Auxiliary Verbs Research Articles

Perfects of Yaghnobi

The article describes the semantics of four verb forms in the Yaghnobi language, which are formed from the Past Participle of the lexical verb and the auxiliary verb ‘to be’ or a copula — namely, the Perfect, Pluperfect, Past Perfect, and Past Subjunctive. The data for the study was taken from the Corpus of Yaghnobi oral texts from the 1920s–1960s, containing more than 40 000 tokens. As a result, we established that the Perfect is not a specialized form for expressing the result. The Perfect has the following meanings: experiential, inclusive, immediate, evidential (inferential and reportative), epistemic, mirative, and discursive. The Perfect is also used to express situations that have not yet taken place, but are considered by the speaker as having just happened. The main meaning of the Pluperfect is the discursive emphasis of the situation in the past. The typical meaning of antecedence in the past has been lost by the Yaghnobi Pluperfect. There are also cases of using the Pluperfect to express discontinuous past, avertive, and a failed attempt in the past. The Past Perfect expresses antecedence in the past, inferential evidentiality in the past, and is also used in situations related to the recent past, present, or near future which are thought by the speaker as having happened a long time ago. All meanings of this form are also attested for the Perfect. The main difference between the Past Perfect and the basic Perfect is that the former shifts the situation into the past. The Subjunctive mood of the Past tense is used in sentences with a general question and in subordinate affirmative clauses. The semantics of the mood is not completely clear. Semantically, this form is closest to the Subjunctive mood of the Present-Future tense. The Subjunctive of the Past tense can express the taxis meaning of the antecedence of the situation expressed by the Subjunctive mood of the Present-Future tense, which brings this form closer to the Past Perfect. In addition to a detailed description of the forms with the Past Participle, a significant result of the study is the discovery of the Pluperfect’s discursive function , as well as the use of the Perfect and the Past Perfect to express a situation of the recent past, present, or near future which is thought by the speaker as having already taken place.

Тувинские глагольные конструкции с фрустративной семантикой

In linguistics, the frustrative denotes the categories with different semantics. However, researchers agree that frustrative is associated with the expression of negative emotions resulting from the disruption of the normal course of events. This paper explores three verbal constructions of the Tuvan language expressing a frustrative meaning. The first component is expressed in two constructions by the present participle form in =ar. The second component, in one of the three constructions concerned, is the multifunctional function word čüve“thing,” in the other construction it is the kay particle. The third construction is a participial analytical construction with an auxiliary verb tur= “stand,” “be” acquires a frustrative semantics in certain contexts. All these constructions are grammaticalized due to their established semantics and regular character. Two of them have complete personal-numerical paradigms, except for the participial form with the function word čüve ‘thing’ (3 person singular and plural is absent). These constructions differ in the shades and intensity of the expressed meaning. The construction with the function word čüve has a common and universal character. It can express the whole spectrum of negative emotions, from a feeling of mild discontent or annoyance to strong regret. The semantics of the construction with the kay particle is complicated by a shade of very strong regret, remorse of the speaker about the events that happened or did not happen. A common component of the semantics of these constructions expresses negative emotions of the speaker about the actions committed or not committed in the past.

Auxiliary clitics in Old Russian chronicles

Present tense auxiliaries in Old Russian could have different categorial status: they could be perceived as simple auxiliary verbs, as clitics or as weak pronouns. The investigation aims at clarifying this situation relying on corpus studies in the text of chronicles. Problems like the position of perfect auxiliaries relative to their host, their behaviour in clitic clusters, and their relation to pronominal subjects will be looked at. The quantitative and distributional analysis of these forms helps us decide whether these elements actually acted as enclitics, in what proportions, and what position they occupied in clause.

Jezik diskusionih foruma na relacijama student-student i student-sadržaj

Discussion forums, as a form of asynchronous communication, represent an auxiliary tool in teaching that helps students to be involved in a discussion on a given topic, regardless their obligations, level of knowledge of a foreign language, or inhibitions when expressing themselves in a foreign language. The aim of the paper is to analyze two relationships in asynchronous communication: student-student (interpersonal register) and student-content (subject register), as well as the linguistic characteristics of discussion forums (media register). The paper will analyze the frequency of personal forms (first and second person singular and plural), shorter forms of auxiliary verbs and negation, passive, nominalization, as well as the sentence structure complexity in discussion forums created during the course in English for Professional Purposes, in the field of computing, at the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad. Additionally, the analysis will be supplemented by the analysis of emoticons and abbreviations, since they form an indispensable part of the Internet language. All analyzed elements were present in two analyzed corpora, although with significant differences in frequency. In the corpus related to the student-student relationship, a greater use of personal forms, a greater degree of interactivity in the text, a large representation of shorter forms of auxiliary verbs and negation, a simpler sentence structure, as well as a greater use of abbreviations and emoticons were observed. It can be concluded that the analyzed corpus in the student-student relationship is more similar to oral discourse - it has the characteristics of everyday speech. In the student-content corpus, on the other hand, the sentences are longer and more complex with a large number of nominalizations and a smaller number of personal forms, while the use of the passive voice is very frequent, which indicates a focus on the text, but also distancing from the text and the object of communication. These features make the analyzed corpus in the student-content relationship more similar to a written discourse, i.e., a more scientific text. Finally, the paper concludes that the language of discussion forums depends on the very context in which communication takes place.

Understanding Errors in Auxiliary Verb Usage in Korean Primary Students and Young Native English Speaking Children

In this paper, the four possible language acquisition models(the Structure Building Model, the Truncation Model, the Underspecification Model, the Linking Mechanism Switching Model) are considered to examine the auxiliary verb errors produced by the young native English speaking children(L1 young children) and the Korean primary students of English. The prefunctional stage analyses such as the Structure Building Model and the Truncation Model have shown the limitations in explaining the examples such as the interpretation of wh-questions without CP, the movement of default Case subjects within VP without TP and the wh-movement in the utterance of L1 young children, and the difficulties in accounting for the auxiliary verb errors in the Korean primary students over 10 years old, The Underspecification Model has also shown the limitations in explaining the auxiliary verb be insertion errors appearing in Korean primary students’ writings, but not in L1 young children utterance. As a last resort, under the Linking Mechanism Switching Model, it is argued that, unlike English, the syntactic feature checking and agreement in Korean are operated by Merge and Binding rather than Agree and Move. Thus, both L1 young children and Korean primary students have the same syntactic structures based on UG, but the different linking mechanisms of their first languages affect to some extent the process of acquiring English as a first or foreign language. This analysis makes it possible to explain not only the auxiliary verb be insertion errors appearing only in Korean primary students’ writings, but also the similar auxiliary verb errors between L1 young children and Korean primary students. This theoretical study of the auxiliary verb errors needs more experimental studies based on empirical data. However, this theoretical approach is expected to be of a great help in understanding the syntactic processing used by L1 learners and L2 learners.

Annotation of person marking constructions in the Corpus of Hungarian Lyrical Poetry

This paper presents the annotation scheme for the manual annotation of the Corpus of Hungarian Lyrical Poetry. The corpus will consist of 400-600 annotated texts, grouped into four sub-corpora: 20th century lyrical texts from the canon of Hungarian public education, contemporary lyrical texts, slam poetry texts, and song lyrics. The manual annotation is based on automatically generated and manually checked annotations of lemmas, parts of speech and morphosyntactic features. The manual annotation of syntactic properties proposed in the annotation scheme follows a dependency analysis approach and allows us to obtain quantitative data on person marking constructions in Hungarian lyrical texts. Besides the annotation of verb-dependent relations, the paper also presents the annotation of specific phenomena such as auxiliary verbs, vocatives, elliptical structures, and nominal predicates. The annotation scheme was tested using a test corpus of 16 texts. We also provide some examples of the types of quantitative data that can be extracted from the annotated corpus.

A Functional Analysis of Inversion in English Sentences

Inversion is defined as the appearance of the main verb before the subject of an utterance. Using descriptive qualitative approach, this research analyzed phenomenon of language which happens at present. The object of this research is the inversion systems in English. The sources of the data are taken from English books, papers and other resources such as TOEFL test preparation books that related to the topic. In gathering data, the researcher used two techniques namely teknik catat (noting technique) and teknik pisah (separating technique). The result of analyses showed that there are six types of inversion system in terms of forms namely; inverting the main verb to subject, inverting auxiliary verb to subject, adding the auxiliary verb preceding the subject, Inverting the adverb and the subject, Inverting the preposition and the subject, Sentence beginning with there. Meanwhile types of inverted sentence are classified into six. They are interrogative sentence, conditional sentence, statement, comparative sentence, exclamation, reporting sentence. In term of function, there are three functions of inversion namely, emphasizing the negative expression, emphasizing the time expression, and as a variation.

MORPHOLOGICAL ERRORS IN STUDENTS’ WRITING RECOUNT TEXT OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 18 BATANGHARI

The aim of this study was to find out morphological errors made by students of SMP Negeri 18 Batanghari in writing recount text. This is descriptive qualitative research, the data were collected by documentation and analysed by Surface Strategy Taxonomy. This research revaled that there are four types of errors with the total number 58 errors made by the students in writing recount text. Omission error which consists of three categories of omission errors i.e. omission of plural, auxiliary verb, gerund, with the total number of errors are 8 or 13,56%, addition error includes four categories of addition errors i.e. addition of gerund, plural, pronoun, noun, with the total number of errors are 8 or 13,56%, misformation error that consist of misformation error of tense with the total number of errors are 38 or 66,10%, and the last misordering error that consist of misordering of spelling with the total number of errors are 4 or 6,78%.

현대중국어 조동사 ‘会’의 의미기능과 교육방안— 한국인 학습자의 오류분석을 중심으로

本文通过对现代汉语助动词“会”的偏误分析, 考察了韩国学习者的偏误类型和特点, 并针对韩国学习者的情况提出了教学建议。通过分析前人研究, 考察了助动词“会”的传统用法和新增用法, 我们认为在教学语法中应该把“会”的语义功能分为“能力”, “信念”, “模式”, “承诺”等四类。通过分析韩国学习者的汉语病句, 发现偏误率按误加偏误, 误代偏误, 遗漏偏误顺序依次增大, 而且其偏误具有明显的特点。最后, 分析了造成韩国学习者“会”的偏误的原因, 发现主要是由于教学上的遗漏和误导, 还有母语干扰所致。另外, 根据偏误分析发现的问题, 我们建议在教材的编写和教学中, 应考虑韩语特点, 有必要对原有助动词“会”的表述做适当的改进和补充。

MODAL AUXILIARIES IN SELECTED NEWSPAPER EDITORIALS ON MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN IN NIGERIA

This paper explores the conscious deployment of modal auxiliary verbs by the media to project stances and opinions on the topical issue of medical brain drain in Nigeria. Data, which comprised a total of 12 editorials on the issue of brain drain in the Nigerian health sector, were sourced from four Nigerian newspapers (Punch, The Guardian, Daily Trust, The Sun) published between 2018-2022. The identified modal verbs were categorised based on Palmer’s (1986; 1990) classification of modality: deontic, epistemic and dynamic. The modal auxiliaries are used to stir up the emotion of concern, project the duty of government and predictions about doctors’ exodus attempts, and communicate the disposition of the government towards the issue. The editorials are marked with modal auxiliary verbs intended to draw the attention of the public to the responsibilities of the government and the possible outcomes of taking (or not) necessary actions to tackle the menace of medical brain drain.

Students’ Accuracy in Using Auxilary Verbs in Asking Question during Teaching and Learning in Classroom

The objective of this research was to investigate the students’ accuracy of using auxiliary verbs in asking questions during teaching and learning in classroom at the Second Semester English Study Program of UMB. This research used descriptive method since the researcher wants to know and describe the accuracy of using auxiliary verb in asking questions in teaching and learning activity in the classroom at second semester of University of Muhammadiyah Bengkulu. The object of this research was questions which asked by the students while teaching learning process at second semester English Study Program of University of Muhammadiyah Bengkulu. The data was obtained in four meetings. The instrument of this research was an observation checklist. The researcher recorded the activity in the classroom then observe the students’ questions which contained auxiliary verb. The finding of this research showed that the students’ accuracy of using auxiliary verbs in asking questions during teaching and learning in classroom at the Second Semester English Study Program of UMB were good with percentage 81%.
 Keywords : Students’ Accuracy, Auxiliary Verbs in Asking Question

The Analysis of American and British English's Vocabularies

The analysis of American and British English's Vocabularies. The purpose of thisresearch was to find out and analyze the vocabularies in American English andBritish English. The research was held by using the qualitative descriptive analysismethod and library research where data made in form of words, sentences,quotations or definitions by using the sources of data from books, articles alsojournals which the data related to the analysis. It was found from the research thatalthough there were similarities between American and British English but it wasalso found the differences, that is : (1). Past and Past Participle Forms of Verb, (2).Past Simple Vs Present Perfect, (3). Subject-verb Agreement, (4). Prepositions, (5).Vocabulary Differences, (6). Writing Dates, (7). Articles, (8). Auxiliary verbs, (9).Tag questions and (10). Spelling, (11). Punctuation, (12). StressKeywords : Vocabularies, American English, British English

EXPLORING THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRAMMAR FRAMEWORK: A CASE-STUDY OF MODAL VERBS AT ENGLISH LANGUAGE CENTERS IN QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN

The current case study discusses the implementation of a three-dimensional grammar system in the teaching of Modal Auxiliary Verbs at English Language Centers in Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan. The qualitative analysis approach is used, and the thesis relies on semi-structured interviews and impressions. The three-dimensional Grammar Framework Theory put forward by Murcia and Freeman (1999), is the theoretical base of this study. The data has been collected from 15 English Language Classrooms Modal Auxiliary Verbs and 15 English Language Teachers, who were selected by means of maximum sampling variation. Semi-structured observations and interview have been utilized for the in-depth analysis of the collected data. Moreover, the profoundly promising results in this small-scale exploratory case study include proof that only 6 English-language teachers integrated a three dimensional grammar structure into the teaching of Modal Auxiliary Verbs and among the remaining respondents, 6 instructors concentrated on ‘usage’, 2 teachers emphasized on ‘meaning’ and only one respondent insisted that ‘form’ is vital but she was later found to be stressing on ‘meaning’ during classroom observation.

DETECTING NARCISSISM FROM DAILY LANGUAGE USE: A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH

Abstract High-quality social contacts are important for older adult’s emotional well-being whereas narcissism, characterized by self-centeredness, may undermine the quality of personal relationships. Narcissism may be associated with poorer quality relationships because narcissistic adults are more self-centered in their daily social interactions. The current study examined the associations between linguistic features of conversation throughout the day and narcissism using a machine learning approach. Older adults aged 65–89 (N = 281, Mage = 74.07) wore an unobtrusive electronically activated recorder (EAR) throughout the day for 4 to 6 days. The EAR was activated 30 seconds every 7 minutes to capture conversations occurring in a natural setting. The sound files that contained participant’s speech (N = 28,243) were transcribed verbatim. We used Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) to extract linguistic features from the transcriptions (nfeature = 81; e.g., function words, affective processes). Linguistic features were analyzed using random forest algorithm which is a supervised machine learning method that can evaluate features’ performances in predicting older adult’s narcissism. The model reached an accuracy of 62% and results showed that total word count, more auxiliary verbs (e.g., will), more swear words (e.g., damn), and less assent (e.g., agree) were the most powerful predictors of narcissism. Drawing on sound files collected from real-life interactions, findings indicate higher usage of aggressive and disagreeable words among more narcissistic individuals, which probably leads to poorer quality relationships with social partners. Interventions aiming to improve contact quality and emotional well-being may consider individuals’ word use in daily interactions.

Dök- as an auxiliary verb in the Turkey Turkish dialects

Türkiye Türkçesi ağızları üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, son yıllara kadar genellikle “ses bilgisi, şekil bilgisi, söz varlığı ya da sözlük çalışmaları” olarak ele alınmış ve incelenmiştir. Son yıllarda ise gelenekselleşen bu ağız çalışmalarının aksine, ağızlar üzerine yapılan araştırmalar daha da derinleştirilmiş ve ağızlardaki yapılarla ilgili çalışmalar yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır. Özellikle yardımcı fiiller üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda gözle görülür bir artış olmuştur. Günümüze kadar yardımcı fiiller, genellikle bir yapı olarak dilin şekil bilgisi kısmında incelenmiştir. Günümüzdeki çalışmalarda ise bu durum yerini daha çok anlam ve işleve bırakmıştır. Bu çalışmada da Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarında günümüze kadar bir yardımcı fiil olarak tespit edilemeyen “dök-” yardımcı fiili ele alınmış ve bazı verilere, değerlendirmelere yer verilmiştir. 
 “Dök-” fiili Türkiye Türkçesi ağızlarıyla ilgili önceki çalışmalarda ya da Türkiye Türkçesi üzerine yazılan dil bilgisi kitaplarında sadece müstakil bir fiil olarak ele alınmış ancak fiil hiçbir zaman bir yardımcı fiil olarak tespit edilmemiş ve değerlendirilmemiştir. Bu bildiride ise bu durumun aksine “dök-” fiilinin bir yardımcı fiil olarak kullanımıyla ilgili ilk tespitler yapılmıştır. “dök-” fiilinin bugüne kadar yapılan ağız çalışmalarının hiçbirinde yardımcı fiil olarak yer almayışının birinci sebebi kullanıldığı coğrafya hakkında çok fazla ağız çalışmalarının yapılmamış olması, ikinci sebebi ise şu anki tespitlere dayanarak kullanım alanlarının bir il ile sınırlı kalması ile açıklanabilir. 
 Bu çalışmada ele alınan “dök-” yardımcı fiilinin, fiillerle ya da isimlerle bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu birleşik fiil yapıları, beraberinde kullanıldığı zarf-fiiller, çekimlenme zamanı ve olumlu-olumsuz kullanımları hakkında bilgiler yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın Türkiye Türkçesi ağızları incelemelerine ve alan yazınına yeni bir yardımcı fiilin tanıtılması açısından katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

A New Approach to the Zero Subject in English

Introduction. For “subject question” it is traditionally presumed, that the subject in it is the interrogative word or word combination. From logical point of view it is not correct, because the subject in such sentence is not yet found, and the interrogative word or word combination just “help” in searching for it. In English, it is marked by different syntactic means, for example, by the absence of the auxiliary verb. Also in subject question a formal particle “there” shows up; however, its functions are still unclear. That is why the objective of this work is to build a formal logical model of subject in interrogative English sentence, including the searched subjects, without or with the particle “there”.Methodology and sources. The research methodology is based on the binomiality idea, having been developed since 1993 at ETU “LETI” by means of the method of formal-logical modelling. The examples illustrating the functional features of the searched subject in English interrogative sentence were selected by means of the method of continuous sampling from 7 corpora. Results and discussion. The diversity of subject structures in English interrogative sentence is considered, taking into account possible functions of the formal particle “there”. The assumption is supported, that the implicit subject is a “trace” of the explicit subject and may not be considered as the absolute zero subject. It is the searched subject, which is an absolute zero subject, i.e. an inexplicit one and it is necessary to initiate specifying the notion of the zero subject with distinction of implicit and inexplicit subjects.Conclusion. Out of dependence on its environment, the searched subject in English is an absolute zero subject, i.e. an inexplicit one. Most often it is a strong or weak vacant semifinitive, fixed in the weak specifier, or, rarer, a weak vacant semifinitive, fixed in the strong specifier. In interrogative sentences of English, no subject can be explicit or implicit when it is searched for; the auxiliary verb in the absence of emphasis or negation does not disappear, but is transformed into a flexion. In the structure of negative interrogative sentences one can see their enhanced (and, actually, maximum) energetics.

The Syntax of Old Catalan Clitics: “Llibre dels Fets”

Although the distribution of pronominal clitics in Old Catalan has been described in general terms (Fischer 2002; Batllori et al. 2005), there are no quantitative studies detailing the frequency of preverbal or postverbal clitics nor their diachronic evolution. The clitics appearing with verbs in the future and conditional tense (FC) are worth a separate mention, since these forms originate from periphrastic structures that involve an infinitive and the auxiliary verb habere, and which could appear as an analytic (dir-li he) or a synthetic form (li diré or diré-li). This paper describes the general clitic positioning and the one encountered with FC in order to verify the claim that they display parallel distributions, using a text from the 13th century, to wit Llibre dels Fets. This article analyses the pragmatic-syntactic environments in which the clitic are found, as well as the degree of grammaticalization and univerbation of the FC. Following previous work (e.g., Bouzouita & Sentí 2022), it is argued that the FC in Catalan appear to exhibit a more advanced degree of grammaticalization than the western languages of the Iberian Peninsula.

Assessment of Perceived Health Care Service Quality

This article's objective is to describe a simplified method for developing and assessing the quality of healthcare-related research questions. This process involved three stages. The objective of the initial phase was to identify and investigate a scientific field. This field would be used to identify outputs such as analysis units, variables, and goals. The objective of the second stage was to formulate structured research questions based on the findings of the first phase. In general, research questions begin with interrogative adverbs (e.g., what and when), auxiliary verbs (e.g., is there and are there), or other auxiliaries (e.g., do, does, and did); followed by nouns nominalized from verbs of research objectives, such as association, correlation, influence, causation, prediction, and application; research variables (e.g., risk factors, efficiency, effectiveness, and safety); and units of measurement (e.g., patients with hypertension and general hospitals). The objective of the third stage was to evaluate the relevance, originality, generalizability, measurability, communicability, resource availability, and ethical considerations of the research questions. By adhering to the proposed streamlined procedure, inexperienced researchers can learn how to compose well-structured research questions with solid scientific value.

Ways of Predicate Expressing in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky Government of 1611

The article analyzes the ways of predicate expressing in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky government in 1611. The main source for the study of the specified main part of a sentence was the above-mentioned manuscript of the official business style of the beginning of the 17th century. It is the style of the act book that determined the functioning of the predicate mostly in the past tense forms, given the record of court cases about already committed crimes. The method of sampling the analyzed material and the technique of linguistic statistics gave reasons to state that the most used simple verb predicate (950 word forms) in the manuscript is expressed by a verb in the form of the past perfect tense, mostly masculine, since both the scribes and the complainants were mostly masculine gender, although at the same time predicates in the forms of the feminine gender, the plural, and sporadically the present and future tenses are also occasionally recorded. In addition, the functioning of simple verb predicates with the preservation of ancient verb forms of the past tense perfect and rarely the plusquamperfect were noted. The compound verb predicate (66 usages) in the studied official business texts traditionally consists of an auxiliary verb in all tenses and most often the word must and an infinitive with the suffix -ty. The frequency of functioning is also demonstrated by the compound nominal predicate, used 47 times in the manuscript, with the predominance of the verb-adjective as the main component of this main member of the sentence, mostly in combination with the linking verb to be in various tense forms. The fact that the manuscript belongs to the official-business style determined the frequency of the use of predicates expressed by the verb form in -no, -to (149 usages). The analyzed system of expressing the predicate in the Act Book of the Zhytomyr Hrodsky government in 1611 confirms the general tendency of the functioning of this main part of a sentence in the specified period of the Old Ukrainian language in manuscripts of the official-business style and demonstrates its persistence to the modern period.

Sind Sie noch bei der Arbeit oder schon am Arbeiten? Regionale Spielarten von Progressivität im Deutschen

Progressivity in German can be expressed not only by lexical means but also by various periphrastic structures, e. g. the am-periphrasis, the prepositions bei and in combined with nominalized infinitives or the periphrastic infinitival construction with the auxiliary verb tun. However, the use of these structures can vary considerably from region to region, especially in oral communication, often also in connection with significant diastratic, diaphasic and diamesic variation. This paper investigates native speaker judgments of different progressive markers in German (i. e. am-periphrasis, beim- and im-periphrases as well as tun-periphrasis) regarding their acceptability, use, familiarity and distribution in a particular geographical area or social group. The present study essentially focuses on regional differences between three distinct dialectal regions of the German-speaking area (Middle Bavarian, South Bavarian and Rhenish-Westphalian). Results indicate a tendency towards successive advancement of the am-peri-phrasis, even though the actual usage of this specific progressive construction still shows clear diatopic and diaphasic variation.