Automobile Field Research Articles

Transient Thermal Analysis of Disk Brake System under Varying Velocities and Pad Material Properties

Abstract: The Enormous progressions in the field of automobiles have led their car engines to have enriched brake power in vehicles. The braking system’s efficiency should be at par with the engine to decelerate the car from a given speed within a less braking distance. The disc rotor and brake pads design and material while counting other impacting factors contribute to braking efficiency. The disc rotor will be exposed to large stresses which result in surface cracking, overheating of brake fluid, seals and other components. Many factors are affecting it as coefficient of friction between brake pad and disk rotor surface, thermal conductivity of pad material. Hence to reduce thermal stresses we can choose right pad material. In this project, thermal analysis for vented disc brake rotor of Mahindra Bolero’s done, for providing an efficient material for disc brake rotor and brake pads with 0 to 12 % of steel powder as filler materials are used which can dissipate heat generated during braking at faster rate and also being structurally safe Keywords: Braking system, Disc Brake Rotor, Thermal, Structural Analysis, CATIA V5, ANSYS WORKBENCH, Pad Material properties

Textronics—A Review of Textile‐Based Wearable Electronics

Textronics contribute a significant part of Internet‐of‐Things (IoT), which empowers added functionalities by connecting smart clothing in a secure way for diverse applications. For the development of flexible and stretchable textile‐based electronics, a conductive material (yarn, fabric, etc.) must be used, and fabrication techniques play a vital role that significantly influences electronic textiles’ properties. Textile‐based sensors, electrodes, and other devices seem to be the favorite choice for continuous wearable monitoring due to their low cost, flexibility, and ease of embedding. Integrating smart capabilities into textiles provides substantial benefits in the fields of healthcare, sports, automobile, and military. These developments have a profound influence on the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). This Review presents an in‐depth study of the current state of the art in the area of textile‐based electronics. The design, development, and evaluation techniques are discussed. Certain limitations and research gaps are also addressed regarding this emerging field. Critically, this Review is more application focused and indicates how the recent developments in electronic textiles will soon impact our lives. As these areas have typically been neglected in previous reviews, additional knowledge to the existing literature is provided by bridging the gap between the academic research and commercialization of wearable Textronics.

Titanium in Cast Cu-Sn Alloys-A Review.

The article reviews the progress made on bronze alloys processed through various casting techniques, and focuses on enhancements in the microstructural characteristics, hardness, tensile properties, and tribological behaviour of Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ti alloys. Copper and its alloys have found several applications in the fields of automobiles, marine and machine tools specifically for propellers in submarines, bearings, and bushings. It has also been reported that bronze alloys are especially used as an anti-wear and friction-reducing material to make high performance bearings for roller cone cock bits and warships for defence purposes. In these applications, properties like tensile strength, yield strength, fatigue strength, elongation, hardness, impact strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance are very important; however, these bronze alloys possess only moderate hardness, which results in low wear resistance, thereby limiting the application of these alloys in the automobile industry. The major factor that influences the properties of bronze alloys is the microstructure. Morphological changes in these bronze alloys are achieved through different manufacturing techniques, such as casting, heat treatment, and alloy addition, which enhance the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion characteristics. Alloying of Ti to cast Cu-Sn is very effective in changing the microstructure of bronze alloys. Reinforcing the bronze matrix with several ceramic particles and surface modifications also improves the properties of bronze alloys. The present article reviews the techniques involved in changing the microstructure and enhancing the mechanical and tribological behaviours of cast Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ti alloys. Moreover, this article also reviews the industrial applications and future scope of these cast alloys in the automobile and marine industries.

An enhanced double homogeneously weighted moving average control chart to monitor process location with application in automobile field

AbstractThe memory control charts, including cumulative sum (CUSUM) and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts, are widely used to monitor small‐to‐moderate shifts in the process location and/or dispersion. The homogenously weighted moving average (HWMA) control chart is the advanced form of the EWMA control chart to monitor process location shifts. Besides, the auxiliary information‐based memory control charts efficiently monitor process location shifts. The objective of this study is to propose an auxiliary information based double HWMA, symbolized as control chart to further enhance the monitoring of process location shifts. The control chart is modeled by mixing the auxiliary information‐based HWMA plotting statistic features into the other HWMA control chart. For numerical results, Monte Carlo simulations are used as a computational technique. Famous performance measures including average run length (), extra quadratic loss, relative , and performance comparison index are used to compare the performance of proposed control chart against other control charts including classical CUSUM and EWMA, mixed ‐, auxiliary information based EWMA (), HWMA, auxiliary information based HWMA (), and double HWMA control charts. The comparisons revealed that the proposed control chart outperformed other control charts, especially for small‐to‐moderate process location shifts. An automobile braking system application is also provided for users and practitioners to demonstrate the importance of the proposed study from a practical perspective.

Recent Advances on the Electric Vehicle Heat Pump Air Conditioning System

Background: Heat pump air conditioning technology has broad application prospects and high market value in the field of electric automobiles owing to its increasing performance and energy saving. Pure electric vehicles require high-energy consumption at low temperatures, which seriously affects the popularity of electric vehicles with a heat pump air conditioning system. Objective: The aim of this research is to describe the recent developments in the study of the heat pump air conditioning system for electric vehicles. Methods: This paper summarizes the research work of scholars published worldwide based on the electric vehicle heat pump air conditioning system, premised on lately published patents and journal articles. Starting from the components of the air conditioning system, focusing on the research results and development trends that have been achieved in this field. Results: The new technology path and pattern of the electrical vehicle heat pump air conditioning system provide methods and suggestions for future growth, put forward by the current development situation. Conclusion: The latest progress of the electric vehicle heat pump air conditioning system has been summarized and prospected. There are still some problems and technical bottlenecks in heat pump air conditioning system. It is of great significance to improve the environmental adaptability of electric vehicles and optimize the reasonable heat pump air conditioning system for the endurance of electric vehicles.

Fast Optical‐Thermal Responsive Intelligent Glass Realized by Hydrated Poly(N‐Isopropylacrylamide) Film

AbstractGlass is widely applied in fields of architecture, automobiles, optics and instruments due to its light transmission, wind resistance, sound and heat insulation. However, the light transmittance of traditional glass cannot change after the glass is formed, which limits the practicability of glass. In this study, an intelligent glass that can quickly and freely switch between transparency and opacity based on an optical‐thermal responsive hydrated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) film triggered by white light, infrared light, and direct thermal stimuli is developed. The fastest response time is ≈21 s under white light or 5 s by hand touch. A fatigue test of 250 cycles showed no obvious performance degradation. The transmittance of the intelligent glass changed reversibly between 88.5%–93.2% (transparent) and 25.5%–41.6% (opaque). The optical‐thermal response of the intelligent glass is attributed to the reversible phase transition of the hydrated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) film. This intelligent glass not only has obvious advantages in energy savings and emission reduction but also may be very useful for privacy protection, for example, in car windows, house windows, and office windows.

Modeling and Comparative Analysis of Different Generic Cross Section B-Pillar Design in Roof Crush Impact

When a vehicle tips over onto its roof or side due to internal or external force on a vehicle is called Rollover impact. Rollover is a very critical impact compared to another mode of vehicle impacts. B-pillar and its cross-section design are very critical in the rollover impacts by reducing the cabin intrusion of vehicle. B-pillar absorbs most of the energy at the time of rollover and reduces the fatality rate of the passenger. In this work, a B-pillar finite element (FE) model is modeled to analyze as per FMVSS216a standard protocol to check the critical performance. Two generic cross-sections of the B-pillar are considered for preliminary assessment. This B-pillar designs FE model (cut model) are modeled and analyzed for FMVSS216a using LS-DYNA explicit code. The FMVS216a lab test is a quasi-static test and LS-DYNA is the well-accepted FEA tool to simulate the quasi-static test. LS-DYNA software is widely accepted as a multi-purpose finite element analysis (FEA), capable of solving complex problems in the field of Automobile, Aerospace, etc. So LS-DYNA is considered for the study of the B-Pillar simulations. Both the B-pillar designs are accessed and compared with respect to energy absorption, crush resistance characteristics with respect to the full vehicle rollover test. With the detailed performance study of both cross-section designs under rollover impact, the best performing B-pillar design in terms of high energy absorption and high vehicle resistance is selected for furtheroptimization study to meet the Roof crush standard requirements.

Energy absorption characteristic of bionic lightweight protective structure with curved tubes under impact loading

Reinforcing and toughening materials with light quality in engineered structures remains a challenge. In the biological tissues of numerous animal and plant species, efficient strategies have evolved to construct structures that have excellent mechanical properties. As a kind of biological structure with high-strength fiber, beetle elytron not only provides protection function for beetles, but also makes beetles light enough to obtain good flight ability. Because of these advantages of inner fibrous structure of elytron, the bionic investigation of beetle elytron has gradually become one of the research focuses in civil engineering and automobile anti-collision fields. In the present work, the honeycomb and tubes composed of fiber in the beetle elytra was analyzed, and a variety of bionic thin-walled honeycomb structures with curved hollow tubes were designed and modeled. The energy absorption ability of the bionic honeycomb structures with different types of tubes under impact loading were calculated by finite element software. The internal energy values and collapse processes of bionic structures were compared and analyzed at different crushing displacements. The parameter study, including wall thickness and impact angle, was carried out in the collapse time range from 0 ms to 8 ms. These results could be applied in developing crush-resistant materials in the field of automotive passive safety.

Research on classification method of new energy vehicle information security risk assessment

With the rapid development and popularization of intelligent Internet connected vehicle, the automobile and the physical world are combined together, which makes users have strong technology experience and life convenience. While enjoying the convenience and experience brought by the intelligent Internet connected vehicle, we are also faced with the risk of information security in the network world, even the security problems of the network world directly affect the security of the physical world. With the improvement of automobile ‘four modernizations’, the research on information security has become an important topic and research hotspot in the field of automobile. Risk assessment is one of the important research and work contents of automobile information security. Impact valuation is an important indicator of risk assessment. It is very important to determine the optimal cluster number for risk assessment model and risk assessment. In this paper, the fuzzy clustering impact estimates are divided into 2-12 categories during Evergrande’s risk assessment of an electric vehicle. The optimal number of clusters is determined by calculating the mixed F-statistics of each type of data. Conclusion shows that the best clustering number of impact estimates is 5.

Homogenization of Japanese Industrial Technology From the Perspective of R&D Expenses

The aim of this paper is to discuss the reasons for the decline in the profitability of Japanese R&D from the perspective of in-house R&D efforts. Focusing on changes in the allocation ratio of in-house R&D expenses by industry from 1972 to 2017, technological structure changes in the Japanese industry during that period are empirically analyzed. Based on the analysis, the technological structure of the Japanese industry has been consistently moving toward homogenization since 1972. Homogenization is mainly directed toward the related technical fields of automobiles and information and communication machinery/equipment/electronic parts, which are the main industries that currently lead the Japanese economy. While the types of technical knowledge possessed by the Japanese industry are decreasing, there is a lack of R&D activities that will create new products and markets and increase the pie of the Japanese industry or greatly promote the metabolism of technology of the entire industry.

Effect of heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting

High-strength aluminum alloy with Sc-Zr is specially optimized for Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The alloy has a great potential in structurally optimized lightweight parts in the fields of aerospace, nuclear power and automobile due to its good formability, fine microstructure, and excellent mechanical properties. An appropriate heat treatment for this alloy is critical to improve its ultimate tensile strength. However, the effect of heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLMed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy is not fully understood and heat treatment needs to be optimized. In this investigation, the effect of 500 °C homogenization and 330 °C ageing on the microstructure and properties of the SLMed parts were investigated. The results show that a homogenization treatment at 500 °C does not increase the solubility of the alloy elements, but accelerates the precipitation of Sc/Zr elements and recrystallization. Moreover, homogenization with holding time longer than 2 h results in a decrease of mechanical properties including both tensile properties and ductility compared with those of the as-built state. Ageing treatment at 330 °C for 1 h drives the second phase of Al3(ScxZr1-x) to fully precipitate, and long-term ageing for 8 h neither leads to recrystallize nor deteriorates the properties of the alloy. A rapid ageing heat treatment at 330 °C for 1 h was explored, with a tensile strength of 479 MPa, a yield strength of 441 MPa, an elongation after break of 14.5%, and a shrinkage of 45%. Specimens of SLMed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy are strengthened by fine grains whose formation is driven by extremely high temperature gradients and solidification rates, and precipitation of the second phase Al3(ScxZr1-x) caused by ageing. The Orawan bypass mechanism plays an important role in the strengthening of the aged SLMed Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Micro-Titanium and CNT Reinforced Copper Based MMC

Copper based composites plays a vital role in the field of marine, aerospace, automobile and power sector for making of components like electrical sliding contacts, gears, bearings, bushes, brakes and clutches etc. Even though promising reinforcements are available for the composites, always researchers search for the new combination of matrix and reinforcement for tailored properties and cost effectiveness. CNT is one of the effective reinforcement used in the metal matrix composites by various researches because of its excellent properties. The present work is focused on the preparation of copper/CNTs/Micro-Titanium composite through stir casting technique performance studies of the composite are made on the mechanical properties. The composite prepared with reinforcement such as CNTs and Micro-Titanium of 0.5, 1, 1.5 % and 1, 3 & 5wt. % were studied. The Tensile strength, Compression strength, Hardness was found out via experimentation.

Experimental and Modelling Studies on Thermal Insulation and Sound Absorption Properties of Cross-Laid Nonwoven Fabrics

Abstract Nonwoven fabrics are widely used for thermal insulation and sound absorption purpose in construction and automobile fields. It is essential to investigate their thermal conductivity and sound absorption coefficient. Five cross-laid nonwoven fabrics are measured on the Alambeta device and Brüel & Kjær impedance tube. Bogaty and Bhattacharyya models are selected to predict the thermal conductivity, and Voronina and Miki models are used to predict the sound absorption coefficient. The predicted thermal conductivity shows a significant difference compared with the measured values. It is concluded that Bogaty and Bhattacharyya models are not suitable for high porous nonwoven fabric. In addition, the results of Voronina and Miki models for sound absorption prediction are acceptable, but Voronina model shows lower mean prediction error compared with Miki model. The results indicate that Voronina model can be used to predict the sound absorption of cross-laid nonwoven fabric.

An Automatic Turn Signal System In Four Wheelers

This paper aims at developing the new automatic technology in the field of Automobile. Not pre- warning of the vehicle’s lane departure is the precursor to crashes. Especially during the driver’s idleness and wrongly turning on the turn signals ON and OFF during the lane change. Hence the idea proposed is about indicating the turn-lights automatically during the lane change, which helps in the reduction of accidents. Photo frames from the camera are captured and processed for lane detection and tracking the position of the vehicle between the lane that helps the controller which hold an algorithm to put the turn signal to left or right. As future possibilities, this field of work can be used in self-driving cars.

A carbon efficiency approach for laser welding environmental performance assessment and the process parameters decision-making

As a new generation of manufacturing technology, laser welding is widely applied in the fields of automobile, aerospace, etc. with its compelling advantages of high flexibility, quality, and energy density. However, the environmental performance of the laser welding process is not clear so far. There is a lack of systematic analysis of the laser welding process that takes all the energy sources and material consumption into consideration to reflect the actual environmental impact and evaluate the process parameter for decision-making. In this study, a parameterized model linking the carbon emissions and laser welding parameters is established. Based on this, a carbon efficiency evaluation approach is proposed to reveal the trade-off between carbon emissions and the added manufacturing value for decision-making on the premise of ensuring the welding quality. To verify the effectiveness of this approach, the carbon efficiency of the laser butt joint welding process is analyzed as an illustration. The results show that the parametric carbon emission models offer a feasible evaluation of carbon emissions of the laser welding process, with an accuracy of approximately 93.6%. The carbon emissions of the cooling system are 1.78 times that of laser devices. Thus, it dominates the carbon emissions of the laser welding process rather than laser devices. While ensuring the processing quality, increasing the welding speed is the most key way to improve carbon efficiency. The reason for it is that the carbon emissions of auxiliary facilities, e.g., cooling system can be reduced significantly as the reduced welding time. Furthermore, the standby time used, e.g., clamping and taking-off of workpieces, etc., is another key factor affecting the carbon efficiency. Thus, shortening the standby time can also improve the carbon efficiency of the laser welding process.

Fabrication and hardness investigation of Al-15%Mg2Si-3%Cu in-situ cast composite

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was production of an Al–15%Mg2Si metal matrix composite (MMC) containing 3 wt.% copper and also study microstructural and hardness properties. For this, pure Al, Mg, Si and Cu ingots were used to make composite via in situ route. The composite was characterised by X-ray diffraction, optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. Microstructural observations explored that Mg2Si particles form all over the Al matrix. According to the OM characterisation, the size of primary Mg2Si particles was estimated to be ~20 μm. This amount could be decreased to ~7 μm (65% reduction) due to the presence of copper, mostly because of the formation of Cu-rich intermetallic phases during solidification, as detected by EDX analysis. Further results showed that these phases lead to an MMC with more hardness compared to the counterpart without Cu. In addition, because of Mg2Si phases in these systems which are even lighter than Al, it has high specific stiffness and strength. Therefore, it could be widely used as a lightweight material in aerospace and automobile fields, such as safety-belt pretensioner, steering wheel frame, crossbeams, wheel rims, car frame and shock absorbing cover.

Convenient synthesis of one-dimensional a-SEP@LDH via self-assembly towards simultaneously improved fire retardance, mechanical strength and thermal resistance for epoxy resin

It is essential to develop a class of EP composite with improved fire retardance, mechanical strength and thermal resistance performances for some practical applications, such as in aeronautic and automobile fields. Due to the highly tunable structure of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), transition metals Ni2+ and Fe3+ were selected as the cation components considering their excellent catalytic charring ability. To overcome the easy agglomeration of LDH during polymer process, sepiolite nanofiber (SEP) was used as a carrier for LDH and thus a novel low-cost one-dimensional flame retardant a-SEP@LDH was successfully synthesized via facile self-assembly. With the addition of 2.3 wt% a-SEP@LDH alone, EP composite owns a V-1 rating in UL-94 test, an LOI value of 31.1%, 21% reduction of peak heat release rate and decreased 16.0% total smoke production. Additionally, the total carbon monoxide production has been decreased by 25.3%. Combining the analyses of the char residue and thermogravimetric infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) of EP/a-SEP@LDH systems, the flame-retardant mechanism has been drawn as follows: a) physical solidified char residue by sepiolite nanofibers; b) reinforced char residue thanks to the catalytic charring effect of both Ni/Fe alloy catalyst (originated from partially reduced oxide metals) and Brønsted acid sites in sepiolite. Moreover, the tensile strength and glass transition temperature of EP composite have been enhanced simultaneously. In a nutshell, it is an economically effective channel targeting to improve the comprehensive properties of EP through loading Ni–Fe LDH assisted by sepiolite nanofibers.

Finite element analysis of the slot milling of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used for making the components and primary structures in the field of aircraft, aerospace, automobile, medical, construction and many essential items which we use every day. These composite laminates are light in weight without compromising its strength. Hence, CFRP composites attract the researchers and the modern industries to investigate more on it. Industries rely on conventional machining process to achieve required shape and size, but CFRP composites show intrinsic behaviour while machining because of its non homogeneous properties. Selecting the appropriate tool and the cutting conditions for machining the CFRP composite, influences more in achieving the desired shape, size with close tolerance. In this paper, a 3D Finite Element Model is developed to simulate the slot milling process and to predict the cutting forces for the different cutting conditions. The reliability and accuracy of 3D FE analysis depend on the friction coefficient and failure model used in the FE model. These FE input parameters were applied in a wider range and analysis was carried out. The cutting forces obtained from the FE results are correlated with the experimental results to validate and to evaluate the influence of the FEM parameters. The outcome of this investigation is to suggest a suitable Failure model and the Friction coefficient, which ensures the reliability of the FE Model.

A Review on Application of Shape Memory Alloys

SMA has drawn massive interest and hobby in today’s years in a great form of an extensive sort of commercial applications, due to their precise and superior properties, this concern improvement has been bearing with the useful resource of way of improvement and carried out research studies. SMA can heal its original shape at a certain temperature even under maximum loads applied and huge inelastic deformation. In this overview, we describe the primary functions of SMAs, their constitutive models, and their features. We also explained various properties that help to build a device/system. These devices help in cueing health issues such as heart treatment emptying urine so on. SMA has important in reducing the vibration of structures by increasing damping of the materials and this has effective in energy dissipating comparing with other materials. In the aerospace industry wing aircraft, rotorcraft, spacecraft, and micro-electromechanical systems are made up of SMA. In the automobile sector, fuel injectors and thermal valves are constructed with SMA materials. Current work focuses on various applications and properties of SMA, in the field of Medical, Civil structure, Automobile, and Aerospace industry.

Flexural Properties of ARCH Lattice Structures Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting

Lattice structure has a broad application in the fields of aerospace, automobile, bio‐medical treatment and energy. It is very suitable for the applications of secondary load‐bearing components, because of its characteristics of low density, high specific strength, and high specific stiffness. The flexural property is an important index of the material used in the secondary load‐bearing components. In this study, the flexural properties of ARCH lattice structure fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) under different loading directions and with different relative densities are simulated and experimentally researched. The results show that ARCH lattice structure has better flexural properties under Y loading direction. The relative density has a great influence on the flexural properties of ARCH lattice structures. Moreover, the Gibson–Ashby equation is also established to estimate the flexural properties of the lattice structures with different relative densities, which can provide a theoretical basis and reference to the engineering application of ARCH lattice structures.