Abstract
Racial and ethnic disparities in glycemic control among non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) veterans with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been reported. This study examined trends in early glycemic control by race and ethnicity to understand how disparities soon after T2D diagnosis have changed between 2008 and 2019 among cohorts of U.S. veterans with newly diagnosed T2D. We estimated the annual percentage of early glycemic control(average A1C <7%) in the first 5 years after diagnosis among 837,023 veterans (95% male) with newly diagnosed T2D in primary care. We compared early glycemic controlby racial and ethnic group among cohorts defined by diagnosis year (2008-2010, 2011-2013, 2014-2016, and 2017-2018) using mixed-effects models with random intercepts. We estimated odds ratios of early glycemic controlcomparing racial and ethnic groups with NHW, adjusting for age, sex, and years since diagnosis. The average annual percentage of veterans who achieved early glycemic controlduring follow-up was 73%, 72%, 72%, and 76% across the four cohorts, respectively. All racial and ethnic groups were less likely to achieve early glycemic controlcompared with NHW veterans in the 2008-2010 cohort. In later cohorts, NHB and Hispanic veterans were more likely to achieve early glycemic control; however, Hispanic veterans were also more likely to have an A1C ≥9% within 5 years in all cohorts. Early glycemic controldisparities for non-Hispanic Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native veterans persisted in cohorts until the 2017-2018 cohort. Overall early glycemic controltrends among veterans with newly diagnosed T2D have been stable since 2008, but trends differed by racial and ethnic groups and disparities in very poor glycemic control were still observed. Efforts should continue to minimize disparities among racial and ethnic groups.
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