasons standing behind the huge number of orphans and abandoned children. Research on papers stored in the State Archive of Lecce proceeds with the examination of further folders about Hospice Garibaldi, such folders represent a practical example of wat was educational activity in those institutes. The analysed documents mainly involve the activities of some sheltered people, with a system of awards and punishments, some papers about re-education of orphans and abandoned, defined as ‘idle and tramp’, sheltered under the authority of the court. Through a comparison of traditional family education between 19th and 20th centuries, we aimed to reconstruct the educational environment of orphans, the reasons why parents delegated education to such institutions, and if this type of ‘family’ managed to substitute to parental education to guide youngsters in entering society in the 19th century.  

COVID-normal workplaces: Should working from home be a ‘collective flexibility’?

Working from home expanded rapidly during the COVID-19 pandemic. This Controversy examines how working from home was framed and regulated pre-pandemic. We contrast this with the changes made to Australia's industrial award system during the pandemic to increase flexibilities around working from home, in response to a collective need for a responsive safety net. We argue that the conception and regulation of working from home is shifting from an individual flexibility, to a ‘collective flexibility’ available to a wide array of workers, collectively negotiated and governed by increased regulation. While industrial instruments were varied to accommodate public health requirements and the need of organisations and employees to work from home, these shifts were temporary. We argue that working from home provisions should rightly be regulated as a collective entitlement. We therefore consider possible ways forward in regulating this form of working, drawing from international developments. We raise these issues to extend debates around how working from home can be regulated to benefit employers and employees as we move towards COVID-normal.

Credit Risk Management Practices and Banks’ Performance in Pakistan

The main objective of this study is to investigate whether the credit risk management of Pakistan's commercial banks listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange is linked to financial performance. For this purpose, the researchers have attempted to analyze the data trends of five major banks of Pakistan as a proxy representation of the entire banking sector of Pakistan. Five (5) years of panel data collected from the State Bank of Pakistan Annual publication and annual reports of respective banks was used to conduct the research. The study found that underperforming Credit Risk Management (CRM) loans and Capital Adjustment Ratios (CDRs) have an impact on the financial achievement of Pakistani commercial banks as measured by return on equity (ROE) and return on assets. For panel data analysis, inferential statistics (regression models) were used in this study. After analyzing the data, the researcher found that CRM has a significant impact on the financial performance of Commercial Banks of Pakistan. Furthermore, the researcher encourages the Pakistani banks to grow their profitability in terms of better CRM. Pakistan's banking sector must develop suitable CRM strategies and policies through a sound credit appraisal before lending to consumers and banks; an appropriate CRM mechanism must be developed, and the credit awards system must be thoroughly reviewed, properly informed and used to repay loans. Pakistani Banks would develop and implement strategies to improve their performance & competitiveness as well as limit their lending risk exposure.

Determining The Effects Of Awarding Lowest Bid Price System On The Construction Projects Of Ethiopian Southern Nation

Identifying the effects of low bid award system in construction projects can be used as benchmark to find alternative method to low bid award system in the future of construction industry. The results of questioner survey conducted to determine the effects of awarding lowest bid award system in construction projects of Ethiopian southern nation are presented in this study. Personnel from consultants, owners and contractors are among the survey`s respondent. The result of the study outlines promote transparency, avoid fraud and corruption, promoting competition amongst contractors, excessive time overrun, compromise quality and hindering profitability of contractors as the top ranked effects of low bid award system. Construction industry participants have started recognizing that accepting the least price bid does not guarantee maximum value. Achieving a value-based procurement approach is a challenge, particularly for the Pakistani public sector clients, who are limited in their ability to evaluate the competitive bids based solely on the lowest-bid award system. Persisting problems of inferior quality of constructed facilities, high incidence of claims and litigation, and frequent cost and schedule overruns have become the main features of public construction works contracts. This research was undertaken to assess the performance of public owned construction projects awarded on a lowest bidder bid awarding system.

SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR AVRUPA YEŞİL BAŞKENTLİK SÜRECİNDE İZMİR

Aim: The aim of this research is to examine the works in the city of Izmir, which has taken important steps towards becoming a sustainable and green city with its ecological practices in recent years, in line with the criteria of the "European Green Capital" award system. Method: The method of this study is to evaluate the ecological policies followed by the countries that have the "European Green Capital" award, which is one of the sustainable city evaluation criteria, by comparing the studies of the city of Izmir, which was chosen as the study area, to become a green capital candidate, by means of comparative analysis technique. Results: Izmir which is the winner of many awards with its ecological environmental policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, when compared to the cities that received the "European Green Capital" award, the fact that the low standard rate of ‘green lungs’ per capita in the city is is the biggest obstacle to Green Capital candidacy. Conclusion: The action plans initiated in order to reduce environmental pollution and to make it a greener living space are such that it will pave the way for important steps to be taken within the scope of combating climate in Izmir.

The Award System of the Great Patriotic War in the Ethno-Political Dimension

The system of individual and collective rewards and awards for courage and valor shown in battle had a huge moral and educational impact on military personnel. During the Great Patriotic War, the realization of the special value of the award system for the formation and maintenance of high moral and political motivation of soldiers and commanders came gradually. The expansion of the nomenclature of awards, the extension of the rights of awarding and awarding awards to an increasingly wide range of commanders, led to the fact that the number of awardees grew exponentially during the war years. The award policy of the Soviet state had its own ethnic dimension, which has so far been studied only in fragments. Meanwhile, of course, it is not only a well-defined and important aspect of the national policy implemented through the system of awards.

«ПЕРЕХОДЯЩИЙ МАНДАТ» ЗАПАДНО-СИБИРСКОГО РЕЧНОГО ПАРОХОДСТВА ИЗ ФОНДОВ БАРНАУЛЬСКОГО МУЗЕЯ «ГОРОД»

The funds of the Barnaul museum “Gorod” contain an interesting industry award document of the period of the Third (Stalinist) Five-year Plan of the USSR, related to the West Siberian River Shipping and the development of the country’s transport system in the pre-war period - the “Transferable Mandate”. This article provides its description and content as well as a brief description of the internal situation of the Soviet Union and the international situation that led to the introduction of this type of reward for high-powered work into the system of industry awards of the USSR. The mandate contains the name of the person who was awarded three times. In addition, his photographic image was found and his fate during the Great Patriotic War was clarified.

THE GUERILLA STAR OF INDONESIA — BINTANG GERILYA

The award system of Indonesia reflects its state developments, including the formation and transformations of the Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). The Republic of Indonesia was formed as a result of its struggle for independence against the Netherlands Colonial Empire. Many islands of Indonesia, their equatorial and tropical climate, as well as technical backwardness of the Indonesian society in the 1940s were among the main factors of the guerilla warfare against the Dutch. Guerilla squads were the main part of the People’s Security Army (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), later named the Republic of Indonesia Army (Tentara Republik Indonesia). Its victory over the Dutch in 1949 helped instituting of the first Order of Indonesia — Bintang Gerilja, or Bintang Gerilya in modern spelling — The Guerilla Star. The paper sums up the laws and acts of the Indonesian State concerning the Guerilla Star, as well as the data from open sources, like media and Wikipedia, about its awardees. These data are checked through the official reference books issued by the Service of History of the Indonesian Army (Dinas Sejarah Angkatan Darat). The paper focuses on the statute, description and bestowals of the Guerilla Star of Indonesia. The Order is an award to all Indonesians who fought for their Independence against the Dutch. The form of the Guerilla Star is like the Gallipoli Star of the Ottoman Empire. In 2009, the statute of the Guerilla Star was changed by the Indonesian Government. Now it may be bestowed for any guerilla defense of Indonesian interests.

АВИАЦИОННАЯ ЗВЕЗДА ИНДОНЕЗИИ – BINTANG SWA BHUWANA PAKSA

The award system of Indonesia currently includes fourteen orders and thirty-three medals. The history of award system of Indonesia and its connections with Indonesian politics and state development is almost unknown. There are official documents such as laws, presidential and government decrees which help to examine the instituting of orders and decorations, and open sources including encyclopedias, newspapers, and news websites which give an information about awardees. The paper deals with the Air Force Meritorious Service Star of Indonesia – Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa instituted in late 1968 by then-President Suharto. He also instituted two orders for other branches of the Armed Forces of Indonesia –Bintang Jalasena, or the Navy Meritorious Service Star, and Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi, or Army Meritorious Service Star. These decorations served to praise loyal army officers who actively supported the New Order Regime of Suharto. The Air Force Meritorious Service Star is a sign of a professional position of an officer in the Indonesian Air Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Udara).

ИНДОНЕЗИЙСКИЙ ОРДЕН «ЗА СЛУЖБУ РОДИНЕ В ВООРУЖЁННЫХ СИЛАХ» – BINTANG KARTIKA EKA PAKSI

The National Army, or Armed Forces, of Indonesia is a key factor in Indonesian politics, economy, and history. It has influenced the award system so greatly that the military orders and medals were dominating till 2009 when the civil orders turned equal to military ones. The paper sums up the legal acts, presidential decrees, media and other open sources to reconstruct the history of the Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi (Pakçi before 1972) — Army Meritorious Service Star of Indonesia. The Star was instituted in late 1968, along with the Bintang Jalasena — Navy Meritorious Service Star, and Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa — Air Force Meritorious Service Star. There are three classes of Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi — Utama (first), Pratama (second), and Nararya (third). The Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi is bestowed to the top grass military officials, in strict correspondence to their ranks of one-, two-, three-, and four-stars generals. The Order may be given to civil officials for their merits in the development of the National Army of Indonesia. The Order is also awarded to the top generals of the foreign armies who collaborate with the Indonesian Armed Forces.

Советская наградная система: историографический аспект

Aim. Comprehensive review of historiography on the Soviet award system.Methodology. The author analyzed various aspects of faleristic publications – books, articles, scientific and other works, internet resources, – based on the principles of objectivity and consistency.Results. The classification of Soviet and post-Soviet literature on state awards of the USSR is given, its qualitative assessment is made, conclusions are drawn about the degree of informative content of publications and trends in modern researches.Research implications. The author managed to update the information about the existing historiography of the Soviet award system and the degree of study of its individual aspects.

Spa and Traditional Thai Massage: Local Policies and Promotional Measures for Long-Stay Japanese Retirees in Chiang Mai, Thailand

This study investigates the local policies and promotional measures of local authorities concerning spa and traditional Thai massage services serving long-stay Japanese retirees in Chiang Mai. The study adopts the qualitative descriptive approach based on information obtained from printed and electronic documents and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Using purposive sampling, the participants consisted of seven representatives working at the policy level from three local authorities in Chiang Mai most directly responsible for the task of spa and traditional Thai massage. The findings reveal that local policies involves reference to the Medical Hub policy and related law, as well as policy and budget adoption from multiple streams, with no separate tasks for long-stay Japanese retirees and law enforcement to control the service standards of spa and traditional Thai massage services. Promotional measures include an award system to develop service standards and adherence to regulations, a coaching system among entrepreneurs, long-stay activities, and the adoption of local culture and Lanna wisdom in service provision. Although general foreign tourists in Chiang Mai appear to be the main target group for local policies and promotional measures, a couple of specific promotional measures are targeted at long-stay Japanese retirees. Separate tasks and a cross-sectional network of local authorities should be established to strengthen their roles in serving the group of long-stay Japanese retirees.

Награждение сотрудников правоохранительных органов советских республик в годы Гражданской войны (1917–1922)

This article analyses the practice of awarding law enforcement bodies during the Civil War in Russia. The abolition of awards of the Russian Empire in 1917 resulted in the need to establish a new award system simultaneously with the creation of law enforcement structures in the Soviet republics. The study is based on historical method, objectivity and systematic approach. To process quantitative data, the author used statistical analysis for calculating the results obtained by means of continuous sampling. On the basis of archive materials, published sources and memoirs, it is concluded that the award systems established in the Soviet republics were similar in many respects. With the RSFSR serving as a model, the other republics developed their own awards by analogy. During the Civil War, a significant award arsenal was created, which had both individual and collective status. Law enforcement officers were presented with republican awards as well as departmental decorations. The former were given by the republic’s highest authorities, while the latter by the command authorities of the Cheka–Internal Service–State Political Directorate. The analysis of the award practice indicates that the highest republican awards – orders – were used very rarely to distinguish law enforcement officers. The most common types of employee rewards were valuable gifts, certificates of acknowledgement, as well as material bonuses. The units of the Cheka–Internal Service–State Political Directorate were awarded with revolutionary banners, certificates of acknowledgement, and honorary names. The author concludes that the award system of law enforcement bodies was similar to that of the Armed Forces. The provisions of the established awards did not cover the service of Chekists and policemen. In order to stimulate the work of law enforcement bodies, special awards were introduced. However, their use began only after the formation of the USSR.

Faculty Perceptions of an OER Stipend Program

This study recounts the experimental implementation of a stipend program to incentivize and reward instructor use of open educational resources (OERs). The authors leveraged a statewide initiative to develop an award system based on specific criteria, and 24 instructors qualified. The authors surveyed awardees to explore their perceptions of using OERs and the utility of incentivizing that practice. All survey participants reported that the use of OERs had a highly or moderately positive impact on student learning and engagement. The majority of participants indicated curricular needs and textbook costs as the primary motivations for originally creating or adopting OERs; only one-third qualified the stipend program as either highly or moderately incentivizing. Participants also reported how they used their stipends, the challenges to OER adoption, and their recommendations for how to incentivize the practice. The authors discuss the implications for OER stipend programs generally, and they propose future research directions.

Exploration and Practice of the Reform of Postgraduate Award System – Taking Wuhan University of Science and Technology as an Example

China began to implement the charging policy for postgraduate students in 2014. Various universities at all levels have formulated a scholarship and stipend system for postgraduate students, which is in line with the needs of schools in talent training along with the spirit of relevant documents of the Ministry of Education and the actual situation of the schools. This study investigates and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the postgraduate funding by Wuhan University of Science and Technology. This article then provides advice for the reform of the scholarship and stipend system from improving the precision funding system, to increasing funding, to expanding the scope of postgraduate funding, and standardizing the treatment of deferred postgraduate students in hope that it would provide a basis for the funding system and provide guarantee for postgraduate students to complete their studies successfully.

CoME EASY—Synchronizing European Energy Award with Other Initiatives. Case Study: Romanian Local Communities

CoME EASY is a European Union H2020 project started in May 2018, which aims to help local public authorities secure a more sustainable energy and climate policy, in line with the New Green Deal and Fit for 55 initiatives. The main idea of CoME EASY is to offer an integrated package of on-line tools that synchronize European Energy Awards (EEA) with Covenant of Mayors (CoM), ISOs, Smart Cities, and other initiatives that allow local communities to have multiple commitments for energy efficiency and climate with less effort. EEA is a quality management and awarding system for municipalities and regions, which started in 1988 in Switzerland and now includes more than 1700 municipalities from 8 countries and 10 new pilot countries with more than 65 million people belonging to the local communities that are involved. There are six main areas of activity in EEA (Development and Spatial Planning Strategy, Municipal Buildings and Facilities, Supply and Disposal, Mobility, Internal Organization, Communication and Cooperation) through which municipalities are driven by advisors so as to receive a score in percentage for each area, which further allows them to compare with other communities. Romania has been an EEA pilot country since 2016 and, despite initial problems in implementing the system, now has three communities, Iași (Romania second largest city), Alba Iulia (the so-called other Romanian capital), and Vama Buzăului, included in CoME EASY. These cities tested frameworking tools and managed to be assessed with EAA tools, and developed a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan synchronously. Owing to the CoME EASY tools, all of these communities were able to deliver key performance indicators that are in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.