School Authorities Research Articles

A study on nicotine dependence among the adult tobacco users residing in the rural field practice area of Medical College, Kolkata

Background: Global adult tobacco survey-2 revealed that 42.4% of men and 14.2% of women reported currently smoking tobacco products. Every ninth adult in India (11.2%) uses khaini, the most popular tobacco product. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to estimate the level of nicotine dependence among the adult tobacco users residing in the rural field practice area of Medical College, Kolkata, and to examine the relationship between nicotine dependence and the sociodemographic characteristics. Materials and Methods: This study was an observational, descriptive type of epidemiological study performed among the adult tobacco users residing the rural field practice area of Medical College, Kolkata. A pre-designed, pre-tested semi-structured data collection form was used to collect information regarding Nicotine dependence using the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence and Fagerström test for nicotine dependence-smokeless tobacco. Results: Mean score of Nicotine dependence was 4.62 ± 2.98. Statistically significant relation was found between Nicotine dependence with the type of family, education of the participants, marital status, age of initiation of tobacco use, frequency of tobacco use, and duration of tobacco use of the study participants. Conclusion: Appropriate plan for tobacco cessation should be undertaken as per level of nicotine dependence. Interventions include counseling and pharmacotherapy. Local administration, school authority, NGOs, and healthcare workers need to be involved in conducting regular information, education, and communication activities.

A Study On Parental Involvement In Academic Achievement Of Secondary School Students At Deomali, Tirap District Of Arunachal Pradesh

The present study was undertaken to study the impact of parental involvement on academic achievement of secondary school students at Deomali Block in Tirap District of Arunachal Pradesh. The study adopts a descriptive research design with mixed method of data collection. The population of the study were the parents, guardians, teachers and the students studying in grades VI - X of secondary schools affiliated to CBSE under Deomali Education Block with a sample size of five hundred and seventy six (N=576) through random sampling were included. The purpose of the study was to analyse the relationship of academic achievement with parental involvement. A self-developed questionnaire on parental involvement for teachers, parents and students was used for data collection along with school academic records for the academic session 2023-2024 has been taken as scores and record. The present study found that there is a significant gender differences between the academic achievement levels of low and high levels of parental involvement showing a significant difference between the academic achievement of boys and girls. The present study reveals that the parental involvement plays an important role in academic achievement of students. Therefore, school authority should conduct awareness programme and workshops centered on child caring for parents. However, a parent-teacher association will also make an effective initiative to solve the ignorant parents in child’s academic activity.

Prevalence, Perceived Risk Factors and Effects of Enuresis among School-age Children in Nsukka Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria

This study investigated the prevalence, perceived risk factors and effects of enuresis among school-age children in Nsukka local government area. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey research design with a population of 7,794 Junior Secondary Students within the age range of 9-12years in the study area. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 820 students from 10 selected schools. A structured questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.86 Cronbach’s alpha showing a good internal consistency of the test items. Data were analysed using frequencies, percentages means and standard deviations. Findings showed that prevalence of bedwetting among the respondents was 17.8%, 14.6% among males and 24.4% among females. The prevalence of primary bedwetting was 12.7%, 5.0% experienced secondary bedwetting, 15.0% experienced nocturnal enuresis and 2.6% experienced diurnal bedwetting. Dreaming of urinating, drinking a lot of fluid before bed and cold weather were some of the risk factors of bedwetting identified by the respondents. Some of the effects of bedwetting identified by the respondents were that bedwetting children often smell bad and bedwetting makes children feel sad. Preventive, curative, hygiene management and reinforcement strategies for enuresis were identified by the respondents. It was concluded that bedwetting negatively affects children in such ways as making them have an offensive smell, sad feelings, mockery and loss of respect from friends. School authorities should therefore make out time within the school year, to create awareness and teach school children about enuresis to reduce the stigma and embarrassment they face.

Effectiveness of Parental Behavioral Training on Distress Tolerance, Family Cohesion, and Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy in Mothers of Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms

Objective: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is one of the behavioral disorders classified under destructive and harmful behavior disorders. Children with this disorder tend to destroy objects around them and defy the commands of parents and school authorities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of parental behavioral training on distress tolerance, family cohesion, and maternal parenting self-efficacy in mothers of children with symptoms of ODD. Methods and Materials: This study employed an experimental method. It was designed as a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, p1-10ost-test, follow-up, and control groups. The population of this study included all mothers of children with symptoms of ODD under the coverage of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Sari city during the academic year 2021-2022. Thirty individuals were selected through purposive sampling from among mothers of children with ODD and divided into two groups of 15 (one experimental and one control group). The experimental group received parenting training based on Choice Theory in eight 90-minute sessions, while the control group was placed on a waiting list. Measurement tools included the Distress Tolerance Scale by Simons and Gaher (2005), the Family Cohesion Scale by Olson (1999), and the Parenting Self-Efficacy Questionnaire by Dumka. Descriptive statistics (such as frequency tables, mean indexes, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post-hoc test) were used for data analysis, with SPSS-22 software facilitating the analysis process. Findings: The F-value of univariate analysis of covariance for the distress tolerance variable in the post-test (F=59.57, P=0.001) and follow-up (F=57.85, P=0.001), family cohesion in the post-test (F=45.52, P=0.001) and follow-up (F=47.13, P=0.001), and finally for the parenting self-efficacy variable in the post-test (F=39.48, P=0.001) and follow-up (F=41.14, P=0.001) were significant. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that parental behavioral training is effective in improving distress tolerance, family cohesion, and maternal parenting self-efficacy in mothers of children with symptoms of ODD.

Managing Gender-Based Violence in Basic Schools for Sustainable National Security

This paper examined how management of gender-based violence in basic schools can promote sustainable national security. The paper looked at the level of insecurity in Nigeria such kidnapping and armed robbery attack, economic and political related assassinations, bombings and killings which have constituted a very grave threat to the country’s sovereignty. These security challenges in so many ways encourage gender-based violence in basic schools where girls are proportionately the victims. The paper therefore, views the concept of gender, violence, gender-based violence, basic school and sustainable national security. The paper examines banditry, kidnapping, abduction bullying, sexual harassment and abuse, and physical insults and threats as the types of gender-based violence in basic schools. The paper also identified school location, nudity, the media and lack of girl-friendly school environments among others as some factors promoting gender-based violence the basic schools. The paper also identified the effect of gender-based violence on girls’ education such as absenteeism, drop out, and truancy. The paper identified lack of physical facilities, lack of community cooperation, lack of expertise or corruption among educational leaders as some of the challenges inhibiting effective the management of gender-based violence in basic schools. Providing school fence for security, installing cameras (CCTV), providing buses for schools, are some of the ways forward to preventing gender-based violence in basic schools. The paper suggested that school authorities should the teaching of positive behaviour a highly coordinated activity. This could be achieved through, coaching, modeling, anger management, and conflict management to help students control their natural instincts and desires. The paper also, suggested that school management should facilitate the removal of culture and traditional norms promoting nudity among girls through legal instruments and policies.

Learning Environment Indices and Students‟ Academic Achievement in Civic Education in Public Secondary Schools in Cross River State, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of social environment indices on students‟ academic achievement in Civic Education in public secondary schools in Cross River State, Nigeria. In line with the specific objectives of the study, four research questions were set and four null hypotheses were accordingly formulated to guide the study. The ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. The study population comprised all the 9,696 Senior Secondary-Two Students in the 193 public secondary schools in Cross River State, Nigeria in the 2023/2024 academic session. 969 Students (10%) of the study population were selected as the sample size for the study. An instrument entitled “Social Environment Indices and Academic Achievement Questionnaire (SEIAAQ)” was used to collect data for the study. The instrument was given a face validation by experts in Test and Measurement. While, the reliability estimate of the instrument was determined using the Cronbach‟s Alpha Correlation Coefficient statistics. Data collected were first described using Mean and Standard Deviation statistics before they were analysed using the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and „Z‟-test statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The findings were that family structure, peer-group and social media usage have significant influence on students‟ academic achievement in Civic Education, while school location does not have any significant statistical influence on academic achievement in Civic Education. Based on the findings, it was recommended among other things that there is a need for the school authority and parents to checkmate students‟ social media usage to avoid addiction, so that students' academic achievement in Civic Education in Cross River State will not continue to be a mirage.

Experience in implementing adolescent friendly health services in rural districts of Bangladesh.

The government of Bangladesh has initiated Adolescent Friendly Health Services (AFHS) at health facilities to improve access of adolescents to quality health care. This study aimed to document the AFHS program experiences and interventions implemented in four districts of Bangladesh. The study adopted review of literature, relevant project documents, research reports and analysis of secondary data on AFHS. The secondary data was extracted from the government District Health Information System (DHIS-2) and the HMIS (Health Management Information System) of Family planning department of the four study districts in Bangladesh from 2017 to 2019. Introduction of the AFHS program in Government health facilities had a positive impact on raising awareness among the community. It increased the proportion of adolescents receiving health services (from 6% in the pre-intervention period to 86% in the post-intervention period). The involvement of school authorities in disseminating AFHS program activities resulted in a 68.51% rise in adolescent referrals from schools. Publicity of the program and privacy of the service recipients are considered as enabling factors for the acceptance of AFHS. However, training of the service providers on comprehensive adolescent healthcare packages and expanding logistics support to the health facilities are needed for improvement of the overall service. The government of Bangladesh is committed to implementing adolescent friendly services, evident by adoption of national level strategy and guidelines through government health system, using existing resources with an additional financial support from development partners. The IEC (Information, Education and Communication) materials on AFHS, developed by different organizations were used for awareness program on AFHS. The healthcare providers were oriented/trained on AFHS, mental health, nutrition and counseling skills. Multi-sectoral collaboration at all levels: national to local level (schools, communities, adolescents club) were adopted for sustainability of this initiative.

An Analysis of the Competency-Based Assessment Process in Mathematics Education at the Senior Secondary Level in Sri Lanka

Background: Sri Lanka has a long history of having an examination-based education system that caters to three main examinations conducted nationally. After over a decade, the country has yet to achieve its objective of the competency-based education system introduced in 2007. Sri Lanka practices an eight-year curriculum cycle reform, which is presently overdue. The current study analyses the existing situation of the competency-based assessment process, which will provide information from the classroom level. The research will address three questions: 1. What assessment methods are used? 2. What are the challenges teachers face in the application? 3. What types of training and support are given by the authorities for applying CBE-based mathematics assessments at the senior secondary level? Methods: The study employed a quantitative approach, using a stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 276 mathematics teachers who teach grades ten and eleven in the Western Province. Results: The results revealed that the challenges were a lack of support facilities and resources, long working hours, overcrowded classrooms, and a low understanding of CBE concepts among teachers. Paper-and-pencil tests and questioning are the most common evaluation methods used in classrooms. Conclusion: It is recommended that the Department of Education, with the help of the school authorities, monitor the assessment process and provide adequate training for the teachers to integrate assessment with classroom activities, and provide necessary resources. A school-based assessment method must be integrated with the end-of-term examination, giving it equal weight.

Understanding the Mental Health Issues & Position of School-Level Learners in West Bengal, India

‘Mental health’ is a comprehensive term, which refers to the ‘condition of individual’ which consequences from normal organisation of the ‘functioning of the mind’. Mental health among students is a crucial yet often overlooked aspect of education. In recent years, there has been mounting apprehension about the ‘mental well-being’ issues of students, particularly in the context of academic pressure, social dynamics, and familial expectations. This paper aims to investigate and explore the mental health issues at the school level learner in West Bengal, India. The study focused on the review of contemporary situation of mental health, the current state of mental health awareness of school teachers, support in schools and proposes strategies for improvement. The study explores the various factors influencing students' mental well-being, reviewed the mental health positions of adolescent learners at schools and the role of school authorities and Government policies. This paper examines the factors contributing to the mental health challenges faced by students in West Bengal schools, along with potential interventions to address these issues. Through an ample review of literature and qualitative analysis, interviewing the schools teachers this article provides insights into the challenges faced by students in West Bengal and offers recommendations and strategies to enhance their mental health outcomes and sustain positive mental health.

Assess the Psychological General Well-Being among Adolescent with Obesity in Selected Schools at Pokhara: A Descriptive Study

INTRODUCTION Childhood Obesity, is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents whose BMI at or above the 95th percen- tile for children and teens of the same age and sex. It is particularly troubling because the extra pounds often start children on the path to health problems. Childhood obesity associated with psychological problems such as anxiety and depression. Low self-esteem and lower self-reported quality of life. Social problems such as bullying and stigma. The aim of the study was to assess the level of psychological general well-being of adolescent with obesity and to find out the association between the level of psychological general well-being and selected socio-demographic variables of adolescent with obesity. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Shishu Niketan and Triveni public schools of Pokhara, Nepal from 28/02/2023 to 27/03/2023 adolescents with BMI of 95th or more than 95th percentile was enrolled in the study from 10-19 age in years group after obtaining assent and consent from parents, child, and school authority. RESULTS Out of 65 sample, 20% had moderate, 75% had good and only 4.6% had high level of psychological general well-being. Place of residence is significant P=0.001. CONCLUSION Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or well-being which affects psycholog- ical well-being of children, leads to anxiety, low self-esteem. Schools play a large role in preventing childhood obesity by providing a safe and supporting environment with policies and practices that support healthy behaviors as well as parents.

조선총독부 학무국의 삼일운동 대응 양상

This article examined the measures taken by the Education Bureau of the Japanese Government-General of choseon to the March 1 Independence Movement and the responses of schools. Until now, schools have been understood as a space for independence movement. However, on the other hand, it was a space where the governance policy of the Japanese Government-General of choseon could be reflected in detail. With the 2.8 Declaration of Independence of Korean international students, the Education Bureau began to respond to the independence movement in earnest. The Education Bureau strengthened contact with the police officer and instructed schools at all levels to manage students. The director of the Education Bureau visited Tokyo to prevent the influence of the 2.8 Declaration of Independence from affecting colonial choseon. However, this preliminary response failed. After the start of the March 1st Independence Movement, the Education Bureau strengthened contact with the school authorities at provincial level and the government school. the Education Bureau crack down the school staff and students who participated in the Independence Movement and prevent school students strike and Independence Movement. In addition, foreign-run religious schools were cracked down. After the March 1st Movement, the Education bureau's status rose. As it became a department that manages religion and schools, it was in charge of post-processing of the March 1st Movement. On March 1, 1920, the private school regulations were revised to respond to the Independence Movement to commemorate the first anniversary of the March 1st Movement. Based on these changes, three foreign principals of private religious schools were canceled.

Religious Authority in the New Media Era: Sabilul Huda Islamic Boarding School Da'wah on Social Media

This research aims to discuss religious authority in the new media era, with the object of study being the Da'wah model of the Sabilul Huda Tasikmalaya Islamic boarding school. This paper uses ethnographic and netnographic methods. Ethnography was carried out by interviews and following book studies at the Sabilul Huda Islamic boarding school. Meanwhile, netnography conducts data searches on online participants. The results and discussion of this research include the relationship between religion and social media, the Sabilul Huda Islamic Boarding School's da'wah strategy on social media, and the authority of Islamic boarding schools and kiayi on social media. This research concludes that the interaction between religion and the internet causes positive and negative impacts. Another important finding is that about religious authority, the internet and religion follow the logic of discontinuity, namely viewing the internet as destroying traditional religious authority. Moreover, at the same time, the internet and religion can also follow the logic of continuity and complementarity. The Internet extends, complements, and strengthens traditional religious authority. Then, the strategy carried out by the Sabilul Huda Islamic boarding school in preaching and spreading its traditional religious sources on social media is carried out by live streaming the study of the Yellow Book on social media accounts, namely Sabilulhudamedia. Then, the authority of the traditional and charismatic Kiai is preserved by carrying out his preaching via social media. This research implies that this new da'wah model that utilizes online media keeps the influence of traditional religious authorities and Islamic boarding school Kiai.

Parents’ perceptions of sending their children to primary school during the COVID-19 pandemic in Dhaka North City (DNC), Bangladesh

Like other developing countries, the COVID-19 pandemic has seriously affected the public’s mental and physical health in Bangladesh. People, especially, in the country’s capital city, Dhaka, have suffered as a serious consequence of the pandemic in various ways, for instance, fear, stress, sadness, isolation, and loneliness. The study investigates parents’ perceptions of sending their children to kindergarten or primary school during the COVID-19 pandemic in Dhaka North City (DNCC), Bangladesh. The research employs several qualitative tools for answering the stated questions and objectives. Adopting a purposive sampling procedure, 30 informants from two wards were selected in the DNC area. We examine the “Field Theory” approach developed by Brager and Holloway to prepare the interview guide administered to these 30 informants. Apart from in-depth interviews, the study utilizes focus group discussions (FGDs) to obtain comprehensive data from them. The study reveals that parents have various perceptions about sending their children to school during the COVID-19 pandemic, making decisions based on psychological state, behavior patterns, quality education, and school safety measures. Parents feel insecure about sending their children to school as the institutional authorities are unaware of sanitizing the premises. As well, quality education greatly concerns the parents making such decisions about sending their children to school. The study recommends that the government, school authorities, and guardians take safety measures seriously inside the homes and the schools’ premises to help ensure children can safely attend primary schools.

Current Situation and Practical Path of Cultivating Students’ Core Literacy in the Context of the New Era

Abstract In this paper, Bayesian estimation and Coleman filtering are used to compose a multidimensional data fusion algorithm to study the cultivation of students’ personalized core literacy. A Trans E model is constructed based on the calculation of students’ specific course ratings using collaborative filtering algorithms. Combining the knowledge graph and collaborative filtering methods, the similarities between the course and user ratings are calculated respectively. The user’s rating situation can be predicted by combining similarity. Through the empirical analysis method, the overall and specific competency dimensions of students’ core literacy and the effect of core literacy cultivation, as well as students’ satisfaction, were analyzed, and the corresponding practice paths were proposed based on the analysis results. The mean value of students’ core literacy test is 46.25, and the number of students scoring between 50-60 points is the largest, but the number of excellent students is 0, which is poor in the cultivation of core literacy. The analysis of the effect of core literacy cultivation shows that in the correlation analysis of teaching effect and teaching support, the p-value is less than 0.01, but most of the correlation coefficients are less than 0.35, and there exists a weak relationship between the two, and the school authorities should strengthen the teaching support of core literacy.

The Level of Disaster Preparedness in Public Secondary Schools in Nairobi County, Kenya

Increase in disaster incidences have been witnessed in secondary schools in recent years, its frequency and impact hampering education process. For instance, besides loss of lives, and injuries, school properties have been damaged and closing and often with children having to leave school for long periods in recovery period. Continued occurrence and magnitude of disaster have prompted international organizations especially the United Nations agencies and other countries to come up with best practice models of institutions including training on disaster and disaster risk management. Despite the concerted efforts by the government of Kenya and other stakeholders in emphasizing preparedness, Kenya still experiences various disasters in schools. Majority of students in secondary schools are exposed to mishaps and accidents daily in schools. School authorities, parents and even students are jolted into actions only when a fatality or injury has occurred and this affects the response and mitigation level of these disasters and thus the need of the study. The general objective of the study is to assess disaster preparedness and safety standards in public secondary schools of Nairobi County, Kenya. The study sought to establish the level of disaster preparedness in public secondary schools in Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Target population of the study was 73 from which 13 schools were selected using random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, focus group discussions and observation checklist. From the findings, 10.16% (n=39) of the total population determining that schools conduct most frequent training, 13.02% (n=50) of the total population responded training programs are done frequently. 28.65 (n=110) of students indicated trainings on fire safety facilities are done less frequently. The findings revealed a lack of training and inadequate community awareness on disaster preparedness and safety standards. The study concluded that the schools were insufficiently prepared for disasters and most of the physical infrastructures were considered unsafe. The study recommended regular inspection of school infrastructure, safety training by qualified by qualified personnel and taking into consideration the ability and capacity of different schools when settings standards for disaster preparedness and safety.

Assessing the impact of an evidence- and consensus-based guideline for controlling SARS-CoV-2 transmission in German schools on decision-making processes: a multi-component qualitative analysis

IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, decision-making on measures to reduce or prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in schools was rendered difficult by a rapidly evolving and uncertain evidence base regarding their effectiveness and unintended consequences. To support decision-makers, an interdisciplinary panel of scientific experts, public health and school authorities as well as those directly affected by school measures, was convened in an unprecedented effort to develop an evidence- and consensus-based public health guideline for German schools. This study sought to assess whether and how this guideline impacted decision-making processes.MethodsThis study comprised three components: (1) we sent inquiries according to the Freedom of Information Acts of each Federal State to ministries of education, family, and health. (2) We conducted semi-structured interviews with individuals involved in decision-making regarding school measures in two Federal States, and (3) we undertook semi-structured interviews with members of the guideline panel. The content of response letters in component 1 was analysed descriptively; data for components 2 and 3 were analysed using deductive-inductive thematic qualitative content analysis according to Kuckartz.ResultsResponses to the Freedom of Information Act inquiries showed that the guideline was recognised as a relevant source of information by ministries of education in nine out of 16 Federal States and used as a reference to check existing directives for school measures in five Federal States. All participants (20 interviews) emphasised the value of the guideline given its evidence- and consensus-based development process but also noted limitations in its usability and usefulness, e.g., lack of context-specificity. It was consulted by participants who advised policy-makers (5 interviews) alongside other sources of evidence. Overall, perceptions regarding the guideline’s impact were mixed.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the guideline was relatively well-known in Federal States’ decision-making bodies and that it was considered alongside other forms of evidence in some of these. We suggest that further research to evaluate the impact of public health guidelines on (political) decision-making is warranted. Guideline development processes may need to be adapted to account for the realities of decision-making during public health emergencies and beyond.

Predictor Role of Parental Neglect On Socio-Emotional And Moral Development And Behavioral Problems In Children

The purpose of the present study was to examine parental neglect as a predictor of socio-emotional and moral development and behavioral problems in children. The participants of the study consisted of 266 parent-child dyads in Hatay, Turkey. The data collection instruments included a Socio-Demographic Information Form, which was administered to both the parents and their children. In addition, children were administered the Social-Emotional and Moral Development Scale, whereas the parents were administered the Child Behavior Checklist and Multidimensional Neglectful Behaviors Scale. According to the stepwise regression analysis, it was found that the number of children the parents had, behavioral problems in children, nationality and duration of stay of Syrian parents in Turkey, and parental neglect predicted socio-emotional and moral development in children. In terms of behavioral problems in children, parents’ age, educational status, and neglectful behaviors, in addition to children’s socio-emotional and moral development, were found to be the significant predictors. The results of the study may shed light on the associations among parental neglect and the socio-emotional and moral development and behavioral problems in children for school authorities and mental health professionals in a cosmopolitan population with high levels of immigration.

Cyberbullying victimization and suicidal ideation among in-school adolescents in three countries: implications for prevention and intervention

BackgroundCountries in South and Central America and the Caribbean are among the countries with the highest adolescent cyberbullying crimes. However, empirical evidence about the effect of cyberbullying victimization on suicidal ideation among in-school adolescents in these countries remains limited. The present study examined the association between cyberbullying victimization and suicidal ideation among in-school adolescents in Argentina, Panama, St Vincent, and the Grenadines.MethodsA representative cross-sectional data from 51,405 in-school adolescents was used. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between cyberbulling victimization and suicidal ideation.ResultsOverall, 20% and 21.1% of the adolescents reported cyberbullying victimization and suicidal ideation, respectively in the past year before the survey. Suicidal ideation was higher among adolescents who experienced cyberbullying victimization (38.4%) than those who did not experience cyberbullying victimization (16.6%). Significantly higher odds of suicidal ideation were found among adolescents who had experienced cyberbullying victimization than those who had not experienced cyberbullying victimization [aOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.77–1.98].ConclusionThis finding calls for developing and implementing evidence-based programs and practices by school authorities and other relevant stakeholders to reduce cyberbullying victimization among adolescents in this digital age. Protective factors such as parental support and peer support should be encouraged.

Why the SAFE-S Strategy for Trachoma? Are Musca sorbens or Scatophaga stercoraria Really the Culprit?-A Brief Historical Review from an Italian Point of View.

The biological history of Chlamydia trachomatis is intertwined with the evolution of the man. Infecting Elemental Bodies (EBs), having penetrated mucosal epithelial cells, wrap themselves in a cloak (ĸλαμις) of glycogen that ensures their obligatory intracellular survival and protects this differentiation into Reticulate Bodies (RBs) that feed on cellular ATP. Multiple chemokines and cytokines are involved under the direction of IL-6 in the florid phase and IL-17A in the scar phase. The WHO has successfully identified the SAFE strategy against trachoma (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleansing, Environment) as the blueprint to eliminate the disease by 2020. Recently, interest has been increasingly focused on changing sexual attitudes in different areas of the world, leaving Musca sorbens, Scatophaga stercoraria, and stepsisters fairly blameless, but extolling the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in apparently "sterile" chronic prostatitis or conjunctivitis or, less frequently, in oropharyngitis and proctitis. The addition of an S (SAFE-S) standing for "sexual behavior" was then proposed to also attract the interest and attention not only of Ophthalmologists and Obstetricians/Gynecologists, Urologists/Andrologists, and the School Authorities for information on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, but also of Social Physicians and Pediatricians. This means that sexually transmitted infections should be screened in asymptomatic patients with risky sexual behavior or sexual contact with people diagnosed with a transmitted infection.

Systematic Literature Review The Role of Educational Facilities and Infrastructure for Children with Special Needs at School

Children with special needs need quality facilitators. One form of facilitator that children with special needs need to have is facilities and infrastructure that can support their education. The purpose of this study is to add insight into the importance of educational facilities and infrastructure for children with special needs in schools and to see what the real condition of educational facilities and infrastructure in Indonesia in recent years. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to collect and analysed data from 14 articles relevant to the topic under review. The results show the importance of the role of facilities and infrastructure for children with special needs which greatly affects learning outcomes as well as how the real conditions of facilities and infrastructure are still not appropriate, causing many problems for both students with special needs and educators. The results of this study are expected to help all parties to care more about the conditions of facilities and infrastructure for children with special needs in schools, be it students, teachers, school authorities, parents, government, and or the public.