Attitudinal Variables Research Articles

Intersections Around Ambivalent Sexism: Internalized Homonegativity, Resistance to Heteronormativity and Other Correlates.

This article explores the connections between the construct of sexism and other sociodemographic and attitudinal variables, such as internalized homonegativity and heteronormative resistances, among psychology students. Both unrefined and inferential analyses were used with a representative sample of 841 psychology students from public universities in Madrid. Results showed higher levels of sexism, internalized homonegativity and low resistances to heteronormativity among groups of men, heterosexuals and conservatives. Interactions were found that showed a higher degree of hostile sexism in: heterosexual people with respect to LGB and heterosexual men with respect to heterosexual women. Also, interactions were found to show a greater degree of heteronormative resistance in: LGB people with respect to heterosexuals and left-wing women with respect to right-wing women. Correlations with sexism varied according to gender identity and sexual orientation. In addition, heteronormative resistances correlated negatively with sexism, while some components of internalized homonegativity correlated positively. Political affiliation was the most frequent predictor of sexism. The results highlight the need for an intersectional approach to understanding the phenomenon of sexism.

English

This study used a count data model to analyse the factors that affect fish consumption in Qatar after the blockade; aiming for effective evaluation, formulation and implementation, of policies for the fishery sector. To achieve this, the community of Qatar is divided into three groups based on their fish consumption rate: high, moderate, and low consumer. The determinants of fish consumption were confirmed using the Poisson model, namely demographic and attitude variables. The findings showed that consumption rates were high (90%); both Qataris and White-collars belonged to the moderate consumers group (52 and 41%, respectively), while Blue-collars occupied the larger portion of the highest consumer category (36%). Fish consumption determinants in Qatar with positive effect included employment, health awareness, and number of children; in contrast, negative determinants included higher level of education, high price, and accessibility to purchase fish.  The study is the first to focus on socio-economics and attitudinal variables to understand the factors that determine fish consumption that in turn, encourages policy formulation. The study supports the government policy to open foreign investment opportunities to meet consumption demands and preserve marine resources. Furthermore, managers may use information on fish species to manage fish stock, especially identifying fish species that are highly consumed. They will therefore formulate the necessary policies for sustainable marine fishery. Key words: Marine, consumption, Qatar, blockade, tilapia, sustainability.

The impact of mixed emotions on judgements: a naturalistic study during the FIFA world cup

ABSTRACT Experiencing mixed emotions, a combination of two oppositely-valenced emotions, has been shown to reduce bias in decision making and improve the accuracy of judgements made. However, most previous research has been limited to laboratory-based experiments. In this pre-registered study, we looked at mixed emotions and judgements in the naturalistic context of watching sport during the FIFA world cup. N = 80 participants reported on mixed emotions before and after each England game during the World Cup, and made score predictions for each game, collecting a total of k = 480 observations. We used a lagged-effect design and multilevel modelling to analyse the data. We found that participants who felt more mixed emotions at the end of a match made significantly more likely score predictions in the following match, indicating that experiencing stronger mixed emotions subsequently predicted more reasonable judgements. This result was supported even after controlling for a number of affective, attitudinal, and socio-demographic variables. This provides evidence that naturally occurring mixed emotions are related to improved real-world judgements. The evidence is discussed through the lens of fantasy realisation theory, and the importance of feeling mixed during decisions involving puzzling or uncertain outcomes is emphasised.

Role of developing language attitudes in a study abroad context on adoption of dialectal pronunciations

AbstractThis study examines how language attitudes play a role in the adoption of dialectal variants in second language (L2) pronunciation in a study abroad context. Twenty‐four North American university students participating in a 6‐week program in Buenos Aires, Argentina, were administered pre and posttest questionnaires and a posttest oral production task to determine how different background and attitudinal variables relate to production of two Argentine dialectal sounds, lenited‐/s/ and assibilated pre‐palatal /ʃ ʒ/. Results show that though students did not produce lenited‐/s/ forms, use of dialectal /ʃ ʒ/ phones by the end of the program was high—but variable—across individuals. Dialect preference, feelings toward Spanish, and desire to sound native‐like were identified as predictors of use of dialectal /ʃ ʒ/. These findings illustrate how social variables play a role in target model accent preferences and adoption of dialectal sounds in L2 pronunciation in a study abroad context.

Beyond human error: An empirical study of the safety Model 1 and Model 2 approaches for predicting workers’ behaviors and outcomes with procedures

Procedures serve an important role as safety barriers in industries and can assist workers in executing tasks. However, several notable incidents have occurred, such as the Texas City Refinery and Piper Alpha disasters, where the lack of compliance with procedures was a contributing cause. Historically, much of the research and practice has focused on better controlling the workers' behaviors and increasing compliance through strict adherence to written procedures. Dekker (2003) refers to this as a Model 1 approach and compares it to a Model 2 approach where procedures are designed to be resources or tools to support workers' actions while performing a task. While the Model 1 posits that individual-level variables are more predictive of important outcomes, Model 2 suggests that individual and system-level variables are both important. The current empirical study (N = 174) sought to examine both system- and individual-level variables associated with behaviors and outcomes in procedural systems to support the need to include Model 2 in procedural systems research and practice. Results indicated that attitudinal individual-level variables regarding procedure utility and compliance uniquely predicted relevant criteria (deviations, use, and incident-near-miss rates) in multiple regression models. Additionally, we found that system-level variables did improve two out of three models, and procedure quality perceptions were a significant system-level predictor in all of the full regression models. These results illustrate the importance of moving away from an exclusive Model 1 approach to safety and procedures in high-risk, industrial organizations.

Reporting animal crime: Individual, family, and community influences

ABSTRACT In this study, I borrow from Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model to examine motivations to report animal crime. I argue that such motivations are related to individual traits, early socialization, and attitudes toward animals, as well as the neighborhood context of social control. Using survey data from 494 respondents, I analyze the effects of demographic and personality characteristics, attitudinal variables, and neighborhood informal social control on one’s own reporting of animal crime, as well as their perceptions that neighbors would report such crime. Results indicated that individuals are more likely to report animal crime if they have previously witnessed animal abuse, possess attitudes that promote animal violence as just as significant as human violence, and support punitive measures for animal abusers. Neighborhood informal social control exerted a negative effect on animal crime reporting, so respondents who live in neighborhoods higher in informal social control are less likely to report animal crime. But neighborhood informal social control had a positive effect on perceptions of neighbor’s reporting of animal crime. Implications for theory, future research, practice, and policy are discussed.

“CodePlus”—Measuring Short-Term Efficacy in a Non-Formal, All-Female CS Outreach Programme

The provision of all-female computer science outreach programmes is a common strategy used to foster greater interest in the subject for high school aged girls. Based on key factors that affect girls’ interest in computer science (CS), outreach programmes often share much in their approach. Nonetheless, there is criticism from a research perspective concerning how programmes evaluate their efficacy, and how the role of pedagogy is under-explored. This article describes the design of CodePlus, a non-formal CS outreach programme based in an Irish University, Trinity College Dublin, and the methods by which the programme is evaluated. This article aims to contribute to this area by reporting on a social constructivist pedagogical model for all-female CS outreach activities, evaluated with a structured research approach. The results from the large sample size ( n =856) are positive, with participants showing statistically significant changes in key attitudinal and intentional variables concerning girls’ interest in studying computer science.

An evaluation of whether propensity score adjustment can remove the self-selection bias inherent to web panel surveys addressing sensitive health behaviours

BackgroundIn health research, population estimates are generally obtained from probability-based surveys. In market research surveys are frequently conducted from volunteer web panels. Propensity score adjustment (PSA) is often used at analysis to try to remove bias in the web survey, but empirical evidence of its effectiveness is mixed. We assess the ability of PSA to remove bias in the context of sensitive sexual health research and the potential of web panel surveys to replace or supplement probability surveys.MethodsFour web panel surveys asked a subset of questions from the third British National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). Five propensity scores were generated for each web survey. The scores were developed from progressively larger sets of variables, beginning with demographic variables only and ending with demographic, sexual identity, lifestyle, attitudinal and sexual behaviour variables together. The surveys were weighted to match Natsal-3 based on propensity score quintiles. The performance of each survey and weighting was assessed by calculating the average ‘absolute’ odds ratio (inverse of the odds ratio if less than 1) across 22 pre-specified sexual behaviour outcomes of interest comparing the weighted web survey with Natsal-3. The average standard error across odds ratios was examined to assess the impact of weighting upon variance.ResultsPropensity weighting reduced bias relative to Natsal-3 as more variables were added for males, but had little effect for females, and variance increased for some surveys. Surveys with more biased estimates before propensity weighting showed greater reduction in bias from adjustment. Inconsistencies in performance were evident across surveys and outcomes. For most surveys and outcomes any reduction in bias was only partial and for some outcomes the bias increased.ConclusionsEven after propensity weighting using a rich range of information, including some sexual behaviour variables, some bias remained and variance increased for some web surveys. Whilst our findings support the use of PSA for web panel surveys, the reduction in bias is likely to be partial and unpredictable, consistent with the findings from market research. Our results do not support the use of volunteer web panels to generate unbiased population health estimates.

Job satisfaction, distributive justice, perceived absence legitimacy and the role of turnover intentions: an exploratory study in Ghana

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and distributive justice on employee perceptions of absence legitimacy. This paper also examined the moderating effects of turnover intentions on the relevant relationships.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used convenience sampling to collect data from 298 employees working in private and public sector organizations in the manufacturing and service sectors in Ghana. Drawing on institutional theory, this study investigates the effects of employee perceptions of the legitimacy of absenteeism on their attitudes toward their job and pay. Structural equation modeling was used to test the direct and moderation effects.FindingsJob satisfaction and perceived distributive justice were found to be significantly related to the absence of legitimacy. Additionally, turnover intentions moderated the relationship between job satisfaction and absence legitimacy; however, unexpectedly, this was associated only marginally with distributive justice.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this study was that it was cross-sectional, but the analysis did not show a common method bias. This study was conducted in a developing country where valid and accurate absence data are non-existent. The hypotheses were supported. When employees felt a sense of inequity and were dissatisfied with their jobs, they were likely to perceive absenteeism as legitimate behavior. These relationships were more pronounced when employees intended to leave their organizations.Practical implicationsFrom a practical standpoint, as employees are likely to engage in absenteeism as a means to reduce their perceptions of imbalance and because absenteeism is a costly behavior, it would be in the employer’s best interest to mitigate these high costs. It behooves employers to comprehend the factors that lead to the legitimization of absences. Doing so, they would be able to implement attendance management systems and strategies that would delegitimize some of these factors, thus improving attendance and potentially increasing productivity and job satisfaction and reducing turnover intentions.Originality/valueThis study contributes to absenteeism research because, unlike most studies in the area, it examined employee cognitions of the behavior. Such cognitions should provide insights into how employee perceptions of the legitimacy of absences would affect attitudinal variables such as job satisfaction, feelings of equity and turnover intentions. Moreover, even though the study was conducted in Ghana, absence legitimacy can be investigated in different settings at different levels of analysis. This is because it is free from contamination such as, dissimilar absence reporting systems within and across organizations and nations that affect the validity and accuracy of absence data.

The Impact of Medical Cannabis on Intermittent and Chronic Opioid Users with Back Pain: How Cannabis Diminished Prescription Opioid Usage

Objective: To determine if cannabis may be used as an alternative or adjunct treatment for intermittent and chronic prescription opioid users. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: A single-center cannabis medical practice site in California. Patients: A total of 180 patients who had a chief complaint of low back pain were identified (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, code M54.5). Sixty-one patients who used prescription opioids were analyzed. Interventions: Cannabis recommendations were provided to patients as a way to mitigate their low back pain. Outcome Measures: Number of patients who stopped opioids and change in morphine equivalents. Results: There were no between-group differences based on demographic, experiential, or attitudinal variables. We found that 50.8% were able to stop all opioid usage, which took a median of 6.4 years (IQR=1.75-11 years) after excluding two patients who transitioned off opioids by utilizing opioid agonists. For those 29 patients (47.5%) who did not stop opioids, 9 (31%) were able to reduce opioid use, 3 (10%) held the same baseline, and 17 (59%) increased their usage. Forty-eight percent of patients subjectively felt like cannabis helped them mitigate their opioid intake but this sentiment did not predict who actually stopped opioid usage. There were no variables that predicted who stopped opioids, except that those who used higher doses of cannabis were more likely to stop, which suggests that some patients might be able to stop opioids by using cannabis, particularly those who are dosed at higher levels. Conclusions: In this long-term observational study, cannabis use worked as an alternative to prescription opioids in just over half of patients with low back pain and as an adjunct to diminish use in some chronic opioid users.

Black Sociologists and Civic Engagement

Black sociologists have a long history of correlating their professional and personal lives through civic engagement. This study considers the status of Black sociologists by focusing on their efforts to enhance the life chances and quality of life in the Black community through both political and non-political processes. Informed by research on civic engagement in the Black community and quantitative analyses, this project examines the influence of demographics, professional affiliations, attitudes, and interaction indicators on the time and money donated weekly toward civic engagement for a cadre of 146 Black sociologists. Results show that the amount of time and money contributed toward civic engagement is influenced by: attitudinal variables about civic-mindedness; excitement about the efforts of civic organizations in which Black sociologists are most active; and the breadth of social services offered by those organizations. Although involvement in a national, predominately Black civic organization does not influence civic engagement, older individuals who are most active in Black Greek organizations contribute more time to civic engagement compared with their peers; females who are most active in Black Greek organizations contribute more money to civic engagement than their peers. Implications for strategic civic involvement, policies, and cause competition among Black sociologists are suggested.

Non‐Pecuniary Effects of Sugar‐Sweetened Beverage Policies

Debate about the economic impacts of sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes have largely focused on pecuniary effects, but evidence has emerged that taxes could also convey information about what consumers “should” be doing. Disentangling the pecuniary and non‐pecuniary (or non‐price) effects using market data is a significant challenge. To address this issue, we study consumer choices in a simulated market environment in experimental conditions where we vary the reasons respondents are given for the cause of the price hike. We also study responses to a ban on large‐sized sodas, where the stated causes of the ban are randomly varied across respondents. We utilized random parameter logit models and use difference‐in‐difference estimates to identify the non‐pecuniary effect of a SSB tax and a large soda ban on SSB market shares. Our initial study, conducted in 2016, revealed significant non‐pecuniary effects, with soda choices falling less dramatically when subjects knew prices increased because of a soda tax. However, replications and extensions conducted in 2019 show no consistent non‐pecuniary effects. There is considerable heterogeneity across respondents in the difference‐in‐difference estimates, which is only partially explained by demographic or measured attitudinal variables. Results of this study emphasize the importance of carrying out replications and suggest, at least in the context of our experiment, non‐pecuniary effects are small relative to the traditional economic drivers.

Effectiveness of a brief versus a comprehensive social marketing program

PurposeGamified and engaging school-based alcohol social marketing programs have demonstrated effectiveness; however, wide-scale dissemination of these programs is limited by their resource-intensive character. The purpose of this paper is to address this limitation, a brief alcohol social marketing pilot program was derived from a comprehensive alcohol social marketing program to compare effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 115 14–16-year-old adolescents from six secondary schools participated in the brief alcohol social marketing pilot program. Program effectiveness was assessed using repeated measure analysis on adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes, social norms, self-efficacy and intentions to binge drink. Results were compared with the comprehensive social marketing program and a control group.FindingsThe brief pilot program produced statistically significant outcomes for the same measures as the comprehensive program across attitudinal variables, descriptive norms and opportunistic self-efficacy.Research limitations/implicationsConverting existing social marketing programs into brief alternates is more cost-effective and, in this case, demonstrated better outcome effects. However, findings are limited as in-depth comparisons were hindered by changes to content across program modes. No process for converting comprehensive programs into brief alternates was identified prior to this study, and therefore a number of considerations for program alteration were derived from program facilitator experiences.Originality/valueThe findings provide initial evidence that a brief version of an existing comprehensive program can be an effective alternate to more resource-intensive programs under more cost-effective circumstances for program developers and facilitators.

Public preferences for post 2020 agri-environmental policy in the Czech Republic: A choice experiment approach

In November 2017 European Union commission presented a communication report summarizing the reform proposal of the post 2020 Common Agriculture Policy (CAP). The reform aims to address the environmental degradation associated with agricultural production as well as change in the structure of CAP payments. To this end, the Ministry of Agriculture in Czech Republic is preparing to set its priorities towards CAP’s reform. In this study we applied a choice experiment to investigate the public preferences for a set of environmental goods and services delivered by agri-environment-climatic voluntary measures (AECMs). A mixed logit model is employed to elicit preferences and explore their heterogeneity. We find that respondents oppose strongly funding removal. Among environmental attributes, water and food quality are the ones with the highest implicit marginal willingness-to-pay values. Preferences for no funding option are heterogeneous with socio-demographic and attitudinal variables explaining some sources of this heterogeneity. A continuation of national funding for the AECMs is expected to lead to a better state of environment with an anticipated positive welfare change of 669–932 mil EUR as opposed to funding removal. The change reflects the estimated welfare change resulting from moving from a low to a medium or to a high preservation state of agri-environmental attributes. We also project the budget change for AECMs considering the level of national funding and given the transfer share between Pillar I and II. Based on our results, we suggest that national funding can be informed by the welfare change scenarios and transfer shares are projected accordingly.

Implicit language attitudes in Catalonia (Spain): investigating preferences for Catalan or Spanish using the Implicit Association Test

ABSTRACT In line with the increased interest in studying implicit language attitudes, this study aims to explore implicit attitudes towards Catalan and Spanish in the multicultural and multilingual context of Catalonia (Spain) using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). A sample of 113 adolescents completed the IAT and a set of explicit measures of attitudinal and motivational variables. Results show a general preference for Catalan over Spanish. However, differences appear when home language is taken into consideration, as participants tend to prefer their home language. The paper discusses the relationship between implicit and explicit attitudes, highlighting the importance of incorporating implicit measures in language attitudes research in Catalonia.

The Structure of the Mini-K and K-SF-42 : A Psychological Network Approach.

Life history theory is a fruitful source of testable hypotheses about human individual differences. However, this field of study is beset by unresolved debates about basic concepts and methods. One of these controversies concerns the usefulness of instruments that purport to tap a unidimensional life history (LH) factor based on a set of self-reported personality, social, and attitudinal variables. Here, we take a novel approach to analyzing the psychometrics of two variants of the Arizona Life History Battery: the Mini-K and the K-SF-42. Psychological network analysis generates models in which psychological variables (thoughts, feelings, or behaviors) comprise the nodes of a network, while partial correlation coefficients between these variables comprise the edges of the network. Centrality indices (strength, closeness, and betweenness) operationalize each node's importance based on the pattern of the connections in which that node plays a role. Because childhood environments are hypothesized to influence adult LH, we tested the hypothesis that among the Mini-K items, and the K-SF-42 scales, those that tap relationships with parents are central to the networks (pairwise Markov random fields) constructed from these instruments. In an MTurk sample and an undergraduate sample that completed the Mini-K, and an MTurk sample that completed the K-SF-42, this hypothesis was falsified. Indeed, the "relationships with parents" items were among the most peripheral in all three networks. We propose that network analysis, as an alternative to latent variable modeling, offers considerable potential to test hypotheses about the input-output mappings of specific evolved psychological mechanisms.

Preferences for lion and tiger bone wines amongst the urban public in China and Vietnam

A controversial, multifaceted debate surrounds the trade in commercially captive-bred (farmed) lion skeletons. A prominent topic relates to relative preferences for tiger and lion bone in Asian consumer countries. To contribute preliminary information on this subject we conducted the first quantitative study to assess the consumer preferences of the urban public in China and Vietnam for lion versus tiger and wild versus farmed bone wine products. Using an online questionnaire we ranked respondents’ stated preference for wild tiger, farmed tiger, wild lion, and farmed lion bone, and tested for the effect of demographic and attitudinal variables on product preferences. Our findings indicate that in both China and Vietnam tiger bone wine is greatly preferred over lion bone wine, and that respondents showed high levels of fidelity to their choice of farmed or wild designation across species. We emphasise the real-world complexity of lion and tiger bone product interactions and highlight opportunities for further in-depth study.

Does it matter where you live? Examining the impact of gender, gender egalitarianism and city context on the work–family interface

PurposeThis study asks the following research question: does “city” context interact with gender and gender egalitarianism (GE) to impact the positive (WFPOS – work–family positive spillover) and negative (WFC - work-family conflict) aspects of the work–family (WF) interface of working men and women in India.Design/methodology/approachMANCOVA analysis is used to examine data gathered from 250+ working men and women from eight different Indian cities that were ranked based on the 2018 Ease of Living (EOL) Index.FindingsThere was no significant main effect of gender on WF interface variables. Low levels of GE and low EOL were significantly associated with high levels of WFC and WFPOS. There was a significant interaction between gender, GE and city. An examination of within-gender differences indicated that in low-EOL cities, men and women with low values of GE (traditionals) had significantly higher time-based WFC than men and women with high values of GE (egalitarians). Additionally, traditional women reported higher WFPOS than egalitarian women. In high-EOL cities, traditional men reported significantly higher time-based WFC than egalitarian men. There were no significant differences between women.Research limitations/implicationsGender, along with gender-related attitudinal and contextual variables, does a better job of explaining variance in the WF interface as compared to gender alone. Results support the notion that high WFPOS and high WFC can co-occur in contexts of change and transition such as rapidly growing urban centers.Practical implicationsThe results have significance for work–family practitioners as well as urban city planners looking to improve the quality of work–life in India and other similar emerging market economies experiencing rapid urbanization.Originality/valueThe study extends work–family research by bringing aspects of urban planning and gender studies into an understanding of the work–family interface.

Exploring tertiary students' travel mode choices in Auckland: Insights and policy implications

It is crucial that policymakers and public transport operators comprehend tertiary students' travel mode choices and understand the factors that inform these choices in order to manage travel demands effectively and to optimise the use of public transport and improve its quality of service, particularly during the peak hours. This study aims to examine tertiary students' travel mode choices in Auckland, which is recognised as one of the most car-dependent cities in the world. The city is struggling with traffic congestion, particularly around its Central Business District (CBD) during peak hours. Auckland is New Zealand's largest city, with a population of 1.4 million residents. The main campuses of two major public universities, The University of Auckland (UoA) and Auckland University of Technology (AUT), are located in the CBD, attracting a large number of daily trips by both staff and students, particularly during the teaching semesters. However, there is a limited understanding of tertiary students' travel mode choices, particularly the factors that inform these choices when they travel to the universities' city campuses. A mixed methodology approach was used to comprehend the travel mode choices of students attending The University of Auckland and to identify the key factors that are drivers of these choices. The data collection included a questionnaire-based survey, which received 249 responses, and 10 semi-structured interviews with students. Thematic analysis was utilised to codify and then analyse the interviews. Despite the significant car dependency in Auckland, the survey demonstrated that most respondents utilised public transport and active modes when commuting to the university's city campus. Seven factors were identified that inform tertiary students' travel mode choices: cost, parking availability and cost, access to a car, travel time, physical environment, reliability, and attitudinal variables. The interviewees mostly argued that travel cost and lack of or limited access to a private car were the primary drivers of their travel mode choices. The study suggests that different stakeholders, such as Auckland Transport (AT) and The University of Auckland, should work collaboratively to provide an inclusive travel demand management policy. The university could rearrange classes for off-peak hours, and AT could offer tertiary students further discounts during these hours. These actions would result in the optimisation of public transport efficiency, improvement of the quality of the public transport service, and mitigation of traffic congestion around Auckland's Central Business District (CBD).

P24 Differences in College Students’ Decision Making Related to Sustainable Protein Choices

<h3>Background</h3> Protein choices are an important component of the environmental cost of the food system. It is important to consider the limited research done on protein choice decision making in college students. Students who are aware of their protein choices at the decision point in college may be more likely to practice sustainable food choices throughout their life. <h3>Objective</h3> To compare demographic, attitudinal and behavioral variables in college students between those who consistently think about the environmental impact of their protein choices (C) and those who are less concerned (L). <h3>Study Design, Setting, Participants</h3> Participants,18-24 years old, consenting to participate in this cross-sectional survey (n = 390), were recruited from introductory classes at a Northeastern university for extra credit. Participants were categorized by their response to "How often do you think about the impact of meat consumption on the environment?" with responses of "always" or "vegetarian" categorized as C and "sometimes" or "never" categorized as L. <h3>Measurable Outcome/Analysis</h3> Group (C and L) was compared using chi-square or t-test analysis for demographics, stage of change for environmentally conscious protein choice (EC), and green eating (GE), red meat consumption, and health consciousness. <h3>Results</h3> Participants were predominantly white (83%) females (80%); the mean age was 19.2 years old. C was more likely to include women (95%) (<i>P</i> < .001), be post-action for EC and GE (43%, 64%) (<i>P</i> < .001, <i>P</i> < .001) and eat less red meat (77%) (<i>P</i> < .001) than L. C (50%) was more concerned about their long-term health than L (24%) (<i>P</i> < .001). There was no significant difference between C and L in race, class standing, major, or residence. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Students who consistently thought about the environmental impact of meat consumption differed from those who did not by sex, attitudes, and behavior, but future research is needed to determine if this is associated with a more sustainable lifestyle.