Average Hours Of Sleep Research Articles

Association between sleep duration and cognitive impairment in older people

Background Sleep duration may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Aim To investigate the association between sleep duration and cognitive function in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods We analyzed information from 1,384 participants aged > 60 years participating in the National Health Survey 2009-2010 who were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and self-reported their average daily sleep hours. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between MMSE and sleep duration. Results Compared to those participants who reported sleeping 7 hours per day, those that reported sleeping < 5 hours had a higher odd for cognitive impairment (Odds ratio (OR): 3.66 [95% confidence intervals (CI: 1.69; 7.95], p < 0.01). Similarly, those who reported sleeping > 8 hours per day also showed a higher odd for cognitive impairment (OR: 2.56 [95% CI: 1.32; 4.95], p < 0.01). This association was even stronger for people who reported more than 10 hours of sleep per day (OR: 4.46 [95% CI: 1.32; 4.95], p < 0.01). Conclusions Long and short sleep duration is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults in Chile independent of major confounding factors.

The Relationship between Nutritional Status, Sleep Duration, Stress Level with Blood Pressure of Nurse Night Shift in the Hospital: Cohort Study

Objective: Hypertension as a cardiovascular disease occurs due to an uncontrolled increase in blood pressure. Night shift nurses with more overweight, short sleep duration, and excessive stress levels are at risk of increase blood pressure. This study aims to analyze how the relationship between obesity, nutritional status, sleep duration and stress level influence the blood pressure of the night shift nurses.Materials and methods: The subjects in this study were night shift nurses in four hospitals. The dependent variable was blood pressure and the independent variables were nutritional status, sleep duration, and stress levels. This study was an observational analysis with a perspective cohort design in which the subjects were 312 night shift nurses. Nutritional status were identified from Body Mass Index (BMI) through anthropometric measurement, sleep duration by looking at average hours of sleep during the night service, stress levels through the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test and Logistic Regression.Results and Discussion: There was a significant relationship between nutritional status, sleep duration, and stress levels with blood pressure. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the shift nurses with overweight (obesity) nutritional status are at a risk of having disorder 1.97 times, the shift nurses with sleep duration &lt; 6 hours are at risk of having disorder 3.78 times and shift nurses with intermediate stress level at risk of having disorder 2.08 times with enhancement blood pressure.Conclusion: There is a relationship between nutritional status, sleep duration and stress level with blood pressure. Sleep duration mostly influences the blood pressure.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 04 No. 01 January’20 Page : 55-59

An Educational Intervention to Improve the Sleep Behavior and Well-Being of High School Students.

The objective of this study was to determine whether a sleep education intervention improves knowledge of sleep, sleep behaviors, and depression in high school freshmen. We recruited student volunteers at a single magnet high school in Los Angeles, California through their health class. Twenty-four freshmen participated and 18 students (17 female, 1 male) completed pre- and postsurveys. Curriculum consisted of 4 hours of after-school interactive lectures emphasizing sleep physiology, benefits of sleep, what impacts sleep, and methods to improve sleep, followed by a 9-week sleep behavior change journal. Pre- and postsurveys measuring both sleep behaviors and knowledge, and a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression screening were administered to participants prior to and after the intervention. We used t tests and χ 2 tests to analyze knowledge and behavior change. Subjects improved in average sleep hours per night (preintervention 6.9 hours to postintervention 7.8 hours, P=.0134), and average weekend night bedtime (11:36 pm to 10:54 pm, P=.0307). This school sleep behavior intervention demonstrated students' average sleep hours per night and weekend bedtime improved after the lecture and sleep journal intervention. This suggests a sleep education intervention may benefit this population. Further studies are needed to demonstrate effectiveness of this education over time, across sexes, and in high-risk students.

Dizziness Handicap and Its Contributing Factors in Patients With Migraine.

Dizziness is frequently reported in patients with migraine. However, its assessment is often neglected in clinical practice. We investigated the dizziness handicap experienced by patients with migraine and its contributing factors. A total of 361 migraine outpatients (270 women, 91 men; mean age 39.01±11.2years) were given the Korean Dizziness Handicap Inventory (KDHI) questionnaire (total score: 100 points; cutoff: 29). The Headache Impact Test, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were also administered. Clinical data such as age, sex, number of headache attacks per month, pain intensity on the visual analog scale, and average sleep hours were collected to find contributing factors. Comparisons were made between chronic and episodic migraine. A total of 153 patients were classified as having dizziness handicap (M+DH) and 208 had migraine without dizziness handicap (M-DH). Patients with M+DH experienced more headache attacks per month than patients with M-DH (P=0.010). The proportion of patients with chronic migraine was larger in the M+DH group (29.4% vs. 17.3%, P=0.006). Patients with M+DH showed higher scores than patients with M-DH in all the KDHI subscales. Multivariable logistic regression showed headache impact, pain intensity, anxiety, and depression to be significantly associated with dizziness handicap. The data suggest that patients with migraine, especially those with chronic-type migraine, experience physical, emotional, and functional handicaps due to dizziness. Dizziness handicap is related to headache impact, anxiety, and depression. Targeted management of such factors is required to reduce the severity of subjective discomfort.

Abstract WP225: Exploring the Relationship between Sleep Duration and Stroke Severity in Mild/moderate Stroke and TIA patients: Evidence from the Discharge Educational Strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events (DESERVE) Study

Introduction: Prior research has shown that sleep duration is associated with risk of stroke and other cardiovascular events. However, evidence is sparse linking sleep duration with stroke severity. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between pre-stroke sleep duration and stroke severity at hospital admission in a cohort of mild/moderate stroke and TIA survivors. Methods: The present analysis used baseline data from the DESERVE study, a randomized controlled trial of a skills-based educational intervention. Sleep duration was measured using patients’ self-reported average hours of sleep per night during the past four weeks. Hours of sleep were then categorized into four groups with three non-normative groups, “Very Short Sleep” (1-4 hours), “Short Sleep” (5-6 hours), and “Long Sleep” (9-12 hours), and one normative sleep group (7-8 Hours). Stroke severity was assessed using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The distribution of NIHSS was not normal; therefore the Kruskal Wallis test was used to assess bivariate associations. Multivariable analysis was conducted for sleep duration and stroke severity assuming a negative binomial distribution, due to overdispersion of variance. The final model was adjusted for gender, age, race/ethnicity, stroke history, hypertension, alcohol, and BMI. Results: A total of 453 patients were included in the analysis (51% Female; 28% Non-Hispanic white, 35% Non-Hispanic black, 31% Hispanic, and 6% Other; mean age 64.6). Median NIHSS was significantly different across the sleep categories, (Very Short Sleep=4; Short Sleep=2; Normative Sleep=2; Long Sleep=1; p=0.0024). The unadjusted model did not show significant differences in stroke severity between non-normative groups and the normative group (Very Short Sleep, p=0.068; Short Sleep, p=0.235; Long Sleep, p=0.203). Further adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors did not alter the pattern of results. Conclusions: We found no significant association between normative and non-normative sleep duration and stroke severity among mild/moderate stroke and TIA survivors. However, future studies may be needed to examine this relationship with a greater range of stroke severity.

Sleep Disorders Following Mild and Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.

(1) Background: Sleeping disorders are frequently reported following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Different forms of sleeping disorders have been reported, such as sleepiness, insomnia, changes in sleeping latency, and others. (2) Methods: A case-control study with 62 patients who were victims of mild or moderate TBI with previous admissions to Iraqi tertiary neurosurgical centers were enrolled as the first group, and 158 patients with no history of trauma were considered as the control. All were 18 years of age or older, and the severity of the trauma and sleep disorders was assessed. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used to assess sleep disorders with average need for sleep per day and average sleep latency were assessed in both groups. Chi-square and t-test calculations were used to compare different variables. (3) Results: 39 patients (24.7%) of the controlled group experienced sleeping disorders compared to TBI group with 45 patients (72.6%), P-value < 0.00001. A total of 42 patients were diagnosed on admission as having a mild degree of TBI (mean GCS 13.22 ± 1.76) and 20 patients were diagnosed with moderate TBI (mean GCS11.05 ± 1.14. 27). A total of 27 (46.28%) patients with mild severity TBI and 18 patients (90%) of moderate severity were considered to experience sleeping disorders, P-value 0.0339. Each of the mild and moderate TBI subgroups show a P-value < 0.00001 compared to the control group. Average sleep hours needed per day for TBI and the control were 8.02 ± 1.04 h and 7.26 ± 0.58 h, respectively, P-value < 0.00001. Average sleep latency for the TBI and the control groups were 13.32 ± 3.16 min and 13.93 ± 3.07 min respectively, P-value 0.065. (4) Conclusion: Sleep disturbances are more common following mild and moderate TBI three months after the injury with more hours needed for sleep per day and no significant difference in sleep latency. Sleep disturbances increase in frequency with the increase in the severity of TBI.

129: Sleep duration is associated with inflammatory markers in mid-pregnancy

Elevated inflammatory markers are associated with alterations in fetal development and adverse birth outcomes. Adequate sleep may be important for regulating inflammatory processes during pregnancy. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate associations between inflammatory markers and self-reported sleep duration in pregnant women. Of 744 pregnant women enrolled in a multi-site prospective cohort study, 694 completed a survey on sleep quality and provided a serum sample between 12-20 weeks gestation. Sleep quality was evaluated using the validated Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, which includes a question on average hours of sleep per night. Levels of inflammatory markers, including TNFα, CRP, IL6, and IL10, were measured in maternal serum and log transformed. A ratio of IL6:IL10 was calculated as an indicator of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between each of the inflammatory markers and self- reported hours of sleep per night. Women reported an average of 6.9 hours of sleep per night (standard deviation: 1.6). In models adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, income, BMI, marital status, smoking, and gestational age at assessment, a one-hour decrease in average amount of sleep per night was associated with increases in log CRP and log IL6:IL10 ratio (CRP β: 0.024, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.003, 0.046; IL6:IL10 β: 0.039, 95% CI: 0.008, 0.070). The average amount of sleep per night was not associated with TNFα, IL6, or IL10 alone. Self-reported shorter sleep duration was associated with increases in CRP and IL6:IL10 ratio, even when controlling for key maternal demographics including BMI. Further studies should evaluate whether adequate sleep during pregnancy can help regulate inflammatory processes and improve outcomes.

Comparing the acute presentation of sport-related concussion in the adult and pediatric populations

Introduction Despite growing research on concussion, there is currently minimal evidence comparing the acute presentation of sport-related concussion between adult and pediatric patients. Objective To assess and compare the injury characteristics, symptoms and neurologic exam findings in acute sport-related concussion between adult and pediatric patients. Methods Retrospective cohort study of all patients presenting to an outpatient sports neurology clinic for initial assessment of an acute concussion within 7 days of injury between January 2016 and August 2017. Patients were divided into 2 groups, 18 and older (n = 28) and 17 and younger (n = 107). Data assessed included age, sex, injury date, date of visit, injury characteristics, Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3) symptom scale, sleep characteristics, comorbid medical diagnoses, and neurologic exam findings. Results There were no significant differences between the adult and pediatric patients in any SCAT3 symptom score, neurologic exam category, pertinent elements of past medical history, or characteristics of the acute concussion, including number of head impacts, presence of helmet, loss of consciousness, amnesia, or continuation of play. The pediatric group had significantly higher average hours of sleep ( p = 0.034) and were less likely to wake up refreshed ( p = 0.024). There were no other significant differences in sleep characteristics between the groups. Conclusions The initial presentation of acute concussion within 7 days of injury will likely not differ by age, specifically 18 and older vs 17 and younger. These data suggest no indication for focusing on specific portions of the history or neurologic examination based on these age groups.

Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Their Polyphenol Content Are Inversely Associated with Sleep Duration: Prospective Associations from the UK Women's Cohort Study.

This study aims to investigate the prospective associations between fruit and vegetable (FV) intakes and their polyphenol content with subsequent sleep duration in UK women. In this study, 13,958 women with ~4 years of follow-up in the UK Women’s Cohort Study were included in the analyses. FV intakes were assessed at baseline using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and average hours of sleep per day were self-reported in follow-up. Polyphenol intake was calculated by matching FV items from the FFQ with the Phenol-Explorer database. Linear regression models, adjusting for confounders, were used for the analyses. Consuming an additional portion of apples, kiwi, oranges, pineapple, and 100% pure juice were associated with shorter sleep. Similarly, an additional portion of cabbage, celery, aubergine, olives, and peppers were inversely associated with sleep duration. An additional gram of total polyphenols was associated with shorter sleep by 18 min (99% CI −31 to −4, p < 0.001). FV consumption and total polyphenol content were inversely associated with sleep duration; however, effect sizes were small, and polyphenol classes from FV intakes were not associated with sleep duration. Future intervention studies considering the time of FV consumption in relation to sleep are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.

Sleep and BMI: Do (Fitbit) bands aid?

Recent studies have used mainstream consumer devices (Fitbit) to assess sleep objectively and test the well documented association between sleep and body mass index (BMI). In order to further investigate the applicability of Fitbit data for biomedical research across the globe, we analysed openly available Fitbit data from a largely Chinese population. We found that after adjusting for age, gender, race, and average number of steps taken per day, average hours of sleep per day was negatively associated with BMI (p=0.02), further demonstrating the significant potential for wearables in international scientific research.

Sleep and BMI: Do (Fitbit) bands aid?

Recent studies have used mainstream consumer devices (Fitbit) to assess sleep objectively and test the well documented association between sleep and body mass index (BMI). In order to further investigate the applicability of Fitbit data for biomedical research across the globe, we analysed openly available Fitbit data from a largely Chinese population. We found that after adjusting for age, gender, race, and average number of steps taken per day, average hours of sleep per day was negatively associated with BMI (p=0.02), further demonstrating the significant potential for wearables in international scientific research.

ASSOCIATION OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND STRESS WITH FIBROMYALGIA IN PAKISTANI POPULATION

Objectives: to find level of depression, anxiety &amp; stress and its association with fibromyalgia among Pakistani Population. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional correlational study was carried out on n=314 participants. Sample was selected through convenient sampling technique from patients visiting department of Physical Therapy Benazir Bhutto hospital Rawalpindi (BBH) and Department of Physical Therapy Isra Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences. Both genders of all age groups, diagnosed with musculoskeletal disorder (MSKD) were included in study. The data was obtain about age, gender, weight, height, BMI, sleep hours, occupation and depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS). To diagnose fibromyalgia from MSKD, Physical therapist used new modified 2016 criteria for fibromyalgia was used. To present data mean±SD was used for continuous variable and n(%) for categorical variable. To find association between fibromyalgia and DASS chi-square test was used. Results: The mean age was 41.84±16.47 years. The average height weight and BMI was 166.04±12.74 (cm), 68.03 ±12.50 (kg) and 25.05±6.57 respectively. Average sleep hours of study participants was 7.79±2.02 hr/day. The mean score of depression (5.43±4.25), anxiety (7.08±4.46) and stress (6.69±5.02) showed that maximum participants with fibromyalgia has mild level depression, moderate level of anxiety and normal level of stress respectively. The significant association of depression(X2=23.80, p&lt;0.001), anxiety (X2=24.39, p&lt;0.001) and stress (X2=14.62, p&lt;0.001) was observed with fibromyalgia syndrome. Conclusion: The study concludes that patient with fibromyalgia have mild depression, moderate anxiety. Fibromyalgia significantly associated with depression, anxiety and stress and vise versa. Keywords: Depression, anxiety, stress, fibromyalgia, musculoskelatal disorders.

Sleep and BMI: Do (Fitbit) bands aid?

Recent studies have used mainstream consumer devices (Fitbit) to assess sleep objectively and test the well documented association between sleep and body mass index (BMI). In order to further investigate the applicability of Fitbit data for biomedical research across the globe, we analysed openly available Fitbit data from a largely Chinese population. We found that after adjusting for age, gender, race, and average number of steps taken per day, average hours of sleep per day was negatively associated with BMI (p=0.02), further demonstrating the significant potential for wearables in international scientific research.

Self perceived memory difficulties in medical students as another symptom of anxiety

Abstract The current study investigated memory issues among medical students and explored possible causes. Methods Fifty-nine medical students (age: 25.7 ± 2,5) in their last year filled out the following instruments: Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety inventories, Insomnia Severity Index, ASSIST and Subjective Memory Complaints Scale. Results Memory complaints were found in 71%, 54% recognized that anxiety was a negative factor for their performance, 10% presented suicidal ideation, and 64% reported insomnia. The average sleep hours was 6.4 ± 1.1 hours/day. The use of drugs in the last two months was alcohol: 93%, nicotine: 32%, cannabis: 27%, hypnotics: 17%. Spearman correlation analysis and logistic regression indicated that anxiety and sleep disturbances were associated with memory difficulties at the level of p Conclusions Memory complaints may represent a symptom of anxiety and are associated with insomnia.

Hypertension and Pre-Hypertension with Associated Risk Factors Among MBBS Students of Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore

Hypertension is a multifactorial chronic disease and a silent cause of high causalities around the globe. Both hyper and pre-hypertension affect all ages and professions, and are as common as flu infections by affecting 1 in every 5 persons. In order to determine frequency of hypertension and pre-hypertensionamong medical students and their association with various variable and fixed risk factors, this study was designed. The cross sectional study of 4 months was carried out on the students of Shalamar Medical and Dental College. Students were aged from 18-25 years and a sample of 100 students was enrolled by stratified random sampling after written consent. We recorded blood pressure at three different time points, one minute apart in sitting position after ten minutes of rest. The average of three measurements was considered as final reading. Data regarding related variables was entered and analysed using SPSS version 21. Out of 100 (43 males and 57 females), three students were hypertensive, 55 pre-hypertensive and 42 normotensive; among pre-hypertensive female students were more in number as compared to male students. Mean age was 21.6 years with increased frequency of pre hypertensive and hypertensive individuals in the first, second and final year class. A total of 64% pre-obese subjects were pre-hypertensive or hypertensive and 75% obese were also pre hypertensive or hypertensive. Frequency of intake of fast/junk food was higher among pre-hypertensive and hypertensive individual than normotensive and same among both genders. Median value of average sleep (hours) among pre-hypertensive subjects was lesser than of hypertensive subjects. Students expressed their concerns related to college timings and hectic routine and increased frequency of teaching sessions including assessments. Frequency of pre-hypertension was higher in the students especially in the first, second and final years of graduation (MBBS). Pre-hypertensive and hypertensive students were pre-obese or obese and had positive family history of hypertension, consumed fast/junk food in both genders. College timing and intensive routines were primary cause of irritation and aggression, which may result in hypertension.

Abstract TP180: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Sleep Duration and Sleep Disturbances Among Stroke Survivors

Introduction: Sleep disorders and short sleep duration have been associated with increased incidence of stroke. Despite evidence of racial/ethnic disparities in stroke, few studies have examined differences in sleep duration and disturbances by race/ethnicity among stroke survivors. Methods: Data on self-reported sleep duration and sleep disturbances came from the baseline interview of the Discharge Educational Strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events (DESERVE) study, a randomized clinical trial of a skills-based intervention to reduce vascular risk in a multi-ethnic cohort of 552 mild stroke/TIA patients. Sleep duration was defined as average hours of sleep per night in the past month, and sleep disturbances were measured using the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Disturbances Index, which ranges from 0-100, with higher scores indicating more frequent disturbances. Differences in sleep duration and disturbance score by race/ethnicity were assessed using t-tests and multiple linear regression adjusted for age, sex, education, current smoking and alcohol consumption, body mass index, marital/cohabitation status, number of household members, and depression score. Results: Overall, patients reported an average of 6.37 hours of sleep per night, and mean Sleep Disturbance Index score was 35.8. Mean sleep duration was significantly lower among non-Hispanic blacks than non-Hispanic whites (6.12 vs. 6.69 hours, p=0.004). Mean disturbance score was significantly higher among both non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites (35.7 vs. 27.8, p=0.013 and 42.6 vs. 27.8, p&lt;0.001, respectively). In adjusted models, sleep duration was no longer significantly associated with race/ethnicity. However, mean sleep disturbance scores remained significantly greater among non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites (β=11.6, p=0.006, and β=8.8, p=0.039, respectively). Conclusion: Sleep disturbances were more frequent among Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks, two populations that are disproportionately affected by stroke. Further research is warranted to understand the role differences in sleep may play in racial/ethnic disparities in stroke.

Association Between Sleep and Productivity Loss Among 598 676 Employees From Multiple Industries.

To examine the relationship between sleep habits and employee productivity. Cross-sectional health risk assessment analysis. Employer-sponsored health and well-being programs. A total of 598 676 employed adults from multiple industries. Self-reported average hours of sleep, fatigue, absence days, and presenteeism. Bivariate analyses to assess the relationships between self-reported hours of sleep and self-reported fatigue and mean and median absence and presenteeism. The relationship between sleep hours and both measures of productivity was U-shaped, with the least productivity loss among employees who reported 8 hours of sleep. More daytime fatigue correlated with more absence and presenteeism. Median absence and presenteeism was consistently lower than mean absence and presenteeism, respectively, for the various hours of sleep and levels of fatigue. Organizations looking to expand the value of their investment in employee health and well-being should consider addressing the employee sleep habits that may be negatively impacting productivity.

Sleep Duration across the Adult Lifecourse and Risk of Lung Cancer Mortality: A Cohort Study in Xuanwei, China.

Sufficient sleep duration is crucial for maintaining normal physiological function and has been linked to cancer risk; however, its contribution to lung cancer mortality is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between average sleep duration in various age-periods across the adult lifecourse, and risk of lung cancer mortality in Xuanwei, China. An ambidirectional cohort study was conducted in 42,422 farmers from Xuanwei, China. Participants or their surrogates were interviewed in 1992 to assess average sleep hours in the age periods of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70, and ≥71 years, which were categorized as ≤7, 8 (reference), 9, and ≥10 hours/day. Vital status was followed until 2011. Sex-specific Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer mortality in 1994-2011, adjusted for demographic, anthropometric, medical, and household characteristics. J-shaped relationships were found between average sleep duration and lung cancer mortality. The patterns were consistent across sex, age periods, and fuel usage. Compared with sleeping 8 hours/day on average, ≤7 hours/day was associated with significantly increased HRs ranging from 1.39 to 1.58 in ages ≥41 years in men, and 1.29 to 2.47 in ages ≥51 years in women. Furthermore, sleeping ≥10 hours/day was associated with significantly increased HRs ranging from 2.44 to 3.27 in ages ≥41 year in men, and 1.31 to 2.45 in ages ≤60 years in women. Greater and less than 8 hours/day of sleep in various age-periods may be associated with elevated risk of lung cancer mortality in Xuanwei, China. Cancer Prev Res; 10(6); 327-35. ©2017 AACR.

College Students’ Prevalence of Sleep Hygiene Awareness and Practices

Research has consistently found that college students report short sleep length and poor sleep quality. As a result of their poor sleep quality, there is concern that college students may struggle with issues associated with academic performance, physical health, and mental health. Previous research has investigated a multitude of factors that may contribute to poor sleeping behaviors, including sleep hygiene awareness and practices. The current study found that participants were obtaining less than the recommended average hours of sleep. Results indicated an almost equal number of participants reported poor sleep quality, average sleep quality, and good sleep quality. Results also indicated that between 40-50% of the sample reported difficulties related going to bed, falling asleep, maintaining sleep, reinitiating sleep, and returning to wakefulness. Although participants in the present study reported sleep hygiene awareness, their knowledge is not associated with their sleep practices. Based on these results, it may be implied that improving or increasing sleep hygiene knowledge is not an intervention that would be effective in improving sleep hygiene practices.

Association Between Employee Sleep With Workplace Health and Economic Outcomes.

Poor sleep can impact occupational functioning. The current study examines health risks, medical conditions, and workplace economic outcomes associated with self-reported hours of sleep among employees. Employees of a global financial services corporation were categorized on the basis of their self-reported average hours of sleep. Differences in health care costs, productivity measures, health risks, and medical conditions were analyzed by hours of sleep while controlling for confounding variables. A strong U-shaped relationship between health care costs, short-term disability, absenteeism, and presenteeism (on-the-job work loss) and the hours of sleep was found among employees. The nadir of the "U" occurs for 7 or 8 hours of sleep per night. Worksite wellness programs often address health risks and medical conditions and may benefit from incorporating sleep education.