Audiovisual Translation Research Research Articles

STRATEGY ON AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION OF ENOLA HOLMES NETFLIX MOVIE SUBTITLE

<span>The article discusses translation strategies of Audiovisual Translation engaged with the movie on Netflix. The research concentrates on translation strategies involved in the AVT subtitle case of an adventure mystery genre in the Netflix movie, Enola Holmes to know the relations. This is an audiovisual translation research in a qualitative descriptive, along with data collecting of English and Indonesian subtitles of Enola Holmes Netflix movie. From the findings, it found nine strategies applied in translating the subtitle of Enola Holmes movie. The domination as the most used strategies is condensation, transfer, and paraphrase, and deletion strategy. The domination strategies produce the final product of subtitles from SL to TL in line with the rules of AVT. Meanwhile, the rest of the least strategies used are expansion, imitation, resignation, decimation, and transcription strategy. The least translation strategies used do not involve much because the strategies contrast with the genre of the movie. Additionally, all of the translation strategies are helpful to produce the efficient subtitles and deliver the original message properly which also does not cross the line of the rules in AVT.</span>

Analyzing the Encoding/Decoding of the Transnational Audiovisual Discourse of ISIS in Netflix’s Caliphate

Reception studies have become an essential element in the audiovisual translation research. In fact, the transnational turn in the study of media audiences has led to a reciprocity between reception studies and audiovisual translation research. This study aims at conducting a semiotic analysis of the Arab viewers’ reception of the Arabic subtitling of Netflix’s Swedish series Caliphate. Hence, the study poses the question of how the Arab audience incorporate the dominant audiovisual discourse about ISIS, which is semiotically encoded by Netflix through the medium of subtitling. To better understand Netflix’s dominant ISIS discourse, the study examines the socio-political context involved in the framing of this televised discourse. The study is product-oriented since it investigates the reception of Netflix’s ISIS audiovisual discourse by transnational audience. This investigation is conducted through applying Hall’s (1973) Encoding/Decoding model. The model assesses how audiences play an active role in decoding the media messages and discourses that target them. Decoding takes place within a milieu of ideological, political, social and economic contexts. The interplay between these contexts defines how audiences can choose to either incorporate or to resist the ideologically-driven messages delivered to them in the form of audiovisual discourses. This study proves that as part of the broader transnational audience, Arab audience subscribes to a preferred reading of the ISIS audiovisual discourse formed by Netflix.

Analyzing the Encoding/Decoding of the Transnational Audiovisual Discourse of ISIS in Netflix’s Caliphate

Reception studies have become an essential element in the audiovisual translation research. In fact, the transnational turn in the study of media audiences has led to a reciprocity between reception studies and audiovisual translation research. This study aims at conducting a semiotic analysis of the Arab viewers’ reception of the Arabic subtitling of Netflix’s Swedish series

Strategy of Audiovisual Translation on Enola Holmes Netflix Movie Subtitle

The article discusses translation strategies of Audiovisual Translation engaged with the movie on Netflix. The research concentrates on translation strategies involved in the AVT subtitle case of an adventure mystery genre in the Enola Holmes Netflix movie to know the relation of translation strategies with AVT concept. This is an audiovisual translation research in a qualitative descriptive, along with data collecting of English and Indonesian subtitles of Enola Holmes Netflix movie. From the findings, it found nine strategies applied in translating the subtitle of Enola Holmes movie. The result reveals strategies found in translating the subtitle text into Indonesian shows the order from the dominant to the least which are condensation (27%), transfer (25%), paraphrase (24%), deletion (13%), expansion (5%), imitation (5%), resignation (1%), decimation (1%), and transcription (0%). Furthermore, it found two situations of the speech acts equivalency in the English into Indonesian subtitle text are equivalence (98%) and not equivalence (2%). Additionally, all of the translation strategies are helpful to produce the efficient subtitles and deliver the original message properly which also does not cross the line of the rules in AVT.

Addressing methodological issues in experimental research in audiovisual translation

Addressing methodological issues in experimental research in audiovisual translation

SPEECH ACTS EQUIVALENCE OF AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION ON ENOLA HOLMES NETFLIX MOVIE SUBTITLE

this research discusses the speech act equivalence involving translation of English-Indonesian subtitle of Enola Holmes Netflix movie. Since pragmatic equivalence is consider as to be the suitable one to be analyzed in Audiovisual Translation (AVT), this research look closely in case of translating the subtitle especially the movie with genre of adventure and mystery. This audiovisual translation research employs qualitative descriptive with the research design of content analysis. The data is taken from the subtitle Netflix movie of Enola Holmes. According to the result of this research, it shows some circumstances firstly the ST that is translated equivalent in its speech act can present the message equivalent with the context of the story. Secondly, the translation that cannot reach the speech act equivalency is less able to bring the context of the story into the TT translation. In addition, the implication exists in utterances present in ST can be conveyed in the TT if the speech act equivalency is achieved. Otherwise, the implication that exists in utterances present in ST cannot be portrayed in TT if the speech act equivalency cannot be achieved.

Preparing and comparing subtitles for quasi-experimental and experimental research in audiovisual translation studies

Abstract Empirical research on cognitive processing in AVT has been on the rise in recent years. A number of overarching works have recommended more standardised approaches and methodological frameworks to contribute to more streamlined, replicable, reproducible and valid future AVT research. To date, the issue of comparability of research materials (e.g., clips, subtitle tracks, comprehension questionnaires) and, more specifically, how to achieve comparability in quasi-experimental and experimental studies, particularly those involving repeated measures, has received little attention. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap by proposing a common-sense ten-step preparatory process for quasi-experimental and experimental subtitling studies. This preparatory process has previously been used in the S4AE project. The paper will focus on the final four steps, consisting of the preparation and comparison of multiple subtitle tracks. These steps were conceptualized taking into account the present research on subtitle parameters and the obstacles encountered while preparing comparable subtitle tracks.

Establishing a theoretical framework for AVT research

Abstract Empirical research on the cognitive processing of audiovisual translation (AVT) products has been thriving over the past decade. While the use of cutting-edge experimental tools such as eye trackers has drawn increasing scholarly attention and accelerated the progress in understanding the complex mental processes involved in the reception of multimodal AVT products, relatively less attention has been devoted to the importance of establishing a theoretical framework or cognitive model that can explain and predict the behaviours observed in empirical experiments. By reviewing numerous theories or cognitive models relevant to AVT research in explaining how different perceptual and cognitive systems operate for understanding multimodal products, this paper calls for engagement with these theoretical frameworks and models to work towards a robust model that can generate testable hypotheses for the integration and interaction of multiple sources of information involved in the processing of AVT or other multimodal products.

Speech Acts Equivalence of Audiovisual Translation on Enola Holmes Netflix Movie Subtitle

This research discusses the speech act equivalence involves in audiovisual translation of English-Indonesian subtitle on Enola Holmes Netflix movie. Since pragmatic equivalence is consider as to be the suitable one to be analyzed in Audiovisual Translation (AVT), this research look closely in case of translating the subtitle especially the movie with genre of adventure and mystery. This audiovisual translation research employs qualitative descriptive with the research design of content analysis. Also, there is involvement of analysis contrastive to be able to figure out the speech act equivalency. The data is taken from the subtitle Netflix movie of Enola Holmes. According to the result of this research, it shows some circumstances firstly the ST that is translated equivalent according to the speech act type can present the message equivalent with the context of the story. Secondly, the translation that cannot reach the speech act equivalency is less able to bring the context of the story into the TT translation. In addition, the implication exists in utterances present in ST can be conveyed in the TT if the speech act equivalency is achieved. Otherwise, there are also found that implication which exists in utterances present in ST cannot be portrayed in TT if the speech act equivalency cannot be achieved.

Methodological Preparation of a Within-Subject Audiovisual Cognition, Reception and Perception Study

In the past decade, cognitive empirical AVT research has been on the rise. The majority of these studies are between-subject studies, focused on subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH). The few experimental studies that are aimed at other audiences tend to have small sample sizes. Within-subject studies are rarely used in experimental AVT cognition, reception and perception research, although they can increase statistical power due to the repeated testing and shed light on the idiosyncratic nature of the matter. This paper pleads for the introduction of complementary within-subject designs by illustrating the contrasts between the within-subject and between-subject research design. Drawing from the broader spectrum of Translation Studies and the case of the Subtitles for Access to Education (S4AE) research project, this paper highlights obstacles in the preparation of a within-subject AVT cognition, reception and perception experiment and proposes a possible approach to prepare similar within-subject AVT studies. Lay summary In the past decade, experimental research into Audiovisual Translation (AVT), such as subtitles, has been on the rise. A common problem in this research, however, is a lack of participants. With fewer participants, the accuracy and generalizability of a study remains limited. To cope with this issue, this paper recommends the use of within-subject designs alongside the more common between-subject designs (mixed designs). A within-subject design study tests the same participants in multiple conditions and essentially collects more data per participant. Furthermore, as the same participant is tested multiple times, individual differences no longer play a role and different test conditions can be compared more easily. Currently, the use of within-subject or mixed designs is limited in AVT research. A within-subject study should be carefully prepared as a number of factors could influence the results. For example, participants could become tired after multiple tests or there could be an unwanted difference between the test conditions. This paper proposes a ten-step process to prepare a within-subject AVT study. This paper only discusses the first six steps, which deal with producing and comparing core materials for the study. The production and comparison of subtitles (AVT) will be discussed in a future article.

A systematic review of experimental research in audiovisual translation 1992–2020

Abstract This study systematically reviewed 61 experimental studies on audiovisual translation (AVT), published in academic journals between 1992 and 2020. The review examined five aspects of these studies: publication trends, research scopes, research designs, statistical procedures, and reporting practices. Major findings include: (a) there has been a slight concentration of publication outlets for experimental AVT research; (b) the focal studies could be categorized into three themes (product, process, and pedagogy), with the product theme being the most popular and subtitling the dominant AVT modality; (c) the inclusion of a comparison group was the most common design feature, and questionnaires and tests were the most popular research instruments; (d) inferential statistical analysis was favored over descriptive statistical analysis; (e) data normality information and effect sizes were not regularly reported. Based on the systematic review, suggestions are made for the future development of experimental AVT research.

The reception of swearing in film dubbing: a cross-cultural case study

ABSTRACT Swear words express and arouse emotions and due to their taboo-contravening origin are charged with an offensive potential. By mirroring the functions they perform in real life, they contribute to the makeup of audiovisual language and intensify filmic speech. Although swearing has long attracted the attention of audiovisual translation research, little consideration has been paid to viewers’ reactions. To address this gap, the present paper engages with the reception of swear words in film dubbing, while exploring the differences across two distinct linguacultures. Through a questionnaire-based methodology, it compares two groups of Italian and Spanish university students and their reactions to dubbed vis-à-vis domestic film clips. The results suggest that both Italian and Spanish groups’ tolerance for swearing onscreen is quite high. The Spanish participants, however, appear to be more lenient towards this phenomenon and more permissive with the staging of potentially offensive language in home productions. By contrast, Italian participants show similar levels of acceptance when they react to swearing in dubbing and Italian filmic speech. The two groups’ overall responses and their diverging orientations are discussed with reference to the cross-linguistic and intercultural dimensions of film viewing and distinctive preferences in audiovisual discourse.

INTRODUCING MULTIDISCIPLINARY CREATIVE SUBTITLING IN TEACHING AUDIOVISUAL TRANSLATION A CASE STUDY DURING THE PANDEMIC

More than 100 empirical studies document that subtitling a video improves comprehension of the video. Standard subtitling practices have long been governed by the constraints of the field. In spite of the increased awareness of the need to develop subtitling practices along with new technologies, subtitling practitioners continue to have their hands tied by the constraints of the field and the norms of the profession. In contrast with the restrictions imposed by subtitling norms, recent research has returned to the possibility of creativity in subtitling. Further recent research in audiovisual translation (AVT) has begun to turn towards a multidisciplinary approach. A descriptive qualitative design is deemed to be an appropriate mode of inquiry for this study. The study was conducted at Politeknik Negeri Malang and the participants were students of D3 Study Program in English who have completed their subtitling course. The results illustrated that students agreed that multidisciplinary creative subtitling helps them make the video more interesting. Additionally, it was identified that the need for learning the technology towards preparing the creative subtitling is high.

Film Subtitling: A New Research Genre in Africa

Subtitling is one of the modalities or modes of language transfer like dubbing, voice-over and audio-description which are used in the area of screen translation or audiovisual translation (AVT). It has a fairly long history and is an ever-growing specialisation across the globe. It is firmly established in such European countries as Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Finland, Norway and Sweden, in Israel, in Australia, and in a few countries of Asia such as Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan and of South America such as Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. In Africa, subtitling is an emerging university discipline in the field of Translation Studies (TS). It is gaining ground in such countries as Cameroun, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Egypt, Zambia, and South Africa.While research in subtitling is far advanced in Europe and other parts of the world, Africa is lagging so far behind that it is always under-represented at international AVT conferences. It is against this background that the present paper deals with the status of subtitling as a new research genre in Africa. The purpose of this paper is thus to sensitise the students and other researchers in translation to the potentialities that subtitling offers in the African context. The hypothesis underlying the paper is that subtitling is both a burgeoning and captivating area of study and that it opens new avenues in AVT research.

Perspectives on Complex Understandings

This special issue contains a peer-reviewed selection of papers presented at Media for All 9: Complex understandings, a conference which took place in Stockholm in 2019. This introduction links the 15 articles included in this special issue to the conference theme, which is also the theme of this volume: complex understandings. The ultimate aim of the research presented here is to throw light on the various and complex perspectives, processes, views and agents involved in audiovisual translation and media accessibility. This introductory article highlight the main points of the different papers, and it also organises the contributions according to the different perspectives they take: product-based studies, process-based studies, training-based studies, user-based studies and policy-based studies. Overall, this volume offers a thorough overview of state-of-the-art research in audiovisual translation and media accessibility.

The Patriotism and the Heroism Embedded in the Subtitles of Chinese-English Movies: The Mission of “Main Melody” Films

The dissemination of audiovisual products has played an indispensable role in shaping ideological propaganda and national influence in China. The “Main Melody” are the films that serve to propagandize the mainstream ideology of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). As a typical example of this genre, Wolf Warrior II (《战狼2》) (2017) has been the top-grossing film in the Chinese mainland since its release in July 2017. The science fiction film The Wandering Earth ( 《流浪地球》) (2019), with its subtle implication of “Main Melody”, quickly ranks as the third. Meanwhile, the action movie Operation Red Sea (《红海行动》) (2018), which advocates the element of “Main Melody”, has been ranked fifth in the Chinese mainland box office. In this paper, I will move beyond the conventional linguistic research in audiovisual translation to focus on the ideology revealed through the subtitles of this specific film genre. By considering the movies as multilingual texts targeted for both Chinese audiences and English-speaking audiences, I seek to explore the ideology reflected in the subtitles of the films by probing into several questions through the paper including: What stereotyped image does China still hold towards the West? What kind of image does the CCP and the Chinese government attempt to portray China as in the mind of Chinese audiences and English-speaking audiences?

Ocean’s Eleven Scene 12: the sample as methodological cogitation – rationale and data

This Special Issue on Audiovisual Translation and Interdisciplinarity has two interrelated goals: to promote methodological sensitivity and robustness in audiovisual translation research; and to gi...

Interview with Prof. Frederic Chaume

On the 19th of September 2019 Vilnius University, Kaunas Faculty welcomed a world-class researcher, Professor of audiovisual translation at Universitat Jaume I (Spain) and Honorary Professor at University College London (UK) Frederic Chaume. During a five-day visit, he presented a series of lectures and workshops titled Multimodal Research in Audiovisual Translation: Translation Paradigm of AVT Products in 2019.

한국 영화 영어 더빙 곁텍스트 분석 : 1960-70년대 영화 세 편을 중심으로

The vast majority of Korea’s early film was lost due to negligence. Yet, there are English-dubbed versions of four Korean films that survived the decades: Yongary, Monsters from the Deep(1967), A Fierce Animal (1969), A Deaf Mute Sam-Yong-Yi in sad love(1973), and Disarmament(1975). These English-dubbed versions do not have the originals to compare with, which requires the need to look into their paratexts. Although the notion of the paratext has gained some currency in translation studies, existing research into paratext in translation studies tends to be contained in the realm of literary works upon which Genette(1997)’s paratext concept was originally based. Paratextual research in audiovisual translation is a relatively unexplored area toward which it may seem desirable to turn our attention. Paratextual studies can also deepen our understanding of the cultural and sociological factors affecting translation process and reception in the target culture. All of the aforementioned films are analyzed with paratextual elements in dubbing, which are put forward by Matalama(2011). The findings will show how dubbed versions might be different from their originals by investigating their paratextual elements. The study will also demonstrate how these Korean films were re-edited or localized in order to cater to the needs of the target audience.

Chinese cinema in Spain

AbstractAudiovisual translation has become one of the main means of communication between cultures. Although the number of Chinese films that reach Spanish audiences is rather limited, the cinema is still a very powerful tool in bridging the gap between these two cultures. This paper aims to give an overview of the situation of Chinese cinema in Spain through audiovisual translation. In order to do so, a database of 500 Chinese films translated into Spanish has been created. For each film, different types of information organized into three blocks have been collected: firstly, data regarding the source film in Chinese; secondly, data on the translated film; and finally, information about paratexts related to the film in Chinese, Spanish and English. Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of our data the main trends in Chinese-Spanish audiovisual translation from the mid-1970s to today are shown. Our results identify the most popular Chinese directors and the main genres and translation modalities. We point out the role of the translator and the importance of mediating languages; and, finally, we highlight the significance of distribution channels, particularly film festivals. This article aims at filling the gap with regard to research in audiovisual translation as an intercultural exchange between China and Spain.