Autonomous Sources Research Articles

Studying Autonomous Magneto-Cumulative Energy Source

Helical magneto-cumulative generator (MCG) powered from explosive piezogenerator (EPG) is the most compact device among modern sources having output energy of 1-10 kJ. EPG matches well MCG on nature of their operation and design parameters; they are simple in use and do not require transforming and switching devices. This paper presents the results of the work on creating an autonomous small energy source based on EPG and MCG. The energy on the piezogenerator output reaches ~25 J at the expense of double-sided shock loading of the EPG piezoceramic unit. The energy is transmitted to the helical MCG with the initial inductance of ~1000 μH. Constructively, the energy source is made both in the form of a monoblock of ~2 dm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> volume and in the form of two separate units, connected with high-voltage cable.

Stability preservation and power management in autonomous microgrids using adaptive nonlinear droop scheme

This paper proposes sharing active and reactive power in autonomous voltage source inverter (VSI)-based microgrids with no physical communication links. In decentralized VSI-based microgrids, when the demand or generation changes, the output voltage of distributed generation units and the frequency of the system will also change. This study presents a novel adaptive nonlinear droop (ANLD) scheme for preserving network stability, improving the system's dynamics, and controlling power sharing in multibus microgrids in a decentralized manner. Subcontrollers are modeled in a state space and combined together so that a complete dynamic model of the network can be developed. Note that controller coefficients are optimized to improve small-signal stability and to obtain a good operating point. To this end, an optimization problem is formulated and solved using the particle swarm optimization method. For the purposes of comparison, the proposed ANLD method and three other schemes are applied to two case studies: a 5-bus microgrid and a modified 37-bus IEEE microgrid. The stability margin analysis and time response simulations prove that the proposed algorithm performs much better and can be applied to large-scale microgrids.

Principles in constitutional jurisprudence. The principle of human dignity and the epistemological challenges for the interpreter – Some brief reflections on the recent case law of the Italian Constit

With this work I want to analyze the epistemological difficulties related to the use, by the Constitutional Court, of principles equality, human dignity, reasonableness, proportionality as interpretive parameters and basis for their decisions. This modus operandi is open to some difficulties, not least those arising from the difficulty of defining conceptually some of them and from the large margin of discretion related to the introduction of the principles as autonomous sources of decision. In particular we want to focus attention on the interest and on the sensitivity that the constitutional judges – especially the Italian – have expressed to the principle of human dignity, declined as a right to have a free and dignified life. The challenge of this work is also to highlight the difficulties related to the legal definition of human dignity. The compliance with this principle and its invocation as a source of decision can be considered a rule of interpretation useful if not necessary to define the so called “hard cases” in which the respect of economic and financial needs is at odds with the need to protect the core of social rights provided in the Constitution With this work I want to analyze the epistemological difficulties related to the use, by the Constitutional Court, of principles as interpretive parameters used as a basis for their decisions. In recent years in Europe there has been a situation of economic crisis that can be defined as “systemic” and not merely “cyclical”, in which social rights‟ protection, more than other rights‟ protection, seems to be in danger and in which the traditional interpretative tools used by the constitutional judges are undermined by the new challenges posed by the evolution of the society. Consequently, in Europe, some Constitutional Courts have tried to propose solutions that concretely balance the economic and financial needs of the states often negatively affected by the parameters set at the European level with the protection of the “core” of social rights1. In this context, some constitutional judges, such as the Italian, but also Spanish and Portuguese ones, have structured their own decisions following as fil rouge a reasoning based on “fundamental principles”, more or less sharp according to the cases

Оценка эффективности затрат на повышение энергетических показателей в сетях с полупроводниковыми преобразователями

Various methods of improving the quality of electricity networks with semiconductor converters are discussed. Among them, the use of network reactors, transition to multi-pulse schemes, the use of filter compensating devices with a step and indirect regulation. The allocation of modern means of improving the quality of electricity allocates frequency converters with an active rectifier and semiconductor sources of reactive power on a fully controlled power switches. Technical and economic aspects of the use of filtercompensating devices are discussed for two cases: the power of the power lines and the system of autonomous power supply. The results of instrumental research at one of the oil-extracting enterprises with extensive use of centrifugal pumps with variable frequency drive are presented in the form of voltage and current waveforms at the input of 6 kV- distribution device, their spectral composition. The graphs show that the shape of the voltages and currents is strongly distorted. During the execution of the technical-economic calculations of various options main indicators of economic components, such as capital and ongoing operating costs, are discussed. In addition to the differences between the systems in terms of quality of electricity, the amount of impairment loss of its quality is added to the described expenses. If it is unable to calculate the losses, the cost of purchasing power quality controls is calculated. When powered from a stand-alone power supply system one option is widely used in practice, when diesel generators are used as an autonomous source of energy. In this case, presented costs, unlike the previous one, consist of annual costs for the production of electric energy by diesel generators. Methods of calculating the costs of technical implementation of means improving the quality of electricity in the power network implemented in the power systems of the power lines and systems with autonomous power supply are discussed. An example of the calculation, which implements the method of determining the effective use of power quality controls, is given.

Перспективы использования автономных источников энергоснабжения

Перспективы использования автономных источников энергоснабжения

Transformation of the Urban Electric Transport System when Using Autonomous Energy Sources

In paper, the problems of shared use of photovoltaic energy sources and energy storage devices for the implementation of sustainable energy-efficient operation of the power supply system urban electric transport are considered. The main attention is paid to a solution of the unevenness power curve problem of traction power supply system under the natural technological development of urban electric transport system. The conceptual solution of power supply structure on the basis of used capacities, with their substitution by the rational share of autonomous power sources capacities, is proposed.

Requirements Engineering for a User Centric Spatial Data Warehouse

Spatial data warehouses (SDW) are used for executing analytical multidimensional queries along with spatial analysis. With recent boom in technology, access and integration of multiple, distributed, heterogeneous and autonomous information sources storing spatial or non-spatial data has become the need. For this purpose, we have proposed a simple star schema to store spatial and non-spatial information in data warehouse. We have also given a framework of activities for collecting data from information sources and organizing it in a geo-spatial data store for querying data and visualizing results. The paper has also discussed the most basic requirements for handling spatial data that will help to develop a user-centric spatial data warehouse.

Non-aqueous aluminium–air battery based on ionic liquid electrolyte

A promising metal–air secondary battery based on aluminium–oxygen couple is described. In this paper, we observed that an aluminium–air battery employing EMImCl, AlCl3 room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) as electrolyte and aluminium as negative electrode, has an exceptional reduced self-discharged rate. Due to its new and innovative type of electrolyte, this aluminium–air battery can support relatively high current densities (up to 0.6 mA cm−2) and an average voltage of 0.6–0.8 V. Such batteries may find immediate applications, as they can provide an internal, built-in autonomous and self-sustained energy source.

Mining Association Rules in Big Data for E-healthcare Information System

Big data related to large volume, multiple ways of growing data sets and autonomous sources. Now the big data is quickly enlarged in many advanced domains, because of rapid growth in networking and data collection. The study is defining the E-Healthcare Information System, which needs to make logical and structural method of approaching the knowledge. And also effectually preparing and controlling the data generated during the diagnosis activities of medical application through sharing information among E-Healthcare Information System devices. The main objective is, A E-Healthcare Information System which is extensive, integrated knowledge system designed to control all the views of a hospital operation, such as medical data's, administrative, financial, legal information's and the corresponding service processing. At last the analysis of result will be generated using Association Mining Techniques which processed from big data of hospital information datasets. Finally mining techniques result could be evaluated in terms of accuracy, precision, recall and positive rate.

Integration computing and collective intelligence

Techniques for processing knowledge in collectives are more and more needed because of rapidly increasing number of autonomous sources of knowledge in the world. Collective intelligence, among others, deals with creating the knowledge of a collective which is consistent and complete. This means that it should contain all elements not belonging to the knowledge of collective members, but can be inferred on the basis of knowledge of them. For this process the methodologies for knowledge integration seem to be very useful. In this paper the authors present a framework for integrating knowledge of a collective which shows that knowledge of a collective should not be a normal sum of knowledge of its members. The model for knowledge integration using complex hierarchical structures has been also presented and analyzed.

Neutral current compensation techniques in autonomous wind energy sources

The problem of neutral current compensation has to be addressed in Wind Energy integrated weak micro-grids. This study analyses two types of techniques possible for implementation of neutral current compensation by drawing a comparative research of their application on the same wind energy conversion system. The hybrid micro-grid considered in the study comprises a synchronous diesel generator and an inverter-based wind generator. The results and analysis are conducted by time-domain simulations using MATLAB/Simulink software. The use of electronic power converters that also act as an active neutral current compensator or a zig-zag transformer connected with the load mitigates the problem of neutral current compensation to a large extent. The voltage unbalance factor is also significantly reduced due to neutral current compensation and power quality is enhanced. The results provide the actual operational limits possible under the set of given constraints.

Characterization of axons expressing the artemin receptor in the female rat urinary bladder: a comparison with other major neuronal populations.

Artemin is a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family that has been strongly implicated in development and regeneration of autonomic nerves and modulation of nociception. Whereas other members of this family (GDNF and neurturin) primarily target parasympathetic and nonpeptidergic sensory neurons, the artemin receptor (GFRα3) is expressed by sympathetic and peptidergic sensory neurons that are also the primary sites of action of nerve growth factor, a powerful modulator of bladder nerves. Many bladder sensory neurons express GFRα3 but it is not known if they represent a specific functional subclass. Therefore, our initial aim was to map the distribution of GFRα3-immunoreactive (-IR) axons in the female rat bladder, using cryostat sections and whole wall thickness preparations. We found that GFRα3-IR axons innervated the detrusor, vasculature, and urothelium, but only part of this innervation was sensory. Many noradrenergic sympathetic axons innervating the vasculature were GFRα3-IR, but the noradrenergic innervation of the detrusor was GFRα3-negative. We also identified a prominent source of nonneuronal GFRα3-IR that is likely to be glial. Further characterization of bladder nerves revealed specific structural features of chemically distinct classes of axon terminals, and a major autonomic source of axons labeled with neurofilament-200, which is commonly used to identify myelinated sensory axons within organs. Intramural neurons were also characterized and quantified. Together, these studies reveal a diverse range of potential targets by which artemin could influence bladder function, nerve regeneration, and pain, and provide a strong microanatomical framework for understanding bladder physiology and pathophysiology.

(Financial Autonomy of Local Government and its Survival in Modern Constitutional System)

Serbian Abstract: У савременим политичким системима, у којима се све чешће говори о отуђењу власти од грађана, локална самоуправа игра несумњиво велику улогу у партиципацији грађана у јавним пословима, чинећи тако значајан коректив посредне демократије и фактичке немогућности грађана да непосредно учествују у доношењу важних одлука од општег интереса. О значају локалне самоуправе сведочи чињеница да је она готово у свим државама уставна категорија, као и да је законима детаљно, а уставима начелно, гарантована њена финансијска аутономија, у најширем смислу. Али, неопходно је анализирати како се та финансијска аутономија у стварности реализује и колико довољност или недовољност прихода приспелих из аутономних и гарантованих извора утиче на положај и опстанак локалне самоуправе. English Abstract: In modern political systems, in which increasingly speaks of the alienation of power from the people, local government undoubtedly plays a major role in the participation of citizens in public affairs, thus making an important corrective to direct democracy and factual inability of citizens to directly participate in making important decisions of general interest. The importance of local self-government evidenced by the fact that she's in almost all the states a constitutional category, as well as the laws in detail, and the Constitution in general, guaranteed its financial autonomy, in the broadest sense. But it is necessary to analyze how the financial autonomy of reality and realize how the sufficiency or insufficiency of the received income from autonomous and guaranteed sources affect the position and the survival of local government.

An End-Around Approach for Efficient Join Query Processing

This paper introduced a method for producing immediate and result in multi-join query, in homogeneous and heterogeneous environment. In recent years Adaptive or Non Blocking join algorithms have attracted a lot of attention in streaming applications, where data is provided from autonomous data sources in heterogeneous network environments. This algorithms are better as compared to traditional algorithms is that they can generates join results as early as the first input tuples are on hand hence it improves pipelining, smooth out join result production and also masking source or network delays. As response time of the queries places a very important role in adaptive join, the join algorithm like Hash Join, Sort Merge Join are become unacceptable for this environment because they require preprocessing before generating the join result. Hence, in adaptive join technique only possible algorithm is Nested loop join. In Nested Loop Join, every single record of the outer relation is compared with every single record of the inner relation. The no. of comparisons done by the nested loop join can be reduced by making improvement in Block Nested loop Join. In proposed End-Around Block Nested loop join outer and inner table’s comparison is done in parallel and whenever a row in first location didn’t find a match then row from first location removed and placed at rear end as like in a queue, the matched row removed from inner relation and added to result set. Whenever, New tuple arrive is then pushed into rear end and process is continuing with new incoming tuples in streaming environments.

Analysis of Susceptibility to the Consensus for a Few Representations of Collective Knowledge

Nowadays, it happens very often that in order to make a decision we rely on knowledge originating from different and autonomous sources, i.e. from experts or the Internet. For many problems we often ask for an opinion of not one but a group of sources (a collective). It may be due to the fact that we collect very large amount of information which might be inconsistent unfortunately. The process of appointing the knowledge state of a collective (final and consistent opinions) is often very complex and time-consuming. Therefore, we want to know if it is possible to determine a common and reliable opinion of a collective only by analyzing given knowledge of a collective. For this task the consensus theory is applied. This work is devoted to analyses of a susceptibility to a consensus for a few types of representations of experts' opinions (knowledge of a collective) such as a number, a binary vector, ordered partitions or ordered coverings.

Guest Editors’ Introduction: Special Issue on Service and Cloud Based Data Integration

In recent years, the trend towards publishing data on the Web is gaining momentum. People have witnessed a sharp growth of diversities and amounts of available data. Integration and synthesis of heterogeneous, autonomous and distributed data sources have been an essential and hard issue in enterprise computing, scientific computing and social computing. It is not always feasible to achieve effective data integration around definite schemas when there are difficulties in getting them cross organizational borders and when such issues as compatibility, scalability, timeliness, and user manipulation are concerned. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Cloud computing have brought light to dealing with these hard issues. While Cloud computing helps to establish a scalable and better optimized infrastructure for storing, retrieving and managing such distributed and large-scale data, SOA provides a loosely-coupled and standard-friendly way to realize data integration. SOA is being employed

Custom and its Revival in Transnational Law

Traditionally, custom was considered an autonomous source of law, similar to legislation and case law, but its force was weakened in the 19th century under the influence of modern sovereignty notions and the idea that law could only emanate from states. This weakening had a particular effect in private law, which became domestic and statist, even in respect of international transactions. This change of perception also had an effect on public international law, whose authority suffered as a consequence as well. In private law, the result was the elimination of the force of all immanent law, especially custom but also of general principle. Globalization and the consequent transnationalisation of private law which led in commerce and finance to the re-emergence of a modern law merchant or new lex mercatoria, gave custom, however, a reinvigorated role as an independent source of law, although it still competes with other sources of law, including statist laws of a private or regulatory nature. This leads to a hierarchy of norms which may be seen today as the essence of the new lex mercatoria.

Global Imaging and Branding: Source Market Newspaper Reporting of the 2010 Fifa World Cup

Hallmark events can act as a means to enhance a destination's image and ideology. In this case study, newspaper articles were analyzed to show the main messages and discourses on how the newspaper media of the country's main visitor source markets (UK, North America, Germany, and Netherlands) portrayed South Africa during the event. In this context articles are seen as independent or autonomous sources of image agents. The main methods of analysis were content and discourse analyses. These analyses have revealed that the positive and neutral content messages dominate the constructed images/pictures. On average, the most negative core market newspaper reporting originated from the UK and US, although there are major discrepancies in some of the negatively reported themes. The mega-event of 2010 has engendered a new image of South Africa globally but the long-term impact of such events on the image of this destination is doubtful.

Wireless Communication By an Autonomous Self-Powered Cyborg Insect

Wireless Communication By an Autonomous Self-Powered Cyborg Insect

An Institutional Role for Civil Society within the U.N. Guiding Principles?: Comments on CCsar Rodrrguez-Garavito and Tatiana Andia 'Business and Human Rights: Beyond the End of the Beginning'

Global human rights NGOs evidence the power and temptations of the great normative institutional forces that affect the governance projects of transnational society in the early 21st century. These forces — (1) the drive for order and rationality even within emerging polycentric orders beyond the state, and (2) the transformation of the individual within this polycentric universe from singular being to disembodied abstraction made flesh in the body of civil society — are irresistible. The first would transform global NGOs into the incarnation of individuals whose human rights are adversely affected by state and multi-national enterprises. The second would suggest the necessity of a unifying order to harmonize the state duty to protect and the corporate responsibility to respect human rights under the framework of the U.N. Guiding Principles of Business and Human Rights. Both are problematic. But the NGOs critique of the current movement toward development of the GPs through the UN Working Group is well grounded. This paper considers both the challenges of the arguments for the institutionalization of NGOs within the normative framework of the UNGP and the strengths of their critique of the WG for missed opportunities. Two of these opportunities, to date ignored, are worthy of serious development. The first is a facility for delivering interpretations of the GPs whether or not deemed binding by state or enterprise instrumentalities. The second draws from the first. That application-interpretation facility might also include the creation of an institutional framework for providing a means of hearing specific complaints brought from individuals through representative civil society for determination of the application of the GPs in context. Another is worth considering for its dynamic effect on GP development — the strengthening of the remedial pillar to deepen it’s interpretation as an autonomous source of process and governance inclusion power of individuals, now represented by a civil society sector that is neither dependent on state and enterprises, as a subject rather than as an object of GP governance. The way to that goal requires substantial development, but its value appears clear.