Autonomous Sources Research Articles

SOURCES OF EUROPEAN UNION LAW

EU law is a separate legal framework, different from international law, and integrated into the legal systems of the Member States. The Union's legal framework is based on autonomous legal sources. Different nature of these sources requires the introduction of a hierarchy among them. At the top are the primary law enshrined in the Treaties and the general principles of law followed by international treaties concluded by the Union and by secondary law based on the Treaties.

Privacy and security of big data in cyber physical systems using Weibull distribution-based intrusion detection

The volume of data collected from cyber physical systems (CPS) is huge, and we use big data techniques to manage and store the data. Big data in CPS is concerned with the massive heterogeneous data streams, which are acquired from autonomous sources and computed in distributed data storage system. In order to handle the size, complexity and rate of availability of data, it requires new techniques that can inspect and interpret useful knowledge from large streams of information, which impose challenges on the design and management of CPS in multiple aspects such as performance, energy efficiency, security, privacy, reliability, sustainability, fault tolerance, scalability and flexibility. This paper focuses on the security and privacy aspects in managing big data for CPS and reviews recent challenges in data privacy. We also present a protection framework for intrusion detection and analyze the performance parameters, reliability and failure rate in a malicious big data context.

Автономные источники предпринимательского права

Автономные источники предпринимательского права

A simple power management circuit for microbial fuel cell operation with intermittent electrical load connection

AbstractPractical implementation of microbial fuel cell (MFC)‐based power sources requires stable MFC performance regardless of the variations in the composition and quantity of a carbon source (fuel). This study describes a simple power management circuit (PMC) utilizing low and high voltage boundaries for intermittent MFC connection and disconnection to the electrical load. The PMC performance is demonstrated during MFC operation at carbon source‐replete and carbon source‐deplete conditions. In spite of MFC operation at external resistance values significantly below the estimated internal MFC resistance (e.g., 5.5 versus 24.5 Ω, respectively), the proposed PMC optimized MFC performance at all tested influent acetate concentrations, resulting in a volumetric power output of up to 56 mW · L−1. Furthermore, MFC operation with an up‐converter is tested and approaches for optimizing the voltage boundaries are discussed. The robustness and simplicity of the proposed PMC algorithm allows for its implementation in a standalone microprocessor with ultralow energy consumption, which enables MFC application as an autonomous power source.

Why Husserl\u2019s Universal Empiricism is a Moderate Rationalism

Husserl claims that his phenomenological–epistemological system amounts to a “universal” form of empiricism. The present paper shows that this universal moment of Husserl’s empiricism is why his empiricism qualifies as a rationalism. What is empiricist about Husserl’s phenomenological–epistemological system is that he takes experiences to be an autonomous source of immediate justification. On top of that, Husserl takes experiences to be the ultimate source of justification. For Husserl, every justified belief ultimately depends epistemically on the subject’s experiences. These are paradigms of empiricist claims and thus Husserl seems to subscribe to empiricism. However, what is universal about Husserl’s “empiricism” is that he does not limit the concept of (justification-conferring) experiences to sensory experiences or sensory experiences plus introspective intuitions but broadens the concept of experience such that also a priori intuitions are included. Husserl insists that logical, mathematical, and phenomenological intuitions such as ~ (p ∧ ~ p), 2 + 2 = 4, and “Experiences necessarily bear the mark of intentionality” provide non-inferential justification analogous to how sensory experiences can non-inferentially justify beliefs such as “There is a table in front of me.” Importantly, Husserl makes clear that such a priori intuitions are not about our concepts but about reality. This is why Husserl’s universal empiricism is a rationalism. Husserl differs from traditional rationalism as he allows that a priori intuitions can be fallible and empirically underminable. This distinguishes Husserl’s rationalism from Descartes’ and makes him a proponent of moderate rationalism as currently championed by Laurence BonJour.

Optimal linear control of the output voltage of a grid-connected single-phase photovoltaic power source

The object of the study is an autonomous source of sinusoidal voltage, which consists of a bridge frequency converter with PWM, equipped with an output LC filter and a single-phase nonlinear output transformer with an additional output filter, which is connected to the non-autonomous grid. The nonlinearity of the magnetic system of the transformer is approximated by an odd function of the arctg type. The substitution of variables made possible to develop a mathematical description of the circuit in the form of a nonlinear singularly perturbed system of differential equations. It is assumed that there is an attractive invariant surface, which makes it possible to reduce the order of the original system of equations. An analytical form of the equations of this surface in the form of a series in powers of a small parameter is obtained. A system of lower-order differential equations is obtained that is equivalent in some region to the original nonlinear singularly perturbed system. The non-linear reduced system is transformed to a form that has made it possible to apply the linear feedback control strategies. The Lyapunov function is obtained as a quadratic form, the coefficients of which are solutions of the matrix algebraic Riccati equation. A condition is set out in which the use of these coefficients guarantees the local asymptotic stability of this nonlinear system. The results of digital simulation are presented. The simulation was performed taking into account the limitations inherent in the real object of power electronics and affecting the possibility of technical implementation of the obtained control strategy. Local equivalency and isomorphism in the control strategies of full-length and reduced systems avoids the need to measure all variables in the space of states, which facilitates practical implementation. The possibility of reducing the impact of load jumps on the form of the output voltage has been checked, taking into account the constraints specific to real systems, has been verified using digital simulation.Ref. 11, fig. 2.

Prospects for the use of automated and robotized electric drives on mobile energy equipment and agricultural machinery working bodies

The issues of application of electric drives (ED) on mobile energy and transport and technological agricultural means are actively discussed for the last 10-15 years in the agroengineering community. This is a very urgent and energy-efficient event for the further improvement of agricultural machinery. The urgency and importance of this work is related to the fact that it is also proposed to transfer active working bodies of agricultural machinery to ED. The various aspects related to the use of automated and robotic ED on agricultural machinery are considered in this paper. Various advantages of ED use have been identified - economic, ecological, technical, functional, etc. The design features of some existing mobile agricultural machines on automated ED have been analyzed, various layout electrical schemes such as the application of the Diesel-Generator system, autonomous power sources and hybrid power plants have been considered. Dynamics of development of technical and economic indicators of the component base used in automated ED such as-electric machines, converter equipment, storage batteries and etc. is given. Conceptual schemes of creation of basic mobile platforms based on automated ED have been substantiated which have two schemes of typical layouts: the application of the Diesel Generator system and the Autonomous Battery System, taking into account the functional and operational requirements for these mobile platforms. The main aspects of design, research and production of modern domestic automated ED’s, including problem aspects are revealed. In this article authors considered the prospects for using constructively and technologically advanced electrochemical energy sources such as fuel cells, as an energy installation for ED. The main strategic directions of creation and introduction of high-tech components for electric and hybrid-drive mobile equipment are revealed.

Ciliary margin-derived BMP4 does not have a major role in ocular development.

Heterozygous Bmp4 mutations in humans and mice cause severe ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD). Abnormalities include pupil displacement, corneal opacity, iridocorneal adhesions, and variable intraocular pressure, as well as some retinal and vascular defects. It is presently not known what source of BMP4 is responsible for these defects, as BMP4 is expressed in several developing ocular and surrounding tissues. In particular, BMP4 is expressed in the ciliary margins of the optic cup which give rise to anterior segment structures such as the ciliary body and iris, making it a good candidate for the required source of BMP4 for anterior segment development. Here, we test whether ciliary margin-derived BMP4 is required for ocular development using two different conditional knockout approaches. In addition, we compared the conditional deletion phenotypes with Bmp4 heterozygous null mice. Morphological, molecular, and functional assays were performed on adult mutant mice, including histology, immunohistochemistry, in vivo imaging, and intraocular pressure measurements. Surprisingly, in contrast to Bmp4 heterozygous mutants, our analyses revealed that the anterior and posterior segments of Bmp4 conditional knockouts developed normally. These results indicate that ciliary margin-derived BMP4 does not have a major role in ocular development, although subtle alterations could not be ruled out. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the anterior and posterior phenotypes observed in Bmp4 heterozygous animals showed a strong propensity to co-occur, suggesting a common, non-cell autonomous source for these defects.

Viability of using different types of main oil pipelines pump drives

The choice of the pumping units' drive of main oil pipelines is of great importance both for design of pipelines and for modernization of existing ones. At the beginning of oil pipeline transport development, due to the limited number and types of energy sources, the choice was not difficult. The combustion energy of the pumped product was often the only available energy resource for its transportation. In this regard, the pipelines that had autonomous energy sources favorably differed from other energy consumers in the sector. With the passage of time, with the development of the country's electricity supply system, the electric drive for power-line equipment of oil pipelines becomes the dominant type of a pumping station drive. Nowadays, the traditional component is an essential factor when choosing some type of the drive. For many years, oil companies have been using electric drives for pumps, while gas transport enterprises prefer self-contained gas turbines.

Virtual prototypes of energy harvesting systems for industrial applications

Abstract This paper deals with a development cycle and virtual prototyping of energy harvesting systems for industrial applications. Presented energy harvesting systems are an interesting alternative for autonomous powering of ultra-low power electronics, wireless sensors, condition reporting systems and structural monitoring systems. Energy harvesting systems could be able to convert an ambient energy to electricity and thus provide an autonomous power supply for mentioned applications without the need for batteries or wiring. Mechanical and thermal energy are promising autonomous sources of electricity mainly in aeronautics. Due to the recent development of the ultra-low power electronics wireless sensors they could be also embedded within machines, buildings and structures. The automatic collection of the measured information will be forwarded for the monitoring system. The power consumption of modern electronics is dropping, and the energy harvesting sources are starting to be a feasible energy solution in specific industrial applications. However, the amount of harvested energy is still quite small. Regarding that fact, the output electrical power must be predicted and compared with the power requirements of the intended electronics. This paper presents useful simulation tools for the prediction of harvested power under industrial operation, which consist of mathematical and simulation models of such multidisciplinary devices and experimental input data of ambient energy. The designed virtual prototypes include mathematical models of energy conversion, physical laws, multi-physical feedbacks, geometry, electronics, etc. Such virtual models are necessary for the development of new autonomous systems for industrial applications. Otherwise energy harvesting systems based on new smart materials and structures that could be integrated in the presented models for the future development of IoT applications.

Hakka genealogical migration analysis enhancement using big data on library services

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the data connection, spatial distribution characteristics and trends in genealogical information. First, it implements a spatial-temporal visualization of the Hakka genealogical information system that makes these individual family pedigree charts appear as one seamless genealogy to family and researchers seeking connections and family history all over the world. Second, this study applies migration analysis by applying big data technologies to Hakka genealogies to investigate the migration patterns of the Hakka ethnic group in Taiwan between 1954 and 2014. This innovative library service enhances the Hakka genealogical migration analysis using big data.Design/methodology/approachThe platform is designed for the exchange of genealogical data to be used in big data analysis. This study integrates big data and geographic information systems (GIS) to map the population distribution themes. The general procedure included collecting genealogical big data, geographic encoding, gathering the map information, GIS layer integration and migration map production.FindingsThe analytical results demonstrate that big data technology is highly appropriate for family migration history analysis, given the increasing volume, velocity and variety of genealogical data. The spatial-temporal visualization of the genealogical research platform can follow family history and migration paths, and dynamically generate roadmaps to simplify the cartographic steps.Practical implicationsTechnology that combines big data and GIS is suitable for performing migration analysis based on genealogy. A web-based application for spatial-temporal genealogical information also demonstrates the contribution of innovative library services.Social implicationsBig data play a dominant role in library services, and in turn, provide an active library service. These findings indicate that big data technology can provide a suitable tool for improving library services.Originality/valueOnline genealogy and family trees are linked with large-volume, growing data sets that are complex and have multiple, autonomous sources. The migration analysis using big data has the potential to help genealogy researchers to construct minority ethnic history.

Light‐Induced Charge Separation in Mixed Electronic/Ionic Semiconductor Driving Lithium‐Ion Transfer for Photo‐Rechargeable Electrode

AbstractLi‐ion batteries need to be regularly recharged, requiring chargers and connection to the grid to reverse the lithium‐ion transfer. Autonomous power sources independent of the electrical infrastructure are desired. A strategy to develop continuously functioning Li‐ion batteries is focused on a new architecture of electrodes which are capable of both harvesting light energy and storing it. One possible way to achieve this lies in a study aimed at evaluating whether lithium ions can display mobility inside a crystal structure upon light absorption, as in analogy to the dissociation process of excitons. Herein, it is demonstrated that by using LixTiO2 nanoparticles, bandgap excitation can induce a quantitative Li‐ion deinsertion reaction by the free holes generated. The half‐electrochemical cells containing these mesoporous lithiated TiO2 can be fully oxidized in only 1 h of light exposure. It displays close to 3 V open‐circuit potential under light and electrical load, and, provides a constant output power under fluctuating light conditions. Such an approach has the potential, when integrated into a fully regenerative device containing a suitable counter electrode, to generate energy during both day and night, thus having the potential to close the gap between electrochemical energy storage batteries and energy conversion photovoltaics.

Electrochemical energy storage performance of asymmetric PEDOT and graphene electrode-based supercapacitors using ionic liquid gel electrolyte

Electrochemical and energy storage properties of thin layer hybrid supercapacitors in the solid-state platform utilizing two asymmetric poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT and graphene electrodes with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) ionic liquid gel electrolyte are described. In hybrid design, energy storage is by electrical double-layer charges at graphene and through reversible faradic redox process at PEDOT while the high operational voltage of 2.7 V due to ionic liquid electrolyte boosted the energy density. The PEDOT film was synthesized by pulsed current electropolymerization as confirmed by Raman analysis and was in the microporous form for pervasive access to electrolyte ions. Areal mass of PEDOT was varied and the hybrid supercapacitors with PEDOT/graphene active mass ratio 0.35, 0.46, and 0.78 were analyzed for specific capacity and charge–discharge behavior in order to balance the charge and charge transfer kinetics for optimized hybrid supercapacitor device. Randles–Sevcik analysis showed high ClO4− ion diffusivity 6.6 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 at 2.7 V in ionic liquid gel which is comparable to liquid electrolytes. By combining the micro-porosity of PEDOT, large 600 m2 g−1 surface area of graphene and high 2.7 V stability of ([BMIM][BF4]) ionic liquid gel electrolyte, energy density of 14.9 Wh kg−1 at specific power rating of 9.8 kW kg−1 are realized and stability over 2000 charge–discharge cycles is shown. Impedance and Bode analysis using equivalent circuit model is presented. The characteristics of solar electricity storage are described which can have applications as autonomous energy source harvesting light energy for powering portable power electronics.

Management control system and strategy: the transforming role of implementation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to encourage a discussion of the implementation of management control systems (MCSs) in the MCS-strategy relationship. Borrowing from the literature on software development, the authors propose two archetypes of MCS implementation – waterfall and agile – and employ them to understand how the MCS-strategy fit unfolds over time.Design/methodology/approachThe authors empirically ground the archetypes on two exploratory case studies based on the collection of extensive qualitative data.FindingsThe authors show that MCSs change not only in relation to strategy, but also in response to an autonomous source: implementation. These two implementation archetypes differ in their degrees of specification, in the ways in which the transitions among their implementation phases occur and in the sources and ways in which their feedback loops affect the MCSs; however, both shed light on the dynamic dimension of fit and show that the fit should be assessed over time.Research limitations/implicationsThe two archetypes are derived from two exploratory cases. Further research may both strengthen the framework by testing the validity of the archetypes for a wider set of empirical cases and enrich the framework by investigating the determinants of agile and waterfall MCS implementation.Practical implicationsThe introduction of MCS implementation to the determinants of fit or misfit provides practitioners with a further interpretation and an action driver for fit or misfit. MCS implementation should be coordinated with the pace of change of strategy and should be changed in relation to the possibility for an organisation to move from a process- to a people-centred system (or vice versa).Originality/valueThe authors propose two archetypes of MCS implementation, both of which support the empirical interpretation and theoretical reconceptualisation of the concept of the MCS-strategy fit in terms of dynamic fit.

Автономные энергоисточники на севере Дальнего Востока: характеристика и направления диверсификации

The paper presents the current state of autonomous energy sources in the north of the Far East. Consideration is given to the capacity structures with a focus on industrial and residential autonomous energy sources. One of the main problems facing power supply to residential consumers in the north of the Far East is the insufficiently developed transport infrastructure, which causes complicated fuel delivery patterns, fuel price rise, and hence high electricity generation cost. The changes in the installed capacity of renewable energy sources (RES) in the north of the Far East are demonstrated for the period between 2011 and 2015. The research shows the main directions of power production diversification in the north of the Far East. The directions include the use of local fuel types, the development of cogeneration, the involvement of renewable energy sources and small-scale nuclear power plants. The paper presents a forecast for the renewable energy development in the north of the Far East up to 2035, made by the authors. The priority RES projects in the off-grid power supply in the north of the Far East are wind and solar power plants

Design and Tuning of Robust Fractional Order Controller for Autonomous Microgrid VSC System

A robust controller design for the voltage control of an autonomous three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) is proposed. As compared with the conventional proportional plus integral (PI) controllers, fractional order controllers make the VSC system robust due to their fractional characteristics. The fractional PI $\lambda$ controller has an additional degree of freedom $\lambda$ along with $k_p$ and $k_i$ gains of the conventional PI controller. Detailed modeling of a VSC is used in the controller design process so as it include inner current control and filter dynamics. The outer fractional voltage controller is designed such that the VSC system satisfies a required phase margin, with improved robustness in the system and capability to attenuate the noise. The overall system stability is analyzed using both bode plot and step response, and these responses are compared with a conventional PI controller. Further, the dynamic performance of the fractional controller is evaluated by simulating the nonlinear system. A hardware prototype is also developed to demonstrate the practical realization of the controller.

Composite multiferroic materials consisting of NdFeB and PZT particles embedded in elastic matrix: the appearance of electrical polarization in a constant magnetic field

New composite materials consisting of polymer matrix with PZT and NdFeB microparticles were prepared and investigated in the work. It was found that magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization, coercivity, permeability, depend on mass concentration of the ferromagnetic particles in the samples. Also it was found that all samples had electrical polarization in DC external electric field. The electric properties such as coercivity, remanent polarization, the maximum polarization value, had changes in the external constant magnetic field 1.1 kOe. These changes depended on both concentrations of ferromagnetic and ferroelectric particles. This type of magnetoelectric transformation allows us to classify new materials as multiferroic materials. These new composite materials can easily be prepared of any shape, the final materials are flexible and resistant to external chemical influences. The area of application of new multiferroic materials varies from sensors to autonomous energy sources.

The development of algorithm for operation of expert system for determination of equipment composition of hybrid energy supply system on renewable energy sources as an autonomous power source for the pumping station of the heat supply systems

The development of algorithm for operation of expert system for determination of equipment composition of hybrid energy supply system on renewable energy sources as an autonomous power source for the pumping station of the heat supply systems

Experimental evaluation of Tusi couple based energy harvester for scavenging power from human motion

This paper deals with the experimental performance evaluation of the prototype of a novel inertial energy harvester based on Tusi couple mechanism. The harvester was developed as an autonomous power source for environments with very low frequency and magnitude of mechanical vibrations available. The experiments were conducted using human body during different activities as a source of mechanical excitation, with the prospect of using the harvester for powering up future wearable electronic devices. Four different locations on a single measurement specimen were picked for the harvester placement - back of the head, belt, wrist and ankle. Measurements in each location comprised of walking on a straight and level path at natural speed, walking up and down the stairs, jumping, running, and location-specific activities that were expected to provide significant output power. The measured average output power of the device with dimensions 50x50x20 mm on empirically selected 2 kΩ electrical load reached up to 6.5 mW, obtained with the device attached to the ankle while shaking the leg.

Prospects for development of heat supply systems in high-rise districts

The article analyzes the main advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized heat supply systems in high-rise districts. The main schemes of centralized heat supply systems are considered. They include centralized heat supply from boiler houses, centralized heat supply from autonomous heat sources, heat supply from roof boiler houses and door-to-door heating supply. For each of these variant, the gas distribution systems are considered and analyzed. These systems vary depending on the heat source location. For each of these systems, technical and economic indicators are taken into account, the analysis of which allows choosing the best option for districts where high-rise buildings predominate.