Average Annual Percentage Research Articles

Global, regional, and national burdens of acne vulgaris in adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2021: a trend analysis.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin condition affecting adolescents and young adults worldwide, yet data on its burden and trends remain limited. We aimed to investigate trends in the burden of acne vulgaris among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 years at global, regional, and national levels. We retrieved data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 for individuals aged 10-24 years in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We analyzed the numbers, age-standardised rates, and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of the prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for acne vulgaris at the global, regional, and national levels. Additionally, we examined these global trends by age, gender, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Globally, the age-standardised prevalence rate of acne vulgaris among adolescents and young adults increased from 8,563.4 per 100,000 population (95% UI 7,343.5-9,920.1) in 1990 to 9,790.5 (95% UI 8,420.9-11,287.2) per 100,000 population in 2021, with an AAPC of 0.43 (95% CI 0.41-0.46). The age-standardised incidence rate and age-standardised DALY rate also showed a similar upward trend. Regionally, Western Europe had the highest age-standardised prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates, while North Africa and the Middle East had the largest increase in these rates. By SDI quintile, the high SDI region had the highest age-standardised prevalence, incidence, and DALY rates from 1990 to 2021, whereas the low-middle SDI region had the lowest burden of acne vulgaris but experienced the most significant increase in these rates. Globally, the age-standardised prevalence rate of acne vulgaris in 2021 was approximately 25% higher in females than in males (10,911.8 per 100,000 population vs. 8,727.8 per 100,000 population). Among all age groups, adolescents aged 15-19 years had the highest age-specific prevalence rate, while adolescents aged 10-14 years experienced the largest increase from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC = 0.50, 95% CI 0.48-0.52). The burden of acne vulgaris among adolescents and young adults has continued to increase in nearly all countries since the 1990s. Managing this condition remains a significant challenge, necessitating more effective and targeted interventions to control the acne burden.

Trends of chlamydia and gonorrhea infections by anatomic sites among men who have sex with men in south China: a surveillance analysis from 2018 to 2022

BackgroundChlamydia and gonorrhea notifications are rapidly rising in men who have sex with men (MSM). Currently, there are limited data on the prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea across various anatomical sites. Our study aimed to explore the prevalence, association and changing trends of urethral and rectal chlamydia and gonorrhea among MSM in Guangdong Province, China.MethodsWe analyzed data among MSM attending sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinics in the Guangdong governmental sentinel network between 2018 and 2022. Chi-square tests were used to compare the difference, Join-point regressions for analyzing changing trends, and multivariate logistic regressions for examining associated factors.ResultsWe included 4856 men in the analysis. Rectal chlamydia significantly increased from 13.8% to 26.4% over the past 5 years (average annual percentage change [AAPC] 19.2%, 95%CI 1.0-40.6, p = 0.043). After adjusting for covariates, chlamydia infection positively associated with main venue used to seek sexual partners (aOR = 2.31, 95%CI 1.17–4.55), having regular sexual partners in the past 6 months (aOR = 3.32, 95%CI 1.95–5.64), receiving HIV counselling and testing services (aOR = 2.94, 95%CI 1.67–5.17), receiving peer education (aOR = 1.80, 95%CI 1.14–2.83), infection with syphilis (aOR = 2.02, 95%CI 1.02–4.01) and infection with gonorrhea (aOR 7.04, 95% CI 3.01–16.48). Gonorrhea infection positively associated with having regular sexual partners in the past 6 months (aOR = 3.48.95%CI 1.16–10.49), and infection with chlamydia (aOR 7.03, 95% CI 2.99–16.51).ConclusionsTo conclude, our findings reveal a high prevalence of chlamydia infections among MSM, particularly in the rectal area. Comprehensive chlamydia and gonorrhea health services are necessary for MSM to improve sexual health.

Dynamic trends of ischemic heart disease mortality attributable to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a joinpoint analysis and age-period-cohort analysis with predictions

AimsThe purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamic trends of ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality attributable to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).MethodsData on IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the global disease burden database. Joinpoint software was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR). An age‒period‒cohort model was used to analyze the impacts of age, period, and cohort on these changes. The Bayesian framework was used to predict IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C from 2022 to 2040.ResultsThe overall ASMR of IHD attributable to high LDL-C decreased from 50. 479 per 100,000 people in 1990 to 32.286 per 100,000 people in 2021, and ASMR of IHD attributable to high LDL-C was higher in males than in females. The longitudinal age curves of the overall IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C showed a monotonic upward trend, especially after 65 years of age. The period and cohort effect relative risk (RR) values of overall IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C showed a downward trend. The overall ASMR of IHD attributable to high LDL-C is predicted to show a downward trend, and male IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C is expected to be higher than that of females.ConclusionThis study revealed a sustained decrease in IHD mortality attributable to high LDL-C over three decades, with a continued decline expected. Despite this, gender disparities persist, with males experiencing higher mortality rates and elderly individuals remaining a vulnerable group.

Tracking multidrug resistant tuberculosis: a 30-year analysis of global, regional, and national trends.

To provide valuable insights for targeted interventions and resource allocation, our analysis delved into the multifaceted burden, trends, risks, and projections of multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). This research employed data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 dataset, which used a comparative risk assessment to quantify the disease burden resulting from risk factors. Initially, this database was utilized to extract details concerning the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), mortality, incidence, and the number of individuals afflicted by MDR-TB. Subsequently, regression analyses were conducted using the Joinpoint program to figure average annual percent change (AAPC) to ascertain the trend. Thirdly, the age-period-cohort model (APCM) was adopted to analyze evolutions in incidence and mortality. Finally, utilizing the Nordpred model within R software, we projected the incidence and mortality of MDR-TB from 2020 to 2030. MDR-TB remained a pressing global health concern in regions with lower socio-demographic indexes (SDI), where the AAPC in DALYs topped 7% from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the cumulative DALYs attributed to MDR-TB tallied up to 4.2 million, with India, the Russian Federation, and China bearing the brunt. Notably, the incidence rates have shown a steadfast presence over the past decade, and a troubling forecast predicts an uptick in these areas from 2020 to 2030. Additionally, the risk of contracting MDR-TB grew with advancing age, manifesting most acutely among men aged 40+ in lower SDI regions. Strikingly, alcohol consumption had been identified as a significant contributor, surpassing the impacts of smoking and high fasting plasma glucose, leading to 0.7 million DALYs in 2019. A robust strategy is needed to end tuberculosis (TB) by 2030, especially in lower SDI areas.

Trends in the incidence and mortality of cervical, ovarian, and corpus uteri cancers in Wales, UK: A joinpoint regression analysis from 2002 to 2021

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to examine the secular trends of cervical, ovarian, and corpus uteri neoplasm in Wales, UK, over the period from 2002 to 2021. We aimed to identify changes in the incidence and mortality rates of these cancers to inform future healthcare policies and cancer prevention programs. MethodsWe sourced incidence data from 2002 to 2019 and mortality data from 2002 to 2021 from the Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit. The data were analysed using Joinpoint regression to compute the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and mortality rates (ASMR) per 100,000 population for each type of cancer. ResultsThe results showed that the ASIR for cervical cancer remained stable between 2002 and 2019 (AAPC = −0.5; 95 %CI = −1.4–0.4). However, the ASMR significantly declined from 4.88 in 2002–3.03 in 2021 (AAPC = −2.3; 95 %CI = −3.4 to −1.1). The ASIR for ovarian cancer significantly decreased from 27.39 in 2002–17.87 in 2019 (AAPC = −2.6; 95 %CI = −3.0 to −2.1), and the ASMR showed a statistically significant decreasing trend from 15.92 in 2002–11.2 in 2021 (AAPC = −1.7; 95 %CI = −2.5 to −0.9). In contrast, the ASIR for corpus uteri neoplasm significantly increased from 22.24 in 2002–30.41 in 2019 (AAPC = 2.2; 95 %CI = 1.2–3.4), and ASMR also showed a statistically significant increasing trend from 3.27 in 2002–6.42 in 2021 (AAPC = 3.8; 95 %CI = 2.3–5.3). ConclusionsThe study concludes that while the incidence and mortality rates for cervical and ovarian cancers in Wales have significantly decreased, corpus uteri neoplasm rates have increased during the study period. These findings underscore the need for continued efforts to improve early detection and treatment strategies, including national screening programs and public health initiatives, to mitigate the burden of these cancers.

Trends in Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Early Glycemic Control Among Veterans Receiving Care in the Veterans Health Administration, 2008-2019.

Racial and ethnic disparities in glycemic control among non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) veterans with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been reported. This study examined trends in early glycemic control by race and ethnicity to understand how disparities soon after T2D diagnosis have changed between 2008 and 2019 among cohorts of U.S. veterans with newly diagnosed T2D. We estimated the annual percentage of early glycemic control(average A1C <7%) in the first 5 years after diagnosis among 837,023 veterans (95% male) with newly diagnosed T2D in primary care. We compared early glycemic controlby racial and ethnic group among cohorts defined by diagnosis year (2008-2010, 2011-2013, 2014-2016, and 2017-2018) using mixed-effects models with random intercepts. We estimated odds ratios of early glycemic controlcomparing racial and ethnic groups with NHW, adjusting for age, sex, and years since diagnosis. The average annual percentage of veterans who achieved early glycemic controlduring follow-up was 73%, 72%, 72%, and 76% across the four cohorts, respectively. All racial and ethnic groups were less likely to achieve early glycemic controlcompared with NHW veterans in the 2008-2010 cohort. In later cohorts, NHB and Hispanic veterans were more likely to achieve early glycemic control; however, Hispanic veterans were also more likely to have an A1C ≥9% within 5 years in all cohorts. Early glycemic controldisparities for non-Hispanic Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native veterans persisted in cohorts until the 2017-2018 cohort. Overall early glycemic controltrends among veterans with newly diagnosed T2D have been stable since 2008, but trends differed by racial and ethnic groups and disparities in very poor glycemic control were still observed. Efforts should continue to minimize disparities among racial and ethnic groups.

Trends of older gastric cancer incidence, mortality, and survival in the highest gastric cancer risk area in China: 2010–2019 and prediction to 2024

BackgroundGastric cancer is a major health problem worldwide, with a high incidence among older adults. Given the aging overall population, it was crucial to understand the current burden and prospective trend of older gastric cancer. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends of the incidence, mortality, and survival of older gastric cancer in the highest gastric cancer risk area in China from 2010 to 2019, and to predict the future burden of older gastric cancer up to 2024.MethodsThe study was conducted in Gansu province, an area characterized by the highest gastric cancer incidence and mortality in China. The registration data of gastric cancer incidence and mortality from 2010 to 2019 were pooled from registries in the Gansu Cancer Registration System, while survival data were collected from the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, and Gansu Cancer Hospital. Chinese standard population in 2000 and the Segi’s world standard population were applied to calculate the age-standardized rate. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in cancer incidence and mortality. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were employed to generate forecasts for incidence and mortality from 2020 to 2024.ResultsBased on registry data from 2010 to 2019, the incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer among older adults remained stable. The incidence rates declined from 439.65 per 100,000 in 2010 to 330.40 per 100,000 in 2019, with an AAPC of -2.59% (95% confidence interval[CI], -5.14 to 0.04, P = 0.06). Similarly, the mortality rate changed from 366.98 per 100,000 in 2010 to 262.03 per 100,000 in 2019, with an AAPC of -2.55% (95% CI, -8.77–4.08%, P = 0.44). In the hospital-based cohort, the decline in survival rates was reported among older patients with gastric cancer in the highest gastric cancer risk area in China, with the 3-year overall survival (OS) decreasing from 58.5% (95% CI, 53.5–63.2%) in 2010 to 34.4% (95%CI, 32.1–36.7%) in 2019, and the 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) decreasing from 51.3% (95%CI, 47.5–55.1%) in 2010 to 34.2% (95%CI, 32.0–36.3%) in 2019, respectively. Moreover, forecasts generated by ARIMA models revealed a significant decline in the incidence and mortality of older gastric cancer in China from 2020 to 2024. Specifically, the incidence rate of older gastric cancer was expected to decrease from 317.94 per 100,000 population in 2020 to 205.59 per 100,000 population in 2024, while the anticipated mortality rate was estimated to decrease from 222.52 per 100,000 population in 2020 to 186.22 per 100,000 population in 2024.ConclusionFrom 2010 to 2019, the incidence and mortality of older gastric cancer remained stable in the highest gastric cancer risk area in China, while the survival rates showed a decline. Based on the ARIMA models, it was anticipated that there might be a continued decline in older gastric cancer incidence and mortality in the highest-risk area in China over the next five years.

The trend of occupational injuries mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) in Hamadan Province between 1990 and 2021

Background and Objectives: Occupational injuries are considered as one of the most important health, social and economic risk factors in industrial and developing societies. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the trend of mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years rates due to occupational injuries in Hamedan province during 1990 to 2021. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the trend of changes in the mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years rates due to occupational injuries in Hamedan province in a period of 32 years was investigated using join point regression and Join Point Regression software version 5.1.0. Results: The Disability Adjusted Life Years (due to premature death and disability) from occupational injuries in Hamedan province decreased from 496.75 years per thousand population in 1990 to 229.98 years per thousand population in 2021 (the average annual percent changes (AAPC) was -2.40%). This decreasing trend in DALY caused by occupational injuries was also evident in men and women (the AAPC in men and women was -2.40% and -1.10%, respectively).On the other hand, the mortality rate due to injuries in both sexes had decreased from 7.55 cases per 100,000 population in 1990 to 3.46 cases per 100,000 population in 2021 (AAPC was -2.50%). Conclusion: Generally, the trend of mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years rates due to occupational injuries in Hamedan province had a decreasing trend, which was consistent with other studies conducted in Iran and the world.

Consumption Trends of Antifungal and Antiprotozoal Agents for Human Systemic Use in Kazakhstan from 2017 to 2023.

While multiple studies have investigated antibiotic consumption rates, there are few studies on the consumption of systemic antifungals and antiprotozoals. This study aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of nationwide consumption trends in Kazakhstan over a seven-year period (2017-2023). Defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day were calculated for systemic antifungals (J02 code of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC)) and antiprotozoals (P01 code of the ATC). Time series analyses were applied to examine historical trends, evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and make future projections until 2030. The total consumption increased over the study period, with an average annual percent change of 1.11% for antifungals and 5.48% for antiprotozoals. Fluconazole was the most consumed antifungal agent, whereas metronidazole was the most consumed antiprotozoal agent. The COVID-19 pandemic had a positive but insignificant effect on the consumption of antifungals and a negative and also insignificant effect on the consumption of antiprotozoals. Forecast modeling indicates that the future trends in antifungal and antiprotozoal consumption until 2030 will largely remain stable, with the exception of antiprotozoal consumption in the hospital sector, which is projected to decline. These findings offer valuable insights into the development and implementation of targeted antimicrobial stewardship programs in Kazakhstan.

Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in males aged 60–90 years from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019

BackgroundBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent urological disease in elderly males. However, few studies have estimated the temporal and spatial distributions of the BPH burden in male adults aged 60 years and over at the global, national, and regional scales.MethodsLeveraging the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, we estimated the global epidemiological trends in the prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of BPH in 204 countries and 21 regions and 5 sociodemographic index (SDI) regions in males aged 60 years and over between 1990 and 2019. The average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in age-specific rates were estimated to quantify overall trends. We estimated the contribution of population aging and epidemiological alterations in disease burden via composition analysis.ResultsOver the past three decades, the global prevalent cases, incident cases and DALYs of BPH have increased, ranging from 118.78 to 121.22%. The global number of prevalent BPH cases reached 79 million in people aged 60 years and older in 2019. The prevalence, incidence, and DALYs rates gradually increased, with AAPCs of 0.02, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively. Low-middle, middle, and low SDI regions experienced rapid increases in the number of prevalent cases of BPH. In 2019, China, India, and United States of America bore the largest burden of prevalent cases among people aged 60 years and over. The three regions with the highest prevalence rates of BPH were Eastern Europe, Central Latin America, and Andean Latin America. The increased prevalence was attributed to population growth (94.93%), epidemiological changes (3.45%), and aging (1.62%), globally.ConclusionsBPH is a global health issue that imposes substantial economic burdens on most countries, particularly males aged 60 years and over. Effective health decisions are imperative for BPH prevention and treatment.

Temporal trends and regional variations in mortality related to Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States: a retrospective study from 1999 to 2020

Aim Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune neurological disorder, with an estimated 6.4% increase in cases worldwide from 1990 to 2019. We aim to identify the GBS-related mortality trends in the US stratified by age, sex, race, and region. Methods We used data from the CDC-WONDER database to calculate crude (CMR) and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 1,000,000 people. We examined the temporal trends through annual percent change (APC) and the average annual percent change (AAPC) in rates using Joinpoint regression. Results From 1999 to 2020, a total of 10,097 GBS-related deaths occurred in the US. The AAMR decreased till 2014 (APC: −1.91) but increased back to initial levels by 2020 (APC: 3.77). AAMR was higher in males (1.7) than females (1.1), decreasing till 2015 for females and 2014 for males, but increasing thereafter only for females. Non-Hispanic (NH) American Indians or Alaska Natives displayed the highest AAMR (1.8) while NH Asians or Pacific Islanders displayed the lowest (0.6). AAMRs also varied by region (West: 1.5; South: 1.5; Midwest: 1.4; Northeast: 1.1). Rural regions exhibited a higher AAMR (1.7) than urban regions (1.3). Most deaths occurred in medical facilities (60.99%). The adults aged ≥85 years exhibited an alarmingly high CMR (14.0). Conclusions While the mortality rates for GBS initially declined till 2014, they climbed back up afterwards. Highest mortality was exhibited by males and NH American Indians or Alaska Natives, residents of rural regions, and adults ≥85 years. Equitable efforts are needed to reduce the burden on high-risk populations.

Cancer incidence (2000–2020) among individuals under 35: an emerging sex disparity in oncology

BackgroundAggressive malignancies, such as pancreatic cancer, are increasingly impacting young, female populations. Our investigation centered on whether the observed trends in cancer incidence were unique to pancreatic cancer or indicative of a broader trend across various cancer types. To delve deeper into this phenomenon, we analyzed cancer incidence trends across different age and sex groups. Furthermore, we explored differences in cancer incidence within specific young subgroups aged 18 to 26 and 27 to 34, to better understand the emerging incidence trend among young individuals.MethodsThis study collected cancer incidence data from one of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry databases (SEER22), with 10,183,928 total cases from 2000 to 2020. Data were analyzed through Joinpoint trend analysis approach to evaluate sex- and age-specific trends in cancer incidence. Exposure rates were reported as Average Annual Percentage Changes (AAPCs).ResultsThe analysis revealed significant age and sex-specific disparities, particularly among individuals aged 18–26 and 27–34. Pancreatic cancer incidence rates increased more in females aged 18–26 (AAPC, 9.37% [95% CI, 7.36–11.41%]; p < .0001) than in males (4.43% [95% CI, 2.36–6.53%]; p < .0001). Notably, among gender, age, and other malignancies, young females had the highest AAPCs for pancreatic cancer. Additionally, the incidence of gastric cancer, myeloma, and colorectal malignancies also showed higher AAPCs in young females compared to males.ConclusionsRecognizing emerging risk populations for highly lethal malignancies is crucial for early detection and effective disease management.

The disease burden of bladder cancer and its attributable risk factors in five Eastern Asian countries, 1990–2019: a population-based comparative study

BackgroundsThe study aimed to estimate bladder cancer burden and its attributable risk factors in China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Mongolia from 1990 to 2019, to discuss the potential causes of the disparities.MethodsData were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) were calculated by Joinpoint analysis, and the independent age, period and cohort effects were estimated by age-period-cohort analysis.ResultsIn 2019, the highest incidence (7.70 per 100,000) and prevalence (51.09 per 100,000) rates of bladder cancer were in Japan, while the highest mortality (2.31 per 100,000) and DALY rates (41.88 per 100,000) were in South Korea and China, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates increased in China, Japan and South Korea (AAPC > 0) and decreased in Mongolia (AAPC < 0), while mortality and DALY rates decreased in all five countries (AAPC < 0). Age effects showed increasing trends for incidence, mortality and DALY rates, while the prevalence rates increased first and then decreased in older groups. The cohort effects showed downward trends from 1914–1918 to 2004–2008. Smoking was the greatest contributor and males had the higher burden than females.ConclusionBladder cancer was still a major public health problem in East Asia. Male and older population suffered from higher risk, and smoking played an important role. It is recommended that more efficient preventions and interventions should be operated among high-risk populations, thereby reduce bladder cancer burden in East Asia.

The spatiotemporal associations between esophageal and gastric cancers provide evidence for its joint endoscopic screening in China: a population-based study

BackgroundThe spatiotemporal epidemiological evidence supporting joint endoscopic screening for esophageal cancer (EC) and gastric cancer (GC) remains limited. This study aims to identify combined high-risk regions for EC and GC and determine optimal areas for joint and separate endoscopic screening.MethodsWe analyzed the association of incidence trends between EC and GC in cancer registry areas across China from 2006 to 2016 using spatiotemporal statistical methods. Based on these analyses, we divided different combined risk regions for EC and GC to implement joint endoscopic screening.ResultsFrom 2006 to 2016, national incidence trends for both EC and GC showed a decline, with an average annual percentage change of -3.15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.33 to -0.92) for EC and -3.78 (95% CI: -4.98 to -2.56) for GC. A grey comprehensive correlation analysis revealed a strong temporal association between the incidence trends of EC and GC, with correlations of 79.00% (95% CI: 77.85 to 80.14) in males and 77.62% (95% CI: 76.50 to 78.73) in females. Geographic patterns of EC and GC varied, demonstrating both homogeneity and heterogeneity across different regions. The cancer registry areas were classified into seven distinct combined risk regions, with 33 areas identified as high-risk for both EC and GC, highlighting these regions as priorities for joint endoscopic screening.ConclusionThis study demonstrates a significant spatiotemporal association between EC and GC. The identified combined risk regions provide a valuable basis for optimizing joint endoscopic screening strategies for these cancers.

Adult Hodgkin lymphoma incidence trends in the United States from 2000 to 2020

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare malignancy affecting the lymphatic system. Our study examined the incidence rates of adult HL based on sex, race/ethnicity, age, and histological subgroups in the United States (US) from 2000 to 2020. Data for this study were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 22 database. HL patients were identified utilizing the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology version 3 and categorized as classical HL, lymphocyte-rich/mixed cell/lymphocyte depleted, nodular sclerosis, classical HL, not otherwise specified, and nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL. The study reported average annual percent change (AAPC). All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100,000 individuals. Between 2000 and 2019, a total of 70,924 cases of HL were reported in the US. Classical HL was the predominant subtype (94.27%), and most incident cases were among non-Hispanic Whites (66.92%) and those aged 20–29 years (24.86%). The ASIR per 100,000 population was 3.83 for men and 2.92 for women. Both sexes showed declines in the AAPCs between 2000 and 2019 (− 0.64% [− 0.99, − 0.28] and − 0.40% [− 0.77, − 0.03] for men and women, respectively). There was a significant decrease in ASIRs after COVID-19 among both sexes (percent change: − 7.49% [− 11.58, − 3.40]). Throughout all age groups, men had a higher incidence rate compared to women, except for those aged 20–29 years. Although the overall HL incidence rate was lowered in the study period from 2000 to 2019, a dramatic decrease in ASIRs of HL patients following COVID-19 pandemic was observed.

Trends in adverse effects of medical treatment in Paediatric populations in the United States: A global burden of disease study, 2000-2019.

Adverse effects of medical treatment (AEMT) pose significant risks to paediatric patients. However, the mortality trends associated with AEMT in this population have been unclear. We aimed to clarify the trends in the incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality rates of AEMT for children in the US from 2000 to 2019. Data were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. We estimated age-standardized incidence, DALYs and mortality rates of paediatric AEMT per 100,000 children in the US using a Bayesian meta-regression model. We also analysed incidence, DALYs and mortality in different age groups, and employed Joinpoint regression models to assess the age- and sex-specific trends. The number of deaths due to AEMT in children, the number of cases, and DALYs were 105.1, 551,076 and 145,555 in 2019, decreased by 37.5%, 6% and 28% from those in 2000, respectively. Age-standardized mortality rates decreased across all age groups, while the incidence increased across all age groups with an average annual percentage change (AAPC) of 2.2% in those children <1 year and 4.5% in 5-9 years of age. The increases in DALYs over time was higher in children aged 1-4 years (AAPC: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.62) and 5-9 years (AAPC: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.50), with the 1-4 year age group being the highest. The study reveals declining AEMT mortality but rising incidence and DALYs, emphasizing a disproportionate burden in <1, 1-4 and 5-9 years. To develop effective mitigation strategies, future research is warranted to identify the causes of increased AEMT in children, especially young males.

Incidence Trends in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer in Young Adults: A Nationwide Time-Trend Analysis Using 2001-2019 US Cancer Statistics Databases.

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers, comprising malignancies of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, liver, biliary tract, and gallbladder, are the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and are associated with significant comorbidities. Recent studies show a disproportionate rise in pancreatic and stomach cancer among young adults. This study aims to use a nationwide, population-based cohort to (i) evaluate the trend of all UGI cancer as an aggregate and (ii) examine the role of demographics, histology, and tumor stage in UGI cancer incidence among young adults. Individuals diagnosed with UGI cancer in the United States from 2001 to 2019 were identified and obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-National Program of Cancer Registries database. The primary outcomes were incidence rates of UGI cancer (calculated per 100,000, age-adjusted to the year 2000 US population), stratified by sex and age (< 55 years for young adults and ≥ 55 years for older adults). Trends, annual percentage change, and average annual percentage change were calculated using the parametric method. Sensitivity analysis was performed according to primary site and histology; further analysis examining race and cancer stage was performed in the young adult subgroup. A total of 2,333,161 patients with UGI cancer were identified. Most cases were male, and 14.3% were < 55 years of age. Incidence of UGI cancer increased most in women younger than 55 years, driven primarily by pancreatic and stomach cancers, as well as neuroendocrine tumor and gastrointestinal stromal tumor histology. African American race and localized tumors and malignancy with distant spread are also contributing to the disparate increase among young women. UGI mortality rates have not changed significantly in young adults. The overall incidence rate of upper gastrointestinal cancer is increasing significantly in young women compared with men. Increased endoscopic procedures and disparate exposure to risk factors are likely contributing to these trends.

Changes in mortality due to Chronic Liver Diseases (CLD) during the COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the United States' National Vital Statistics System.

We assessed chronic liver disease (CLD)-related mortality in the U.S. using death data (2011-2021) obtained from National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). The average annual percentage change (AAPC) from the models selected by Joinpoint regression analysis over the pre-pandemic (2011-2019) and the 2019-2021 were reported because non-linear trend in death rates were observed over the 2011-2021. Liver-specific death was defined as an underlying cause of death and Chronic liver disease (CLD)-related death was defined as any cause of death. During the pre-pandemic, age-standardized HCC- and cirrhosis-specific death rates were annually increased by AAPC = +1.18% (95% confidence interval, 0.34% to 2.03%) and AAPC = +1.95% (1.56% to 2.35%). In contrast, during the 2019-2021, the AAPC in age-standardized cirrhosis-specific death rate (per 100,000) accelerated by up to AAPC +11.25% (15.23 in 2019 to 18.86 in 2021) whereas that in age-standardized HCC-specific death rate slowed to -0.39 (-1.32% to 0.54%) (3.86 in 2019 to 3.84 in 2021). Compared to HCC-specific deaths, cirrhosis-specific deaths were more likely to be non-Hispanic white (72.4% vs. 62.0%) and non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska native (AIAN) (2.2% vs. 1.1%) and have NAFLD (45.3% vs. 12.5%) and ALD (27.6% vs. 22.0%). During the 2019-2021, the age-standardized HCV- and HBV-related death rate stabilized, whereas the age-standardized NAFLD- and ALD-related deaths rate increased to 20.16 in 2021 (AAPC = +12.13% [7.76% to 16.68%]) and to 14.95 in 2021 (AAPC = +18.30% [13.76% to 23.03%]), which were in contrast to much smaller incremental increases during the pre-pandemic (AAPC = +1.82% [1.29% to 2.35%] and AAPC = +4.54% [3.97% to 5.11%]), respectively). The most pronounced rise in the age-standardized NAFLD-related death rates during the pandemic was observed among AIAN (AAPC = +25.38%), followed by non-Hispanic White female (AAPC = +14.28%), whereas the age-standardized ALD-related death rates during the pandemic were highest among AIAN (AAPC = +40.65%), followed by non-Hispanic Black female (AAPC = +26.79%). COVID-19 pandemic had a major negative impact on cirrhosis-specific and CLD-related mortality in the U.S. with significant racial and gender disparities.

Global forecasting of chronic kidney disease mortality rates and numbers with the generalized additive model

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important public health problem worldwide; therefore, forecasting CKD mortality rates and death numbers globally is vital for planning CKD prevention programs. This study aimed to characterize the temporal trends in CKD mortality at the international level from 1990 to 2019 and predict CKD mortality rates and numbers until 2030.MethodsData were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study. A joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the average annual percentage change in CKD mortality rates and numbers. Finally, we used a generalized additive model to predict CKD mortality through 2030.ResultsThe number of CKD-related deaths worldwide increased from 591.80 thousand in 1990 to 1425.67 thousand in 2019. The CKD age-adjusted mortality rate increased from 15.95 per 100,000 people to 18.35 per 100,000 people during the same period. Between 2020 and 2030, the number of CKD deaths is forecasted to increase further to 1812.85 thousand by 2030. The CKD age-adjusted mortality rate is expected to decrease slightly to 17.76 per 100,000 people (95% credible interval (CrI): 13.84 to 21.68). Globally, it is predicted that in the next decade, the CKD mortality rate will decrease in men, women, all subgroups of disease etiology except glomerulonephritis, people younger than 40 years old, and all groupings of countries based on the sociodemographic index (SDI) except high-middle-SDI countries.ConclusionsThe CKD mortality rate is predicted to decrease in the next decade. However, more attention should be given to people with glomerulonephritis, people over 40 years old, and people in high- to middle-income countries because the mortality rate due to CKD in these subgroups is expected to increase until 2030.

Trends in lung cancer incidence in Iraq during the period 2005-2019

Lung cancer, a prominent global malignancy and a significant contributor to cancer-related deaths, was examined in Iraq from 2005 to 2019 using data from the cancer registry. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), categorized by sex and age at diagnosis, were analyzed to identify trends, utilizing annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC). During the 2005-2019 period, ASIR was 18.339/100,000 for males and 5.861/100,000 for females. Lung cancer ASIR experienced a notable 48.027% increase, starting at 9.426/100,000 in 2005 and reaching 13.953/100,000 in the most recent year. The rates demonstrated significant growth, with AAPC values of +2.857% for both sexes, +2.495% for males, and +4.474% for females. The highest incidences of lung cancer were among the elderly (70+ years) in both sexes, particularly pronounced in females (8.961%) and males (5.601%). In contrast, the lowest rates were found in individuals aged 0 to 49 years, showing negative APC values: -1.359% (males) and -0.843% (females). The study underscores the escalating prevalence of lung cancer in Iraq, particularly impacting older females. Urgent and targeted efforts are necessary to mitigate the rising incidence rates.