Average Amount Of Water Research Articles

Modelling relative humidity and temperature effects on CO2 gas transport in polyetherimide

The aim of this work is to study the effect of relative humidity (RH) on CO2 gas transport in polyetherimide (PEI) membranes. The Non-Random Hydrogen Bonding model, extended to the case of non-equilibrium glassy polymers (NETGP-NRHB model), is used to interpret the sorption thermodynamics in glassy polymer/penetrant mixtures. Furthermore, a new diffusion model (namely NETGP-NRHB-DM), in the spirit of the Free Volume Theory, is used in combination with the NETGP-NRHB model to interpret the gas permeation. The parameters of the two models have been obtained partly from the literature and partly from a dedicated experimental campaign. The full set of parameters is used in a predictive manner to calculate the permeability coefficient of CO2 in PEI at different temperatures and relative humidity conditions. The model results are validated against a complete set of experimental data specifically carried out for the present investigation. The CO2 permeability predictions are satisfactory, but a slight deviation between the calculated results and the experimental data is observed when the average amount of water in the membrane is high, probably due to the onset of water clustering. In fact, the phenomenological expression of the mobility coefficient of NETGP-NRHB-DM is not properly suited to describe the complex picture involving different kind of water mers starting from the water clustering concentration onset.

Water Balance Calculation and Climate Type for Proposed Dam in Bastora Basin Erbil, North Iraq

Bastora basin is located 20 kilometers north-east of Erbil city. This study's objective was to determine the water equilibrium based on the climate in Erbil, northern Iraq's Bastora basin, a catchment that was of interest for potential dam building. The meteorological conditions were taken into account by the water balance method based on meteorological data collected between 1995 and 2020 at the Permam metrological site. The average annual rainfall was 597.9 millimeters, and the relative humidity was 52.56 percent. The average amount of water that evaporated each year was 1835 mm, and the average temperature was18.1 Co, wind speed was2.09 m/sec, and amount of sunshine each day were 8.2 hours. The Kharrufa method was used to find out if evapotranspiration was happening and to find out when it was deficit and surplus. The results show that there is a total potential evaporation of 1836.4 mm/year, a surplus of 301.26 mm, and a shortage of 1539.41 mm. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) is used to calculated runoff, which is 174 mm per year. The yearly recharge rate for the Bastora Basin was determined to be 3.08 x 105 m3/year, while the water surplus is 50.39 percent of the annual rainfall. Unep, Mather, and Al-Kubaisi classifications were among those utilized to determine the basin's climatic kind. According to the results of these approaches, the sequences of climatic classification in the region are found to be semi-arid, dry, and humid to moist

A Universal Descriptor in Determining H2 Evolution Activity for Dilute Aqueous Zn Batteries

AbstractLarge‐scale energy storage with aqueous Zn batteries (AZBs) have bright future, but their practical application is impeded by H2 evolution reaction (HER), which results in poor stability of Zn–metal anodes. Here, using linear sweep voltammetry in dilute salt aqueous electrolytes, it is discovered that as the salt concentration decreases, HER is gradually suppressed, which is contrary to prior beliefs. Combining calculations and experiments, it is demonstrated that HER derives predominantly from the sum of Zn2+‐solvated water rather than the average amount of water in the Zn2+‐solvation structural unit or free water without interaction with Zn2+, which answers the puzzle from above. This result, which differs fundamentally from the previous understandings, sheds new light on the mysterious role of water chemistry in controlling HER and contributes to a more rational design of advanced electrolytes for AZBs.

Evaluation of Single-Cropping under Reduced Water Supply in Strawberry Cultivation

Genotype, environment, and cultivation system strongly influence strawberry yield and quality. Specifically, the growth of strawberry plants is dependent on the water supply. Nevertheless, the abuse of water in agriculture is necessitating the choice of the lowest water-consumptive plants. The following study showed the performance of ‘Romina’, ‘Sibilla’, and ‘Cristina’ cultivars, grown in open-field conditions, and treated with three doses of water (W): 100% local standard regime, and 20% (W80) and 40% (W60) reductions. The average amount of water administered for W100, W80, and W60 was 1120 m3 ha−1, 891 m3 ha−1, and 666 m3 ha−1, respectively. The water treatment at W60 negatively affected the plant growth and yield, resulting in reduced plant height, leaf number, leaf length and width, and a minor yield. Instead, fruit quality showed higher values of total soluble solids and titratable acidity. Conversely, plants watered with W80 showed results similar to the control (W100) in terms of development and yield. In conclusion, it is possible to assume that a reduction of water is desirable, guaranteeing economic and environmental gains for farmers.

Development of ecological culture in students on the base of interdisciplinary connections of geography

The article shows the theoretical aspects, content and methodology of developing environmental culture in students based on the interdisciplinary relations of geography in the general secondary education system. Development of ecological culture in students on the basis of interdisciplinary connections ensures a lively, interesting transition of the educational process. Chemistry deals with the release of chemicals into the atmosphere and its effects, water, minerals and fertilizers, and other natural phenomena. The average amount of water used per year at the country level, its importance in irrigation and electricity generation, sources of river water pollution are discussed.

Design of Eucalyptus Oil Refining Destilator (Melaleuca Cajuputi)

The aim of this research is to design a distillation of eucalyptus oil and analyze the distillation rate on the yield of oil quality. This study uses an experimental method that directly makes a distillation apparatus, conducts experiments and observations to collect the necessary data, and then analyzes it with the Indonesian national quality standard, SNI 06-3954-2006. The design of the eucalyptus oil distillation apparatus is made in two major parts, namely the kettle as a distillation site and the condenser as a place for evaporation of steam into the water to obtain distillate which will then be separated to produce eucalyptus oil. The results showed that the highest average temperature measured on the surface of the boiler was 158°C, and the highest average temperature on the stove surface was 138°C. The average amount of water that is evaporated in the boiler is 19.0 liters in one distillation process. Distillation was carried out for 6 hours. Thus, the average water that can be evaporated in the boiler every hour is 4.0 liters/m². The amount of vaporized water is 4 liters of the total water in the kettle, as much as 19 liters; only 21.053% of the water is evaporated. The analysis results of these two samples show the quality of eucalyptus oil produced from the study. Namely, the color of the oil is clear/transparent, the odor produced is typical of eucalyptus oil, the specific gravity of the two samples is 0.9128 gr/ml, the refractive index is 0.4, and the oil yield is obtained. 1.2%. The temperature obtained is relatively tiny, namely, 203.8092 MJ, while the total energy needed to evaporate water is 11.2356127 MJ. It means that only 18.5% of energy can be generated in the distillation process in the boiler. The energy requirement of kerosene is 203,8092 MJ of the total need for kerosene used in the refining process of 5 liters. Still, it can be seen that the energy used to produce steam is only 11,2356127 MJ of the total available energy of 203,8092 MJ. A lot of energy is wasted because of the heat protection from the distillation apparatus, resulting in a resulting thermal efficiency of only 5.5%.

Development of Decision-Making Support Tools for Future Reservoir Management Under Climate and Land Cover Variability: a Case Study

The effects of climate change have been already experienced globally. The uncertainties of climate and land cover changes in the watershed above the reservoir have direct impacts on the inflow into the reservoir and the water resource management that uses reservoir rule curves. This study aims to assess the impacts of climate and land cover changes on the inflow into the Huai Luang Reservoir, Udonthani province during the period of 2018-2067 by using the simulation of two climate scenarios with the data from the PRECIS model under the emission conditions of B2. The prediction of future inflow has used the InVEST model. The improvement of the reservoir rule curves has used the Cultural Algorithm (CA) technique connected with the reservoir system simulation model. Monthly inflow data flowing into the reservoir from the past 33 years has been used to synthesize 1,000 events in order to evaluate the efficiency of the new obtained reservoir rule curves. Therefore, the data results of water shortage and excess water discharge situation have been illustrated in form of frequency, magnitude, duration of events, average amount of water, and maximum amount of water. The results have showed that average rainfall and temperature have tended to increase. The optimal reservoir rule curves improved by the CA technique can effectively reduce the frequency of water shortage situations and the one of the excess water discharge occurring during inflow changes in normal situation, and future situation under emission scenario B2.

Assessment of the Water Needs of Fruit Plants in the Perspective of Climate Change

The paper includes a detailed water need forecasting analysis of fruit plants: apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees and plum trees, for the area of Poland with particular water deficits. The assessment was carried out for the multiannual period of 1989-2018, using three methods developed by Press, Grabarczyk and Rzekanowski, and Treder. The greatest water needs in the multiannual period (1989-2018) were demonstrated by apple and plum trees. The average water needs of apple trees in the multiannual period were 485 mm (Press method), 599 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 558 mm (Treder), respectively. The average amount of water needs of plum trees was 506 mm (according to Press), 590 mm (Rzekanowski and Grabarczyk) and 548 mm (Treder). In practice, each of the methods presented should be used to forecast the water needs of fruit plants. This will minimise the risk of water shortages and will also enable determination of irrigation doses.

Kısıntılı Sulamanın Greyfurt Bahçesinde Su Kullanımı, Verim, Verim Öğeleri ve Meyve Niteliğine Etkisi

Araştırma, Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde bulunan Rio Red altıntop ağaçları kullanılarak 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, deneme bahçesindeki mevcut sulama proğramının değerlendirilmesi ile ağaçlara farklı düzeylerde uygulanan sulama suyu miktarının, verim ile meyve kalite özellikleri (pomoloji) üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Denemede damla sulama sistemi ile 3 farklı miktarda sulama suyu uygulanmıştır (I100); (I70); (I50). Her iki yıl dikkate alındığında sulama suyu miktarları, 332,48 mm (I100) ile 128,69 mm (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Gerçek bitki su tüketimleri ise su bütçesi yöntemine göre 935,6 mm (I100) ile 729,9 mm (I50) arasında gerçekleşmiştir. Denemenin birinci yılında, sulama konularına ilişkin verimler, ağaç başına, 306 (I70) ile 330 (I50) kg, ikinci yıl ise ağaç başına ortalama verim değerlerinin sulama konularına göre, 59,6 kg (I100) ile 108,5 kg (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Toplam su kullanma randımanları, 2011 yılında, WUEET 5,18 kg m-3ile 6,34 kg m-3, 2012 yılında ise; 0,52 kg m-3ile 1,74 kg m-3arasında elde edilmiştir. Sulama suyu kullanma randımanları, 2011 yılında, WUEI 15,85 kg m-3ile 30,69 kg m-3, 2012 yılında ise; 2,17 kg m-3ile 14,27 kg m-3değerleriarasında değişmiştir. Denemenin birinci yılında ortalama suda çözünen kuru madde miktarları, %10,22 (I100) ile %12,91 (I50) arasında; ikinci yılında ise %12,41 (I100) ile %13,47 (I50) arasında değişmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında sulama konularının meyve verimine etkilerinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olmamasından dolayı çifçilere su tasarrufu sağlamak amacıyla yöre için su kısıntısı önerilebilir.

Effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide on Reducing Irrigation Water ‎Quantities, Pests and Enhancing Kohlrabi Production

This study was carried out at Faculty of Agricultural - Suez Canal University which located in north eastern Egypt, within the Governorate of Ismailia. The experiment was conducted to assess the influence of hydrogen peroxide on reducing irrigation water quantities, Mite infestation and kohlrabi Production. Thus; the aim of this study is to monitoring the influence of three treatments hydrogen peroxide (G1, G2 and G3) with average (5mL/plant, 10mL/plant and 0mL/plant [without hydrogen peroxide]) respectively, and three treatments for irrigation water quantity [Q1, Q2 and Q3] with average amount of water (180, 270 and 360mm) respectively on yield production, growth parameters, leaf area index, mites, insects density, and irrigation water uses efficiency. The highest yield value has recorded with Treatment (G1) by (5427.3 Kg.Fed-1). Which is a significant value comparing with other treatment (G2 and G3) which obtained a low value by (3721.7 and 4325.07 Kg.Fed-1) respectively. In addition; the result of irrigation water use efficiency recorded a best value with (G1) by 5.62, 3.25and 4.16(Kg.m -3 ) under Q1, Q2 and Q3 respectively. Thus; the irrigation water use efficiency obtains a highest mean value by (4.43 Kg.m -3 ) with using hydrogen peroxide treatment (G1). data indicated that there is a significant influence for hydrogen peroxide with (G1) treatment on Euseius scutalis mite which recorded a highest dentistry by (3.78 N/in 2 ) but the lowest value obtained with ( G3) by (1.36 N/in 2 ). In contrary; there is not any significant impact on Euseius scutalis density with other treatment (Q1 and Q3) which got (2.2 and 2.07 N/in 2 ) respectively. Moreover; hydrogen peroxide treatments (G1and G2) did not have a significant influence on the other mite ( Amblyseius swirskii) comparing with (G3) treatment. Further; using one doses from (5mL/plant) hydrogen peroxide reducing the density of insects ( Aphis gossypii and Thrips tabaci) by 50 % comparing with the other value which did not adding a hydrogen peroxide. In addition; the insects increased when reducing the amount of water from 360mm to 270mm by 50% for Aphis gossypii and 75% for Thrips tabaci. Keywords : Hydrogen Peroxide, water quantities; mite & insects densities; Irrigation water use efficiency and kohlrabi production. DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-20-07 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Laboratory Scale Experimental Study of Foam Suppression on Smouldering Combustion of a Tropical Peat

Solving peat fires problem continues to be a constant struggle in Indonesia as more hotspots are identified during the dry seasons. A number of research has been carried out to understand the most sufficient way to suppress peat fires using a range of different methods. This research was focused on the suppression of peat fire by using foaming-based suppression agent in the laboratory scale experiments. Experiments were carried out to explore the effect of foam suppression system on tropical peat fires. A solution of Class A Foam with a concentration of 3% was used to suppress Kalimantan peat fire with a density of ±0.3g/cm3. Sample used in the experiments was taken from Tumbang Nusa Village, Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province, with a coordinate of S: -3°47′34″, E: 113°55′15″. This experiment will explore how many foam layers of certain heights are needed in order to extinguish peat fire. Peat sample was put in a 10x10x10 cm3 reactor, where a coil heater was turned on at 80 - 100W for 30 minutes to initiate a smouldering front. A set of type K thermocouples and infrared thermographs were used to explore the suppression mechanism that occurs. As the smouldering front moved away from the igniter to the other end of the reactor, foam with different thickness was poured on top of the peat to explore the effect of varying thickness on the suppression of peat fire. From the series of experiments, it was observed that there was a correlation between the thickness of the foam layer and the suppression of peat fires. The thickness of 10cm was found to be the most effective in terms of time at extinguishing peat fire. An average amount of 3.8L of foam per kilogram of Kalimantan peat was needed to extinguish peat fire. It was also found that the average amount of water needed to suppress peat fire using foam method was 3.4L/kg.

Water and Hygiene Quality in the Borgop-Cameroon Refugee Camp and its Potential Adverse Impacts on Environment and Public Health

The world is currently experiencing one of the greatest refugee crises since the World War II. Africa is particularly concerned. The present investigation, conducted in summer 2016, aims at assessing the living conditions of refugees within the prisms of the water sanitation and hygiene promotion (WASH) standard in the Borgop-Cameroon refugees camp. For this, structured questionnaires are issued to 164 refugees and 6 United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) officials posted in the field. Both sets were complemented with key interviews, field observations and secondary data. It is found that some WASH standards such as the average amount of water needed per person, existence of protected water source, the proximity with water sources, the number of people per latrine, the distance between latrine and the closest water source and the existence of garbage pits round the camp are met conformingly to the sphere standards. However, there are many concerns regarding the queuing time at the tap, the presence of non-coverable water recipients, the non-accessibility of every household to a toilet, the presence of human feaces in the environment and the use of non-intimate or secure toilets. Such investigation can be very useful for the safety of millions of refugees in the world.

Effect of Pulse Trickle Irrigation on Soil Moisture Distribution Patterns, Irrigation Efficiencies and Sunflower Productivity in Sandy Soils

Two successive growing seasons of sunflower production were conducted at Yashaa village Al-Intlaq, West Delta, Egypt during 2009 and 2010 for evaluating either soil moisture distribution patterns or sunflower yieldunder pulse irrigation technique. The split plot design with 4 replicates was used to achieve the study objectives, main plots were frequency treatments (daily D1, every 2 days D2 and every 3 days D3) and subplots as times events were pulse (P) (10 min on 10 min off) and continuous (C) irrigation treatments.Results indicated that the average amount of water was 3033.31 m3/fed for both treatments. Also there were no significant differences between the two irrigation techniques and the three irrigation period on saving applied water. The pulse trickle irrigation gave a good distribution of moisture content within the root zone, especially with irrigation every two days (D2) before and after irrigation during the different stages of plant growth. The pulsing trickle irrigation had the highest yield, and yield components. Also the lowest performance was obtained by the continuous treatment. The trend obtained indicates that every 2 days trickle irrigation might improve yields and yield components. The results revealed that the water use efficiency increased as the irrigation frequency increased from D1 to D2 with percent of 12.3 % thendecline for D3 with percent of 27.0 %. The results indicate that the application of pulsed irrigation led to improve the water storage efficiency in the effective root zone compared to the continuous irrigation,although the continuous irrigation led to improvement of efficiency in the depths away from the root zone and horizontal distances not far to the emitter. The results refer that there is no significant differences between daily irrigation D1 and irrigation every two days D2 but water storage efficiency, significantly decreased with irrigation every three days D3 under both pulsed trickle irrigation and continuous irrigation.

The hygiene and quality of hare meat (Lepus europaeus Pallas) from Eastern Croatia

This research was conducted over two seasons (winter and spring) and comprised a total of 71 samples of hares shot in the eastern region of Croatia, and was aimed at examining the quality and hygiene of the meat. The degree of usefulness in relation to the total average weight of the shot hares was 66.54%. Chemical tests showed that the average amount of water in the meat of the hares amounted to 75.34%, protein 23.19%, fats 1.12% and ash 1.16%. Of the 71 samples examined, as many as 44 (61.97%) did not meet the requirements of the rules on microbiological food standards, of which in 19 samples (26.76%) this was due to the high level of aerobic mezophilic bacteria/g, 2 samples (2.82%) contained Staphylococcus aureus/g, and 37 samples (52.11%) were not satisfactory because they contained enterobacteria/g. In terms of heavy metals in kidney and meat samples, 17 (23.94%) did not meet the provisions of the rules on toxins, metals, metaloids and other harmful substances which may be found in food. Of these 15 kidney samples (88.24%) contained cadmium, and 2 samples (11.76%) mercury in amounts greater than the permitted concentration. Tests on liver samples from the hares (n=71) did not show organophosphorus pesticides, nor organochlorinated pesticides or polychlorinated biphenyls.

The salination problem of the Guzelyurt aquifer, Cyprus

Contamination of coastal aquifers by seawater is either due to the excess amount of pumping above their safe yield capacity or due to local causes like overpumping near the shores (even without the excess amount of pumping at the scale of the whole aquifer) or both. This problem is faced frequently if these aquifers are mainly in use for irrigation. The amount of water that is utilised continuously within the aquifer is calculated through volumetric (3-D) approaches of both the water balance and the salt balance equations where the space and time components are integrated. This inverse methodology is used for the determination of poorly known terms in time and space. The variation of contours showing the water table levels and concentrations of NaCl have been drawn for the last 20 years. The unknown component of the water balance equation, that is the extraction of water from the aquifer by the South, is calculated as 8.5 MCM/year. Then the average amount of water that is pumped above the safe yield capacity, thus causing the depletion of the saturated volume of the aquifer, is estimated as 17.4 MCM/year. The total amount of remaining freshwater available within the aquifer is found to be 1565 MCM; hence, the remaining lifetime of the aquifer is expected to be no more than 90 years.

ラット上下顎臼歯歯根膜の機械的強度に及ぼすβ‐ａｍｉｎｏｐｒｏｐｉｏｎｉｔｒｉｌｅ（ＢＡＰＮ）経口投与の影響

Changes in the ultimate loads required to extract the mandibular and maxillary 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars from the dissected jaws were examined 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 days following oral administration of a lathyrogen, beta;-aminopropionitrile (BAPN). The average amount of water taken by the rats was fairly constant but because their body weight increased during the experimental period, the average dose of BAPN decreased gradually from 331 to 192mg/Kg b. w. In the control groups, the ultimate loads increased gradually from the beginning to the end of the experimental period. They were 34.4, 26.9 and 13.6N (newtons) in the mandibular 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars and were 34.2, 30.6 and 18.0N in the maxillary 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars respectively at the end of the experimental pe-riod. In the experimental groups, they were 9.9, 10.2 and 8.4 N in the mandibular 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars and were 13.5, 14.6 and 10.9N in the maxillary 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars respectively at the end of the experimental period. The biggest values of the percentage reductions of the ultimate loads were 73, 71 and 51 in the mandibular 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars and were 64, 58 and 64 in the maxillary 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars respectively during the experimental period. From an analysis of the results, it is suggested that the effects of BAPN appeared rather rapidly in the teeth with imm ature periodontal ligaments and that the functioning teeth tended to be affected more severely by the drug

Dissemination of Weed Seeds by Irrigation Water

Irrigation laterals PL.15.LR and S2.15W, in the Yakima Valley of Washington and the Columbia River near Paterson, Washington, were sampled for weed seeds during 1970, 1971, and 1973–74, respectively. Weekly or biweekly screenings of the water in the three systems during the irrigation season yielded seeds of 137, 84, and 77 plant species, respectively. In the same order, the total number of seeds per 254 kl of water averaged 2,220, 682, and 292 for the season. Moreover, if the seeds were evenly distributed in the average amount of water used to irrigate the land during the season, the number of seeds disseminated would average 94,500, 10,400, and 14,100 per hectare. Weed control practiced by water users along certain sections of S2.15W markedly reduced both the kind and number of weed seeds found in the water when compared with PL.15.LR on which no weed control measures were used.

Determining Optimum Fluoride Concentrations

T HE FLUID intake study amnong children in Antioch and Brentwood, Calif., in 1953-54 provides a basis for determining the optimum fluoride concentration in water supplies in relation to environmental This study showed that for every degree increase in maximum daily temperature between 50? and 1000 F. water intake increased, on the average, by 0.062 per pound of body weight. For example, the average daily water consumption per pound of body weight was 0.272 when the maximum daily temperature was 50' F. and 0.334 when the maximum daily temperature was 600 F. The relationship between maximum temperature and water intake for the California children was described by the estimation equation ounces of water per pound of body weight= -0.038 + 0.0062 temperature. The validity of this equation should perhaps be checked by studies in other areas of the country, but in the meantime it can be used to illustrate the calculation of optimum fluoride concentrations. As will be pointed out later in the paper, results obtained with the equation in the Chicago area, where optimum fluoride concentration is known from epidemiological studies, indicate that it is reasonably reliable. The basic structure of the formula developed for estimating optimum fluoride concentrations is: parts per million of fluoride= optimum water consumption -. estimated water consumption. Thus, the optimum fluoride concentration for a given community is equal to a constant (the average amount of water containing 1 p.p.m. fluoride that affords optimum protection against dental caries) divided by the estimated water consumption of children in a given community. Both measures are in of water consumed daily per pound of body weight. If daily maximum temperature data for the Chicago area are applied to the water estimation equation, it is possible to calculate a denominator value for the formula, that is, the average amount of water that would be consumed daily per pound of body weight by children in the Chicago area aged 10 years or less. The number derived, although it has no particular meaning in itself, may also serve as the constant for the formula, since it is known from epidemiological data that the optimum fluoride concentration for the Chicago area is 1 p.p.m. The constant, or numerator, in the formula must equal the estimated water consumption, or denominator, for the optimum fluoride concentration to be 1 p.p.m. The estimated water consumption for the Chicago area children is based on weather data for two towns, Maywood and Joliet. Since both of these towns were included in the early studies of Dean (1), the fluoride concentration