Indian Authorities Research Articles

Judicial Evasion, Judicial Vagueness, and Judicial Revisionism: A Study of the NCT of Delhi vs Union of India Judgment(s)

Through a study of two recent important judgments of the Indian Supreme Court – arising out of the same dispute – this paper will illustrate the Court’s role in strengthening the central executive, at the cost of other constitutional authorities in India’s bicameral Parliamentary system. The dispute turned upon the division of powers between the central government, and the government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), governed by Article 239AA of the Indian Constitution. The case involved critical questions of representative democracy and the federal structure, and reached the Supreme Court at a time when two opposing parties were in government at the centre and in the NCT, and had a publicly acrimonious relationship with each other. The paper will discuss how (a) first, the Supreme Court delayed hearing the case for many months (despite the fact that the dispute involved consequences for both governments on a daily basis), allowing a status quo in which the central government called the shots (thanks to a favourable High Court judgment). This technique – where the Court favours one party to a litigation simply by not deciding a case – is called judicial evasion; (b) second, when a five-judge bench of the Court finally heard and decided the case, despite laying down the principles that governed the relationship between the centre and the NCT government, refused to demarcate their respective spheres of competence with any specificity. Instead, the Court left day-to-day disputes to be resolved through “political statesmanship.” This created a situation where the Court’s judgment could be interpreted by political actors in the way that they chose. This technique – where abstract judicial pronouncements leave wide interpretive scope for more powerful political actors to exploit – is called judicial vagueness; (c) third, when a smaller bench of the Court was called upon to deliver judgment on specific disputes, the judges handed down a split verdict that was at open odds with the judgment of the five-judge bench (despite the fact that two of the judges had sat on that very bench!). This technique – where the Court seemingly departs from its own binding precedent to favour the executive in a specific case, is called judicial revisionism. A combination of judicial evasion, judicial vagueness, and judicial revisionism – it will be shown – created a situation that, contrary to the constitutional scheme, effectively left the elected government of the NCT at the mercy of the central executive. In the final part of this paper, I will take other contemporary examples to show how the Supreme Court has regularly invoked a combination of judicial evasion, judicial vagueness, and judicial revisionism to empower the central government, without ever seeming to give an actual judgment in those terms.

INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ALONG NATIONAL HIGHWAY 83 IN POLLACHITALUK, COIMBATORE

Roads are the most important means of transportation and communication. They play a massive function in the improvement and welfare of the community. Significant import and export of goods, general transport, and communication services within a neighborhood or between cities usually occur via roads. The efficiency of such a function massively depends on the condition and quality of the road. With this view, the National Highway Authority of India has made an effort to widen road (NH83) from Coimbatore city to Pollachi town. This research is to understand the impact of road widening of national highway on the socio-economic and agricultural status of its surrounding regions. Existing and projected conditions of the population were studied and analyzed via a collection of several parameters such as household conditions, literacy, occupation, land use, irrigation, social welfare service, and institutions.

Competition in Telecom Sector: The Jurisdictional Tussle between Competition Commission of India and Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

From enjoying natural monopolies to witnessing tough competition for services, the telecom sector in India has come a long way. It is now characterized by one of the fastest-growing sectors of deploying the latest technology and driving the economic growth in India. With the rapid intervention of innovation and competition redefining the sector dynamics, there are new emerging challenges that force the telecom and competition authorities to rethink their role and function and adopt a collaborative approach in deciding intersecting issues. In 2017, Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (RJIL), a new entrant in the telecommunications market approached Competition Commission of India (CCI) against the incumbents for forming a cartel to deny market entry. Prior to that, it approached the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) against the incumbents for denying adequate points of interconnection. CCI passed an order in favour of the informant, which was challenged in the Bombay High Court and later appeared in the Supreme Court of India. The case that breathed fresh air at every level of Court in the country is a landmark decision in settling the role of CCI with respect to telecom sectoral regulators, particularly in issues that simultaneously fall within the jurisdiction of both the bodies. The objectives of both legislation, when reading together, intend to create an environment that may facilitate fair competition. In fulfilling the concerned objective, the jurisdiction of TRAI and the CCI overlap. Although the watchdogs (CCI and TRAI) share a common goal, they differ in their mandate and approach. The difference in the approach adopted by the CCI and TRAI towards a similar objective leads to cases of jurisdictional conflicts. The Researcher aims to analyze the decision of the Supreme Court of India in terms of its far-reaching effects on CCI while touching base on developments in the case at every level of proceedings through the lens of optimal regulation and competition.

‘Social distancing’ during COVID-19: the metaphors and politics of pandemic response in India

ABSTRACT In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, public health authorities in India presented a contradictory picture between their role in assisting the state to mitigate the global crisis and dealing coercively with the needs of its diverse populations. Conventionally, public health is viewed as an evidence-based profession that is above politics. Yet national responses to COVID-19 in India reveal the embeddedness of health and illnesses in the larger politics of the state. Although it is still early to assess the full spectrum of damage caused by lack of central-level planning, this article argues against COVID-19 being viewed as a ‘great leveller’. Rather, it suggests that we inhabit somatic societies that regularly employ the vocabulary of pathology/disease to determine social health. Moreover, the Indian experience illustrates how, even during a pandemic, ‘social distancing’ is not an apolitical notion. It becomes a measure for the state to co-opt scientific interventions of risk mitigation and relay them to people as a metaphor for exclusion: thereby exacerbating deeper structural inequities around which access to health and well-being of the population is organised.

Nomophobia: An emerging fear

In the current time, the use of technologies has become propensity more than necessity. Nobody has gotten away from them nor left youth or old. It's totally relying upon us How to utilize it? One such live innovation is a Smartphone. At only one touch we approach any data about the entire world. It is very easy to carry in our pocket so everyone can use it anytime whenever. Smartphone has some constructive as well as some cynical aspects too. Nomophobia is a negative face of the smartphone. Nomophobia is the irrational dread of being without cell phones or being not able to utilize phones (situational phobia) for some reason such as some signal or battery issues. Theprimary point of the current research is to find out the proportion of Nomophobia among understudies with regardof gender and age in Agra city. For this purpose, a total number of 300 students were selected by randomization (150 males and 150 females) from the age scope of 15-20 years. The data was taken by using a self-administered questionnaire NMP-Q developed by Yilidirim and Correia. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mean and Chi-square. Results revealed that there is a significant difference between male and female score on nomophobia. The other result indicates that early adolescents positively related to Nomophobia as compare to late adolescents. In India, one person can use multiple cell phones. There is no minimum age to use mobile phones. It is adding fuel to the pre-existing problem of Nomophobia. Telecom Administrative Authority of India (TRAI) should assume a functioning job by making an arrangement/law that "setting based methodology" on cell phone limitations among individuals ought to be followed. A demonstration will be detailed, under this demonstration. There ought to choose the least age for portable use. It will assist a great deal with curbing the circumstance.

Mercury in Marine, Freshwater and Aquaculture Species from South India and Human Exposure Risk Assessment

We report concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (THg) in marine, freshwater and aquaculture species from a major fisheries landing center in the east coast of India, Nellore. Concentrations of MeHg were in the range 1.67–105.25 ng/g ww (wet weight). Aquaculture species had lower mercury concentrations than naturally caught marine or freshwater species (p < 0.05). While none of the 242 analyzed samples had MeHg greater than the limits stipulated by food and safety authority in India (250 ng/g) or other countries, dietary exposure analysis for a subsistence fish consuming Indian population for which fish consumption patterns were known revealed that there was a 14.3% probability of exceedance of the US EPA reference dose of 0.1 µg/kg BW/day. The US EPA one-box pharmacokinetic model slightly better predicts the observed hair mercury concentrations in this population when the MeHg absorption efficiency in the human gastrointestinal tract is 1–72% (with a median of 14%) as suggested recently rather than the 91–97% used more commonly.

Improvement in Castability of Al Killed Steel in Billet Casters by Process Optimisation

Sticking of alumina as well as spinel inclusions inside the sub entry nozzles (SEN) as well as tundish nozzle is perennial problem during continuous casting of aluminum killed steel through billet casters. This results in restriction or completely blockage of flow of liquid steel through the nozzles eventually leading to abortion of sequence in billet casters and stopping of continuous casting machine. Nozzle clogging not only restricts the productivity by restraining the casting sequence, intermittent extrication of clogged alumina particles or dislodged refractory materials are a significant source of non-metallic macro-inclusions in the cast sections of billet casters. If these inclusions are not removed completely during secondary refining of steel they causes excessive clogging mainly in low carbon Al killed steels. In other grades of Al killed steel cogging is also very prominent if the deoxidation and secondary refining is not carried out properly. IISCO Steel Plant (ISP), Burnpur a new, modernised unit of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was facing problems of nozzle clogging in low carbon, low Si, Al killed grade (EWNR –electrode quality grade) resulting in premature abortion of casting sequence leading to huge productivity loss. To solve the problem of nozzle clogging in low carbon Al killed grades and other grades at ISP, optimisation of various steelmaking parameters viz. amount of Al addition &amp; its sequence, purging regime in ladle furnace, optimisation of Ca treatment process etc has been carried out which has resulted in improvement in castability of Al Killed Steel in billet caster of ISP.

Resolution of Sports Disputes through Mediation

Sport in today’s date contributes a major proportion to the global finances. The topic of sports is a very delicate one involving reputations which may be damaged to a greater ex-tent. Alternate Dispute Resolution is an integral aspect when concerns are raised due to disputes arising out of Sports. The Court of Arbitration in Sports (CAS) plays a major role in solving disputes arising out of sports through appropriate means of Alternate Dispute Resolution. The paper focuses on discussing the prime aspects of the CAS when it comes to solving disputes out of sports. It discusses opinions on how the CAS can be more effective with a mediation base rather than heading to arbitration in all problem. The paper as well discusses the demographics of the Arbitrators and Mediators who precise over most cases at the CAS and where are the areas of improvement while concerning their selection. This paper takes into consideration the rules and laws relating to ADR in four countries namely United Kingdom, Switzerland, China and India. The author has tried to portray how the Indian Judiciary can consider certain aspects of ADR when it has come to the topic of settlement of disputes arising out of sports. This paper dis-cusses on what can be the effective means of solving Sports related disputes in India. The problem concerning the approachability of the CAS for Indian authorities and athletes has also been discusses. Prospects on how to improve the approachability of the CAS from India can be improved are tried to be discussed. This paper aims at promoting Alternate Dispute Resolution an appropriate mean for solving sports related disputes.

‘Picking up the neighbours’ waste’: migration of Bangladeshi villagers to India metropolises

ABSTRACTFrom a small area of the South West of Bangladesh, thousands of landless farmers cross the border with their family in order to work in the informal sector, mostly in Delhi and Bangalore: as waster pickers for the men, as maids for the women. Based on two ethnographic fieldworks in the villages of origin, this article intends to highlight the reasons leading to this migratory movement, the way this migration is organized and its consequences for the families. In a context where, in India, Bangladeshi migration is mostly felt as a threat, it also analyses the process of hypervisibility/invisibility to which these migrants are subjected to and the effects that deportability – or actual deportation – have on their life. At last, it examines how migrants experience the discrepancy between the way they see themselves and the way they are largely considered by the Indian authorities and broaden society.

Role of Social Media in promoting Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Study

Economic growth of India needs both the small and middle scale entrepreneurship as a solution towards poverty eradication with employment generation which may be taken as initiation by the Indian youth as they are the major part of the Indian population. The authority of India has the challenge to motivate and intimate these youth towards the flow of the entrepreneurship development whereas some strategy are taken is somehow certain extent is successful and with the reduction of this challenge day by day with the growth of availability of number of MSME sectors. Social networking has its important role among the various strategies due to its easy accessibility and coverage area of connection of more people coverage. The social networking tool is developed as an important motivational instrument for creation and growth of entrepreneurs not only among the youths but also among the professionals and technical youths. To test the vitality role of social media as an awareness creating tool for the start-up of the MSME with the provision of the benefits towards the society and entrepreneurs, the author has gone with a study of 300 samples of small entrepreneurs those have their professional degrees with Engineering, Business administration and Computer Application. All the collected study report are studied, observed with the interpretation and result that social Media is an influencing and motivating agent for entrepreneurship making for the technical and professional students.

Enhancing the Quality of Engineering Learning through Skill Development for Feasible Progress

Abstract Engineering and technological innovation is the main instrument to influence people’s needs and culture in turn leads to society advancement. The Authority of India has recently taken strong steps to rejuvenate the higher education sector with a focus on quality and excellence. One of the significant aims of higher education is to provide the community with an opportunity to reflect on the critical, social, economic, cultural, moral and spiritual issues facing humanity. It contributes to national development through dissemination of specialized knowledge and skill. Due to rapid technological and cultural changes, traditional way of learning is no longer satisfactory. Thus disruptive technology takes place an important role in Engineering education through skill development. Country needs good trained Engineers to face the challenges of the century. Engineers must have an understanding of people with different backgrounds, different cultural values and must be able to interact with them effectively. As academician, teachers should transform engineering learning through disruption for continuous progress.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 among pregnant women in a tertiary care hospital during the COVID-19 outbreak

Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, Indian health authorities implemented massive measures to control the rapid spread of infection. Nonetheless, even during pandemic, pregnant women need constant obstetrics consultations during the antepartum period and adequate care during intrapartum and postpartum period for uneventful outcome. Undeniably, adherence to these control measures is largely affected by knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19. Aims and Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 amongst pregnant women and to find the association of demographic variables (age, place of residence, and education) with KAP. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted for pregnant women attending the outpatient department of Obstetrics in a tertiary care Defense hospital. We investigated 506 pregnant women serially from Obstetrics OPD of the hospital for KAP towards COVID-19 with a questionnaire of 14 questions. The study population was assessed for the KAP score and association of demographic variables with KAP. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the findings. Median and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for KAP and Pearson's Chi-square test was used to analyze the association of demographic variables with KAP. Results: In our study scores for adequate knowledge, positive attitude, and good practices were 75.3 %, 73.9%, and 92.7 % respectively. The analysis of the association of various demographic variables with KAP about COVID-19 revealed significant association. Conclusion: The majority of pregnant women was knowledgeable about COVID-19 and had positive attitude and good practices. However, health authorities may need to take proactive steps for this vulnerable subpopulation.

An Analysis of Efficiency of General Insurance Industry in India

It is well known that the overall insurance sector in India has been undergoing a series of reforms from time to time. The drastic change that re-designed the contours of the industry is the implementation of the Malhotra Committee Recommendations which opened up the landscape to the private non-life insurers in 2000. The present study has been taken up to determine the efficiency of the non-life sector and the insurers using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The empirical research also aims to statistically test whether there is any year-wise significant difference between the two sectors in respect of the overall efficiency. For the purpose, appropriate statistical test is applied. The study is based on secondary data collected from the Insurance Regulatory Authority of India (IRDA) Annual Reports. The sample size for this study is twelve including all the four insurers from the public sector and the remaining from the private sector. The results of the analysis showed that in terms of technical and pure technical efficiency, the overall result of the public sector surpasses that of the private. However, the findings of the Mann-Whitney U Test revealed that the result with respect to the statistical difference is mixed.

‘Instigators,’ ‘Hooligans,’ ‘Sex Maniacs,’ ‘Drug Addicts’‚ Alcoholics…’

In February 2016, the students of Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi began to protest against the violation of basic democratic freedoms by Narendra Modi’s government. The protest was quickly supported by other Indian universities, and the campaigns organized by students happened in all the important academic centres in India. The purpose of this paper is to show selected examples of language expressions employed by the Indian authorities against the studentprotesters and used in the official Indian media, to describe the actions taken by protests’ participants, as well as to compare the language of the Indian authorities and media used against protesting students in the second decade of the 21st century with some official statements about student protests in Poland under the communist regime.

Investigations on High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) Conductors

Electric power demand is growing at an exponential rate due to establishment of industries and economic growth in the country. Central electricity authority of India (CEA) has estimated per capita electricity consumption will increase at a rate of 6 percent per annum, this will increase the load on the transmission and distribution system. Limitations of Right of Way (ROW) has made it difficult to construct new lines, particularly in metropolitan and densely populated cities, hence high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors are being used adopted, several projects in the country are being executed to overcome the problem of burdening of transmission/distribution system. HTLS conductors operate at 2–3 times higher ampacity and thermal rating, hence can be used for higher power transmission without upgrading the existing towers and infrastructure. The present investigation aims to understand and estimate the conductor temperature and ampacity dependent on different parameters like wind velocity, wind angle, emissivity and fault current level. The investigation highlights the dynamic thermal rating of HTLS conductor with change in wind velocity and angle, thermal performance of conductor during fault condition and thermal rating with emissivity, absorptivity and ambient temperature during flow of fault current is presented. A new experimental setup is established to investigate the performance of HTLS and Traction copper conductor in the laboratory, attempt has been made to study effect of magnetic fields and conduct EBSD analysis, some important conclusions drawn from the investigations are analyzed and presented.

Vodafone India: the Indian wireless industry

Learning outcomes From a pedagogical point, the case may fulfill following objectives: First, to understand Vodafone’s position in the current environment. Does the environment present the elements that are necessary for them to thrive (as analyzed using a PESTEL framework)? Second, to understand the resources needed to build competitive advantage in an emerging market context (as analyzed using the Porter five forces model); and third, to understand the competitive challenges of conducting business in a highly (and sometimes capriciously) regulated industry. Case overview/synopsis The Indian Telecommunication sector is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. There are nine telecom operators who are pioneering this growth; however, five private companies: Bharti, Idea, Reliance, Aircel and Vodafone make up 78.86 per cent of the market. These five companies have the opportunity to increase their market share by expanding the services provided to rural India; however, the Indian Tax Authorities have caused some hesitation. Aside from being known as heavy handed and unpredictable, the authorities have also demanded that Vodafone pay them billions in taxes. These court cases have challenged the way that other telecom operators look at investing. The arrival of Reliance Jio as a new player in the Indian wireless space with deep pockets has not helped the already fierce competitive landscape. Reliance Jio is forcing all wireless companies including Vodafone to reevaluate their India strategy. Complexity academic level This case could be used in both MBA and executive education programs. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Persistence and processing effects in reduction of residues of β-cyfluthrin + imidacloprid and its metabolite in hot pepper

ABSTRACT Now a days, farmers prefer to use Premix Formulations instead of single pesticide for the control of insects and pests. Large number of premix formulations are available in the market, Solomom OD (β-cyfluthrin 90 + imidacloprid 210) is the preferred one in hot pepper. Thus, the present research was done to monitor the leftover and effect of household processing in reduction of premix formulation with its toxic metabolites in hot pepper. Quantification of leftovers in hot pepper fruits was done by using two analytical instruments viz., gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MSMS) in SCAN/MRM mode with a triple Quadrupole analyser and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using diode array detector. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for β-cyfluthrin was 0.05 mg kg−1, and for imidacloprid and its metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CNA) was 0.01 mg kg−1, respectively. Based on Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) value by Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI), the safe waiting period suggested was 3rd day for β-cyfluthrin and 1st day for imidacloprid. Residues of β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid were persisted up to 7 days in proposed dose (PD) and 10 days in double the proposed dose (DPD) after final spray. No residues of 6-CNA were detected in hot pepper at any stage. Frying after washing was found effective in decreasing the residues when compared to washing alone with plain water. Imidacloprid shows more per cent reduction (87.75–91.49%) in frying after washing when compared to β-cyfluthrin (76.29–84.01%). Red hot pepper and soil collected at 30 days (harvest time) after final spray were found free from pesticide contamination at all test doses.

Role Model a Tool towards Cross Training in Improving Team Performance

Manufacturing (Globally and in India) is saturating and there are no breakthrough innovations and hence sales is under pressure. While we wait for innovation new products to take over, the manufacturing is focusing for competitiveness and optimize the resources. TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) is an important tool to bring the change, the tool ensures that by total participation and by effective implementation of TPM concepts Resource optimization can be achieved. There are 34641 Companies in the world and 3692 in India who have been certified by JIPM (Japan Institute of planned maintenance) for effective use of TPM and achieving the change in the form of results.7 plants has been certified in Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt Ltd. These companies are building High performance teams to move TPM to next levels. The challenge is labour flexibility and hence Labour flexibility is important issue in the design and development of “High performance teams “. TPM has many training tools and focuses more on relay training, Cross training builds on relay training. Hindustan Coca-Cola beverages pvt ltd has used the cross training in 2 plants and in 4 lines. A group of 15 operators were formed as Shilpakar ( Architect ),they were positive , influencing others and some of them were individualistic and not team player, some of them were also union leaders. This team was rejuvenated with their self-esteem, and with right attitudes, Team work, Sincerity and discipline which was hidden got exposed and blossomed. One of the executive (coach ) lead the activities with behavioural training programs - they were then rewarded with the leadership appreciation, this followed with Multi Skilling and bought team- work , self-respect and trust within the team. The team also had social side of family trekking and Training the Street vendor in FSSAI (Food safety &amp; authorities of India) requirements. This team then was adequately recognised, rewarded and had achieved special status in the plant. Looking at this team, next set of operators had aspirations and were readily agreed to learn from this role model team. The role model team could train 4 more groups. Executives were mentors and reviewed the progress and review the progress of the new team. Once done they were recognised and appreciated.

Mitigation pathways towards national ambient air quality standards in India

Exposure to ambient particulate matter is a leading risk factor for environmental public health in India. While Indian authorities implemented several measures to reduce emissions from the power, industry and transportation sectors over the last years, such strategies appear to be insufficient to reduce the ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration below the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 40 μg/m3 across the country. This study explores pathways towards achieving the NAAQS in India in the context of the dynamics of social and economic development. In addition, to inform action at the subnational levels in India, we estimate the exposure to ambient air pollution in the current legislations and alternative policy scenarios based on simulations with the GAINS integrated assessment model. The analysis reveals that in many of the Indian States emission sources that are outside of their immediate jurisdictions make the dominating contributions to (population-weighted) ambient pollution levels of PM2.5. Consequently, most of the States cannot achieve significant improvements in their air quality and population exposure on their own without emission reductions in the surrounding regions, and any cost-effective strategy requires regionally coordinated approaches. Advanced technical emission control measures could provide NAAQS-compliant air quality for 60% of the Indian population. However, if combined with national sustainable development strategies, an additional 25% population will be provided with clean air, which appears to be a significant co-benefit on air quality (totaling 85%).

Knowledge Sharing Concept, Attitude and Influencing Factors: A Case with Indian Academic Librarians

The objective of the study is to examine the librarians’ attitude towards knowledge sharing including its concept, potential benefits, communication channels, and influencing factors that may motivate or hinder knowledge sharing practices in academic libraries in India. A questionnaire was used for data collection, 91 LIS professionals from Indian academic libraries were surveyed. In addition, 10 in-depth interviews were conducted. The findings of the study show that understanding of knowledge sharing concepts among librarians is varied though most of them perceived knowledge sharing as “dissemination or exchange of knowledge (explicit and tacit) from one individual to another individual or group of people”. Moreover, librarians have a positive attitude towards knowledge sharing and believe that knowledge sharing improves the learning process and individual competencies as well as enhance the efficiency of library operations and services. Furthermore, email was found as the most preferred communication channel because of its accessibility, convenience, and personal warmness. Conspicuously, public recognition, rewards, knowledge self-efficacy and develop relations with colleagues were identified as key motivators and on the contrary, lack of trust, personal animosity, technological support and nepotism were found to be the major barriers for knowledge sharing practices. The findings of this study may be useful to the university authorities in India in designing and implementing an all-inclusive knowledge sharing strategy for LIS professionals.