Average Education Level Research Articles

Rural Migrant Farmworker Demographics: Implications for Vocational Rehabilitation

Migrant populations have significant barriers for vocational rehabilitation (VR). Over one-quarter (26%) of farmworkers in the United States are migrant workers. Migrant farmwork often involves exposure to enhanced occupational hazards. Language barriers among farmworkers add additional challenges to vocational rehabilitation, as 77% of U.S. farmworkers identify Spanish as their primary language. Educational attainment is also a factor in vocational development for farmworkers, as the average level of education among farmworkers is eighth grade. Most migrant farmworkers are separated from all nuclear family members. A migratory lifestyle, isolated social conditions, lack of education, language differences, and fear of arrest or deportation establish barriers for VR service. In light of these unique barriers, the first step in improving VR outreach is to determine the geography of migrant work. This study utilizes data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Atlas of Rural and Small-Town America to identify states and counties with the highest rates of Mexican-born residents and highest rates of non-English speakers, discussing that data in the context of unemployment and poverty rates. A State Average Score was developed to arrange states by multiple factors that may indicate the presence of migrant communities. These multiple factors include counties with the highest non-English speaking rates, counties with the highest Mexican-born rates, counties with the highest poverty rates, and counties with the highest unemployment rates. The convergence of these data points within a single county may indicate the presence of migrant communities. Examples of outreach to migrant farmworkers are also presented.

Ageing threatens sustainability of smallholder farming in China.

Rapid demographic ageing substantially affects socioeconomic development1-4 and presents considerable challenges for food security and agricultural sustainability5-8, which have so far not been well understood. Here, by using data from more than 15,000 rural households with crops but no livestock across China, we show that rural population ageing reduced farm size by 4% through transferring cropland ownership and land abandonment (approximately 4 million hectares) in 2019, taking the population age structure in 1990 as a benchmark. These changes led to a reduction of agricultural inputs, including chemical fertilizers, manure and machinery, which decreased agricultural output and labour productivity by 5% and 4%, respectively, further lowering farmers' income by 15%. Meanwhile, fertilizer loss increased by 3%, resulting in higher pollutant emissions to the environment. In new farming models, such as cooperative farming, farms tend to be larger and operated by younger farmers, who have a higher average education level, hence improving agricultural management. By encouraging the transition to new farming models, the negative consequences of ageing can be reversed. Agricultural input, farm size and farmer's income would grow by approximately 14%, 20% and 26%, respectively, and fertilizer loss would reduce by 4% in 2100 compared with that in 2020. This suggests that management of rural ageing will contribute to a comprehensive transformation of smallholder farming to sustainable agriculture in China.

The Impact of Top Management Team Characteristics on the Risk Taking of Chinese Private Construction Enterprises

Private construction businesses have grown quickly, greatly boosting China’s economic growth; nonetheless, these businesses suffer tremendous developmental uncertainty, particularly when compared to larger state-owned businesses. The traits of the top management team (TMT) may have a direct impact on how risk-taking and decision-making behaviors are exhibited by businesses, according to earlier studies. The majority of private construction companies in China are family businesses with family members making up the majority of their top executives. As a result, these companies are vulnerable to family centralization, which will definitely boost their risk-taking level. This study used a sample of private listed companies in China’s construction industry from 2009 to 2019 to explore the impact of CEO traits on the risk-taking degree of enterprises. The findings show that a higher percentage of top female managers and a higher average rate of TMT member both lower the level of risk taking in private construction businesses. The level of risk taking, however, is positively impacted by the top management’s higher average education level. The average tenure and overseas experience of TMTs and the degree of risk taking in private construction enterprises are not significantly correlated. Additionally, the degree of risk taking in private construction firms can vary depending on the qualities of the senior management team.

MINAT PETANI DALAM BERUSAHATANI NILAM DI KELURAHAN TIWORO KECAMATAN TIWORO KEPULAUAN KABUPATEN MUNA BARAT

This study aims to: (1) determine the characteristics of farmers in Tiworo Village, Tiworo Islands District, West Muna Regency, (2) determine the interests of farmers in Tiworo Village, Tiworo Islands District, West Muna Regency. The population in this study totaled 20 patchouli farmers who were all taken as respondents (Census). The analysis used in this study is a quantitative analysis using a class interval scale and Spearman's Rank correlation. The results of this study indicate that; (1) Characteristics of farmers in patchouli farming in Tiworo Village, Tiworo Islands District, West Muna Regency, farmers are of productive age, with an average education level of high school and junior high school and the lowest is Elementary School and does not finish school. However, most of the farmers are quite experienced in running their business by having a moderate land area of 0.5-2.0 and the number of family dependents with a moderate family category of 3-4 people. (2) the interest of farmers in trying to cultivate patchouli in Tiworo Village, Tiworo Islands District, West Muna Regency is classified as high.

The Complexity of Online Patient Education Materials About Interventional Neuroradiology Procedures Published by Major Academic Institutions.

Introduction Health literacy is an independent predictor of population health status and is directly related to the readability of available patient education material. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the American Medical Association have recommended that patient education materials (PEMs) be written between a fourth- and a sixth-grade education level. The authors assessed the readability of online PEMs about neurointerventional procedures that have been published by several academic institutions across the US. Methods Online PEMs regarding five common neurointerventional procedures, including mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion, cerebral diagnostic angiography, carotid artery stenting, endovascular aneurysm embolization, and epidural steroid injection collected from the websites of 20 top institutions in Neurology and Neurosurgery. The materials were assessed via five readability scales and then were statistically analyzed and compared to non-institutional education websites (Wikipedia.com and WebMD.com). Results None of the PEMs were written at or below the NIH's recommended 6th-grade reading level. The average educational level required to comprehend the texts across all institutions, as assessed by the readability scales, was 10-11th grade level. Some materials required a college-level education or higher. Material from non-institutional websites had significantly lower readability scores compared to the 20 institutions. Conclusions Current PEMs related to neurointerventional procedures are not written at or below the NIH's recommended fourth- to sixth-grade education level. Given the complexity of those procedures, significant attention should be pointed toward an improvement in the available online materials.

More people too poor to move: divergent effects of climate change on global migration patterns

The observed temperature increase due to anthropogenic carbon emissions has impacted economies worldwide. National income levels in origin and destination countries influence international migration. Emigration is relatively low not only from high income countries but also from very poor regions, which is explained in current migration theory by credit constraints and lower average education levels, among other reasons. These relationships suggest a potential non-linear, indirect effect of climate change on migration through this indirect channel. Here we explore this effect through a counterfactual analysis using observational data and a simple model of migration. We show that a world without climate change would have seen less migration during the past 30 years, but that this effect is strongly reduced due to inhibited mobility. Our framework suggests that migration within the Global South has been strongly reduced because these countries have seen less economic growth than they would have experienced without climate change. Importantly, climate change has impacted international migration in the richer and poorer parts of the world very differently. In the future, climate change may keep increasing global migration as it slows down countries’ transition across the middle-income range associated with the highest emigration rates.

Information and communication technologies’ (ICTs) use among farmers in Qena Governorate of Upper Egypt

PurposeThe key purpose of this study is to investigate the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) among farmers in Qena Governorate of Upper Egypt farmers' use of ICTs in Qena Governorate, one of Upper Egypt's largest agricultural governorates.Design/methodology/approachA semi-structured questionnaire survey, as well as some personal interviews, was used to collect detailed information about farmers' use or non-use of ICTs. The study's participants included 131 farmers.FindingsRespondents were mostly males who were married and had an average level of education and age. The majority of respondents had 26–30 years of work experience. The majority of them used ICTs for 4–6 h per day. All respondents used ICTs to learn about new agricultural products, increase land productivity, gather market information and learn about livestock. Mobile phones, social media and the internet were identified as the most useful and simple-to-use technologies by all respondents. Illiteracy, a lack of knowledge and awareness and the cost of CITs were discovered to have an impact on respondents' use of information.Originality/valueThe significance of this study stems from the hotly debated topic of the need to use technology tools in agriculture, whether for agricultural work or communication with others. ICTs provide a variety of new ways to communicate and exchange information and knowledge.

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Independently Predicts Outcomes After Mitral Valve Surgery

BackgroundSocioeconomic status has increasingly recognized influence on outcomes after cardiac surgery. However, singular metrics fail to fully capture the socioeconomic context within which patients live, which vary greatly between neighborhoods. We sought to explore the impact of neighborhood-level socioeconomic status on patients undergoing mitral valve surgery in the United States. MethodsAdults undergoing first-time, isolated mitral valve surgery were queried from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database between 2012 and 2018. Socioeconomic status was quantified using the Area Deprivation Index, a weighted composite including average housing prices, household incomes, education, and employment levels. The associations between regional deprivation, access to mitral surgery, valve repair rates, and outcomes were evaluated using logistic regression. ResultsAmong 137,100 patients included, patients with socioeconomic deprivation had fewer elective presentations, more comorbidity burden, and more urgent/emergent surgery. Patients from less disadvantaged areas received operations from higher volume surgeons and had higher repair rates (highest vs lowest quintile: 72% vs 51%, P < .001, more minimally-invasive approach (33% vs 20%, P < .001), lower composite complication rate (42% vs 50%, P < .001), and lower 30-day mortality (1.8% vs 3.9%, P < .001). After hierarchical multivariable adjustment, the Area Deprivation Index significantly predicted 30-day mortality and repair rate (P < .001). ConclusionsIn a risk-adjusted national analysis of mitral surgery, patients from more deprived areas were less likely to undergo mitral repair and more likely to have complications. Further work at targeting neighborhood-level disparity is important to improving mitral surgical outcomes in the United States.

Ethnic Segregation and Immigrants’ Labor Market Outcomes: The Role of Education

Abstract Given the conflicting findings about whether ethnic segregation benefits or hurts immigrants’ labor market outcomes in the existing literature, this paper investigates how segregation effects vary within young immigrants’ education levels. We also test the differential segregation effects for young immigrants with different education levels and from ethnic groups with different average education levels. We find that on average, ethnic segregation negatively impacts earnings of highly educated immigrants but benefits lower educated immigrants. Additionally, the net effects of ethnic segregation depend on whether immigrants’ own education levels match their group average education levels. Specifically, being segregated with many highly educated co-ethnics can reverse the negative segregation effects on highly educated immigrants’ earnings. However, a highly educated ethnic enclave can reduce the positive isolation effects for lower educated immigrants. Finally, we do not find significant segregation effects on immigrants’ employment.

Determination of Farmer Satisfaction Levels in Terms of Sustainability in Dairy Cattle Farming: A Case Study From Turkey

The main purpose of this research is to determine the benefits and satisfaction levels enabled by the agricultural aids for dairy cattle farms that are members of S.S. Çavuşlu Village Agricultural Development Cooperative in the Derince district of Kocaeli province and to provide policy proposals for ensuring the sustainability of farms. For this purpose, the data collected from 61 dairy farmers, who are members of the S.S. Çavuşlu Village Agricultural Development Cooperative, through the face-to-face questionnaire method were analyzed. The dairy farms\' activities in 2020 were analyzed under three groups based on the number of dairy cows. Farms with 5 or fewer dairy cows were designated as Group I (19 farms), farms with 6-10 dairy cows as Group II (21 farms), and farms with 11 and more dairy animals as Group III (21 farms). While evaluating the data, simple average and percentage calculations were performed. The Five-Point Likert Scale was used to evaluate the farmers’ opinions, expectations, and satisfaction levels regarding livestock support programs in the farms examined. The research employed the fuzzy pairwise comparison method to determine the support preferences of farmers in dairy cattle breeding. According to the results of the research, the average farm age was determined as 52.41 years, the average education level was 6.60 years, and the agricultural experience was 38.46 years. The average farmland size was 151.41 decares. The average number of dairy cows on the farms was 8.64. The average daily milk yield per animal was 12.68 kg. The average milk selling price was 0.37 USD/kg. According to the Fuzzy Pairwise Comparison, six different support tools were provided to farmers, and they chose milk and forage crop aids as priority support tools. High production costs, especially high feed prices, the inability to sell milk at an affordable price, and lack of support were the most significant problems identified in the farms. As a result, support policies for dairy cattle should be reviewed, payments should be made earlier, the amount of support provided should be increased, and farmers should be made aware of the organization.

Corporate governance and effect in fintech: Evidence from Gulf Cooperation Council banking sector

This study looks at the banking sector in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) from 2013 to 2021 to determine the impact that corporate governance had on financial innovation, as well as the impact that financial innovation had on performance. Thirty (30) commercial banks with 270 annual observations were selected, including 5 banks from each country. In order to quantify the factors at play, we queried databases such as Refinitiv Eikon and Fitch Connect. The research indicates that banks with a greater number of directors with backgrounds in finance or accounting, a higher attendance rate of directors, a higher ratio of independent directors, a higher average director education level, and a greater number of directors with a background in finance or accounting, provide more cutting-edge financial services. Since 2017, corporate governance has been a more significant factor in how banks approach providing new, cutting-edge financial services to their customers. Furthermore, a bank’s profitability and value will rise in direct proportion to the extent to which it provides cutting-edge financial services. Furthermore, the value of financial holding subsidiary banks could rise if they provided more innovative financial services. However, the same action taken by non-financial holding banks could have a negative impact on their profitability.

Efektivitas Instagram sebagai Media Komunikasi Pemasaran Agrowisata Bagus Agro Pelaga di Desa Pelaga, Kecamatan Petang, Kabupaten Badung

The Effectiveness of Instagram as Marketing Communication Media of Bagus Agro Pelaga, in Pelaga village, Petang Sub-district, Badung Regency&#x0D; Instagram is the most used media in marketing, one of them is to promote agrotourism. It has an impact on increasingly fierce competition for tourism industry players which requires business actors in the tourism sector to improve the quality of the media to realize sustainable tourism. The purposes of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Instagram Bagus Agro Pelaga, analyze the characteristics of Instagram users, analyze the effectiveness of Instagram as a marketing communication media, and to analyze the correlation between Instagram characteristics and the characteristics of Instagram users with effectiveness of Instagram. The data analysis method in this study used descriptive analysis and the SEM-PLS analysis technique. The results is Instagram's characteristics are classified as attractive. The characteristics of the Instagram users of Bagus Agro Pelaga are dominated by male users, the average level of education is diploma/bachelor with very low income. The effectiveness of Instagram Bagus Agro Pelaga as a marketing communication media is quite effective. The correlation between Instagram characteristics has a positive relationship and has a significant effect on the effectiveness of Instagram, while the characteristics of Instagram users have a negative relationship but have a significant effect on the effectiveness of Instagram.

Dinamika Dan Kemandirian Kelompok Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat (BKM) Program Kota Tanpa Kumuh (KOTAKU) Di Kota Padang

Development based on groups becomes a participatory development approach pattern by involving the community directly through groups. This research aims: (1)To find out and analyze the characteristics of the members of BKM, National Slum Upgrading Program ( Program Kotaku ) in Padang city, (2)To find out and analyze the level of dynamics and independence of the BKM, National Slum Upgrading Program / Program Kotaku in Padang city and (3)To find out and analyze how much influence the characteristics of members and the level of dynamics on the independence of the BKM group in the KOTAKU Program in Padang City. This research was conducted using a quantitative approach. The data collection technique was carried out by distributing questionnaires offline to the BKM members in Padang City. Data management using SPSS version 24 by linear regretion analysis.&#x0D; The results of the study prove the majority of BKM members in the city of Padang are women aged between 46-65 years with an average education level of high school, the characteristics partially have no effect on the independence of the BKM group, the dynamics of the BKM group partially have a significant influence on the independence of the BKM. Both of characteristics and group dynamics have a positive and significant influence on the independence of the BKM group. The results also confirm that the level of group dynamics and group independence in Padang City is in the medium category, therefore strategic efforts need to be improved. The suggestions are: 1. Efforts are needed to increase the dynamics of the BKM group in Padang City, 2. In the future, it is hoped that young/productive generations will emerge to join BKM members to be more productive and more dynamic, because the more dynamic a group is, the more independent the group will be. This research is expected to provide input for the BKM group as well as for community empowerment program stakeholders, especially the KOTAKU Program, Directorate General of Human Settlements, Ministry of PUPR.

Access and Control of Resources by Rural Women in North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Gender is one of the crosscutting and the prime importance of any development plan and intervention. Rural women play vital roles in agricultural activities to reduce poverty and food insecurity. This study focuses on gender equality in the access and control of agricultural and rural household resources by rural women. The study was conducted in Bassonawerana, Kewot, and Moretinajiru districts of Northern Shewa Zone Amhara region Ethiopia. Data were collected using individual interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. A total of 252 respondents were selected using purposive sampling, categorical, and then simple random sample selection techniques. Descriptive statistics and Harvard analysis techniques were used to assess the access, control, and utilization of agricultural and household resources in rural areas. Most of the respondents were married. 95% of the study households depend on agricultural activities of crop and livestock farming. The average family size was 5 in which 3 of them were involved in agricultural activities. The average level of education for the households was 2.5 years. Women were involved in on-farm and off-farm income-generating activities but most women had limited access to extension services and agricultural-related training. The benefits of different resources were shared by all family members equally except institutional resources. Poultry was predominantly owned by women while other livestock resources and land resources were owned by both men’s and women’s family members. Provision of women-targeted training and agricultural extension services focused on how to access and control institutional and household resources are vital to enhance their access to institutional resources and improve the production and productivity of women in the rural household and the entire community for livelihood and food security improvements.

ANALISIS PENYERAPAN TENAGA KERJA PEREMPUAN DI PROVINSI RIAU

In the absorption of female workers, there was an increase which in 2021 was 4.57 percent and in 2020 it was 6,16 percent. High population growth has impacted the labor supply, which, if not matched by the demand for labor, will increase unemployment. The occurrence of intellectual unemployment is inseparable from the problem of the world of education which is not able to produce quality workers according to the demands of the labor market so our educated workforce is often unable to compete with foreign workers. Government policies where successful family planning has given women greater free time to participate in the world of work. On the other hand, it can be argued that the desire to increase family income is also quite strong. This study aims to analyze the development and influence of the average wage, education level, and population of women on employment. The method of analysis in this study uses multiple linear regression with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique with the Eviews 10 application, followed by the elasticity method. The results of the analysis in this study are that the average wage/salary of women has a significant and inelastic positive relationship to the absorption of female labor, the average length of education of women has a significant and elastic positive relationship to the absorption of female labor, and the total female population has positive relationship is not significant.

Underemployment, Education, and Job Satisfaction

The economic role of human capital, particularly education has long been documented by economists and policy makers [Becker (1964)]. According to some observers view, educational system is an effective vehicle for producing the skills required to maintain growth in the economy.1 The versatile impact of education on every aspect of human existence makes it a vital area for policy framework especially for developing countries. Developing countries where majority of world’s population resides need to maximise productivity and capabilities of the advanced human capital. The benefits of education range from human to economic, social and cultural. At human level, education contributes in attractive self esteem and confidence leading towards empowerment. In Pakistan, there is significant rise in the average level of education, but over time, more and more workers incapable to use their educational background on the job. Two decades ago, it was judgment that supply of labour meeting the demand of labour. However in recent years, it is argued that supply of some skilled labour may have outstripped the demand of labour in some professions and high qualified peoples taking positions of low qualified peoples. Such underemployment/over-education has not been fully explored in Pakistan.

The fellow effect on college students' academic performance.

This paper uses data from the 2018 College Graduates Employment Survey in a province in central China to investigate whether there is a fellow effect (a special kind of peer effect) among groups of college students in colleges and universities. It was found that a group of fellows with higher academic achievement would have a significant positive effect on individual students' achievement; conversely, it would have a significant negative effect on individual student's achievement. To avoid endogeneity problems, this paper conducted a two-stage regression analysis using the average education level of the parents of the fellow as an instrumental variable; to ensure the robustness of the findings, this paper used the fellow sample at the municipal level for the regression. The analysis of heterogeneity found that the effect of good grades in the fellow had a greater impact on the individual academic performance of girls compared to boys; in terms of geography, the effect of fellow showed a decreasing trend from eastern to central and western China; in terms of major categories, the effect of fellow also showed a greater difference between humanities majors and social science majors.

African American experience of FTD: A sub‐cohort assessment of the FTD Insights Survey

AbstractBackgroundWhile efforts are underway to better understand the prevalence, incidence, pathophysiology, and phenomenology of FTD, most research participation has been dominated by persons of European descent. Better understanding of early signs, the diagnostic journey, and the functional impacts in historically underrepresented groups may help shed light on healthcare inequities, support the development of more inclusive research study design, and lay the foundation for more targeted care and interventions.MethodIn preparation for an Externally Led Patient‐Focused Drug Development (PFDD) meeting, the Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration (AFTD) and the FTD Disorders Registry (FTDDR) collaborated to develop the FTD Insights Survey. The online survey queried aspects of the lived experience of FTD from the patient/family/carer perspective.ResultOf the 1,796 respondents that completed the survey, twenty‐five represented the experience of African American persons diagnosed with FTD from the perspective of those diagnosed (n = 4) and care partners (n = 21). Two additional respondents reported on their experience as African American biological family members of those with FTD. Thirty‐six percent of African Americans needed to see 4 or more doctors before receiving an FTD diagnosis, compared to 18% of total respondents, and were more likely to initially receive a different diagnosis (80% vs. 45%). While patterns of the first symptoms were reported similarly across all participants, African Americans were more likely to report having initially experienced changes in thinking, spatial reasoning, or delusions/hallucinations. African Americans were also more likely to report distress related to language, sleep, and delusions/hallucinations and less likely to report no distress or distress related to cognitive symptoms. African American participants were more likely to endorse wanting a treatment to maintain independence and hold a job than overall participants.ConclusionThe African American perspectives reported on the FTD Insights Survey represent a small sample size of individuals with greater than average levels of education (76% had an Associate’s degree or higher). The experience they report overlaps with those of other respondents, but with key differences including more difficulty in access to timely diagnosis. More information is needed on the lived experience of FTD across people of different cultural, social, economic backgrounds.

Women and Parapsychology 2022 – An Online Survey

In 1991, the Parapsychology Foundation organized an international conference on the topic "Women and Parapsychology," held in Dublin, Ireland. The survey aimed for an assessment of the situation in parapsychology 30 years after this conference. Our team asked women active in the research field of parapsychology and related areas about their scientific careers, authoring articles, contributions to the field and gender-specific experiences. We distributed the link to the extensive online questionnaire on several e-mail lists and websites and also sent the link specifically to individuals. 30 women completed the questionnaire. We got a selective, non-representative sample, with a high average age and level of education. Due to these limitations, the survey did not provide complete clarity as to whether parapsychology differed from other disciplines with regard to the status and situation of women. Several aspects are comparable to the situation of women in other research fields. As is generally the case in academia, women tend to be paid less. They have to make greater efforts to be taken seriously by male colleagues, which can slow down their careers, in addition to career interruptions due to raising children, greater difficulties balancing work and family life, and the like. We found a relatively low proportion (10 women who reported sexual intimidation or harassment in the field of parapsychology. General funding problems in parapsychology are even greater for women because of the additional childrearing responsibilities and less institutionalized research. Some findings lead us to the thesis that it is not necessarily the gender aspect that is responsible for rude and inappropriate behavior on the part of male colleagues, but rather a tendentially greater openness on the part of female researchers for worldviews and heterodox research subjects outside of the scientific mainstream. This thesis must be validated in further studies.

Transportation Infrastructure and Family Educational Expectations: An Empirical Analysis Based on the China Family Panel Survey

Based on data from the China Statistical Yearbook and China Family Panel Survey (CFPS), this article investigated the influence of regional transportation infrastructure development on family education expectations. Research results show that there is a significant positive correlation between transportation infrastructure and family educational expectations and that the improvement of transportation infrastructure can enhance the family’s willingness to engage their children in higher education. According to the results of influencing mechanism analysis, transportation infrastructure development affects family education expectations by increasing family income and changing family reproduction concepts and educational ideas. In addition, the impact of transportation infrastructure construction on family education expectations is heterogeneous: the positive correlation between them is particularly significant in rural areas with less developed transportation infrastructure, in areas with low average education level of parents and slow information communication, and among families of lower social classes; however, the relationship between the two variables is not prominent in urban areas, in areas where information communication is fast and parents have a higher average education level, and among families with higher social classes. These research findings offer the nation and government new implications for better promoting poverty alleviation through education and rural revitalization in underdeveloped areas.