Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method Research Articles

Easy and Rapid Detection of Grain Iron Content in Fingermillet [Eleusine Coracana (L.) Gaertn] Germplasm

In this study, a preliminary evaluation of grain iron content in fingermillet using Perls’ Prussian blue reagent, a stain for Fe 3+was established. Prussian blue solution of two per cent concentration was used in identifying grain iron content of genotypes based on the development of blue colour intensity. The rank correlation between measured grain Fe content and the colour intensity score was highly significant and positive (r = 0.62; P<0.01), indicating that higher the Fe content in the grain, more will be the intensity of blue colour developed. Pearls’ Prussian blue method could be effectively used as an initial method of screening and genotypes can be scored for high grain Fe content. The grain Fe content of the same genotypes was quantified using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method. Wide variation was observed in fingermillet genotypes for grain Fe content. It ranged from 3.46 (TNEc 0921) to 8.72 (TNEc 0601) mg per 100g of grain. The accessions namely TNEc 0308, TNEc 0407, TNEc 0601, TNEc 0788 and TNEc 0910 were rich in grain Fe content coupled with high grain yield per plant. Therefore, these accessions could be employed in the genetic improvement of fingermillet through hybridization or selection. This simple staining procedure could be used to screen genotypes with high Fe content in large number of germplasm accessions.

Immunomodulatory Trace Element (Zinc) In HIV Sero Positive Individuals

This study was carried out to determine immunomodulatory trace element zinc in HIV positive individuals. Serum zinc, albumin and total protein in twenty five HIV positive individuals were compared with twenty four HIV negative individuals (control).Methods: Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method was adopted to determine concentration of zinc. Bromocresol green method and Biuret method were used respectively to determine albumin and total Protein respectively.Result:The mean ± SD for zinc is 0.2±0.13mg/l, Albumin 33.18±12.61g/l and total Protein 31.35±9.05g/l in HIV positive individuals while in the control the values are zinc 1.36±1.11mg/l, Albumin 39.68±13.20g/l and total protein 61.22±26.85g/l respectively. All three parameters were significantly low in HIV positive individuals than in HIV negative individuals. Zinc (P<0.05), Albumin (P<0.05) and total Protein (P<0.05). These changes were attributed to nutritional factors and destruction of cells in intestine by the immune system. Keynote: Zinc, immunomodulatory, trace elements, immune modulator, HIV and carrier proteins

Clinical Study of the Prunus dulcis (Almond) Shell Extract on Tinea capitis Infection

Prunus dulcis (Almond) shell extract demonstrated for its biomedical applications. Shell extract prepared by soxhlet method and further characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and MIC control method. In this study the antifungal activity of almond shell extract was observed against clinically isolated pathogenic fungus by strip method. The antioxidant potential of crude shell extract was also evaluated by using DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl) and radical scavenging system. The total antioxidant activity varied from 94.38 to 95.49% and total phenolic content was found 4.455 mg/g in almond shell extract. Finally the results provide a great therapeutic potential against infection of scalp caused by Tinea capitis and result can be achieved in 20 days therapy. In this study of shell extract results provide a great therapeutic potential against infection of scalp caused by Tinea capitis and provides scientific evidence for clinical efficacy against dermatologic disorders. The present study is aimed to summarize the therapeutic importance of cheap and discarded coconut shell and the future prospects in order to develop a new generation of modern antimycotic drugs.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Groundwater at Leather Industrial Area of Kasur, Pakistan

Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas. In the current study, we have assessed the heavy metal contamination of soil and groundwater at the leather industrial area of Kasur, Pakistan. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for Cr, Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Co, and Mn by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The data revealed that soil and groundwater in the study area are highly contaminated with all tested heavy metals. In particular, chromium concentrations varied from 1970 to 2980 mg kg−1 and 0.82 to 2.25 mg L−1 in soil and groundwater, respectively. Correlation analysis has identified that the heavy metals in the groundwater and soil of the study area having a common source/origin, believed to be the leather industry of Kasur.

Evaluation of Selected Trace Elements in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi Southeastern Nigeria.

Hemodialysis is the most common form of treatment for end stage renal disease (ESRD), and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality which might be as a result of imbalance in essential minerals. Objective: This study is aimed at determining the levels of some trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium and cobalt) in chronic hemodialysis patients before dialysis, immediately after dialysis and one hour after dialysis. Methods: A total of 100 participants were used for this study. This includes fifty chronic hemodialysis subjects and 50 aged matched apparently normal subjects. The trace elements were assayed by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Results: The mean levels of Zn and Se were significantly lower in dialysis subjects 79.33±16.27 µg/dl, P = 0.02 and 6.67±1.43 µg/dl, P<0.001 compared with the control 88.97±9.77 µg/dl and 9.00±2.48 µg/dl respectively. Cu showed a significantly high mean value in the dialysis 117.54±14.69 µg/dl, P = 0.01 when compared with the control subjects 108.50±15.49 µg/dl. There was no significant difference in the mean level of Co 0.03±0.01 µg/dl, P = 0.26 when compared with the control 0.04±0.00. Comparison of the mean levels of these minerals between male and female counterparts among the dialysis and control groups showed no significant differences. Conclusion: This study showed a marked reduction in zinc and selenium levels, and increased copper levels in hemodialysis patients than in controls. This shows an alteration in trace elements levels in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Kan Serumundaki Demir Miktarının Spektrofotometrik ve Atomik Absorpsiyon Metodlarıyla Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Tayini

Context: Iron is an essential element for most life on Earth, including human beings and its accurate determination is extremely important. A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been used for the determination of iron concentration in blood serum and compare with atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Objective: To find the appropriate, simple and accurate methods for iron determination in serum samples Design: A comparative study between two analytical methods. The methods are based on the reaction of iron with ferene reagent at acidic condition. The method of determining iron in serum by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry with slurry nebulization into an air-acetylene to various flame has been used. Main Outcome Measure: Serum iron concentrations in different serum samples. Results: The results showed that distribution of iron content between serum samples are different, it was between 41 to 343.5 mcg/dL. Values of iron content measured in the serum samples with spectrophotometer method are in good agreement with the results obtained with atomic absorption method. Conclusions: The spectrophotometric method with ferene reagent can be successfully and accurately applied to the determination of iron in serum and it can be used instead atomic absorption.

English

&nbsp; Assessment of the levels of heavy metal pollution due to production of local aluminum articles have been carried out. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method of analysis was used for the determination of Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn and Pb, while ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) back titration with ZnSO4 was used for Al. Results show that the various concentration obtained follows the order, Al &gt; Cu &gt; Fe&gt; Mn &gt; Ni &gt; Cr &gt; Pd. Although, the concentrations of the metals were found to be generally low and fall below the threshold limit, continued discharge without regulation could cause future problem. &nbsp; Key words: Heavy metal, aluminium utensils, pollution, Sokoto

Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile Status in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in South Western Nigeria

Malnutrition and increased free radicals generation are common findings with tuberculosis patients and these can impair their antioxidant capacity. The present study was carried out to estimate the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants: albumin, vitamin C and E, selenium and lipid fractions in sixty–five (M = 29; F = 36) newly diagnosed (untreated) adult active tuberculosis (TB) patients and to compare them with the levels in fifty (M = 25; F = 25) apparently healthy tuberculosis free individuals of the same age group and location. Lipid fractions, MDA, albumin, vitamins C and E were estimated by standard spectrophotometric methods while selenium concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. There was a significantly increased concentration of MDA (P < 0.001) in TB patients when compared with the control subjects and significantly reduced concentrations of albumin, vitamin C and E, selenium, total–cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (P < 0.001in each case) and triglyceride (P < 0.01) were observed when the TB patients were compared with non TB infected individuals. The study showed that TB patients are predisposed to oxidative stress and reduced concentrations of lipid fractions. Highly nutritious diet fortified with antioxidants supplements is advocated for TB patients alongside chemotherapeutic management and their lipid fractions status should be monitored while managing the patients.

DETECTION OF ARSENIC IN ANIMAL FEED CHAIN: BROKEN RICE AND WATER HYACINTH

Currently arsenic contamination in Bangladesh is considered to be the biggest natural calamity in the world in the terms of total population affected in an area. Arsenic is spreading in various ways in the environment and significantly threatening the public health as well as animal health of Bangladesh. With a view to detect the level of arsenic concentration in animal feed chain this study was performed by using the FI-HG-AAS (Flow Injection Hydride Generator Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer) method. Broken rice and water hyacinth samples, two commonly used animal feeds, were collected from arsenic contaminated areas of Comilla district. After collection, the samples were prepared by a series of steps such as, washing, drying and digestion; finally arsenic was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Atomic absorption measures the amount of energy absorbed by the samples. Through this method the type of metal absorbed by the sample can be determined. The mean arsenic concentration in broken rice and water hyacinth were 0.213±0.125 ppm (n=35) and 0.487±0.172 ppm (n=29), respectively. In this study it is found that the level of arsenic both in broken rice and water hyacinth is greater than that of the maximum permissible level in drinking water (0.05 ppm). From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that in the same arsenic contaminated area, the level of arsenic in water hyacinth is nearly the double of that found in rice due to arsenic accumulating nature of water hyacinth.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15656

Spatial variations in the distribution of trace ionic impurities in the water-steam cycle in a thermal power plant based on a multivariate statistical approach

Abstract Abstract In this study, a multivariate statistical approach was used to identify the key variables responsible for process water quality in a power plant. The ion species that could cause corrosion in one of the major thermal power plants (TPP) in Serbia were monitored. A suppressed ion chromatographic (IC) method for the determination of the target anions and cations at trace levels was applied. In addition, some metals important for corrosion, i.e., copper and iron, were also analysed by the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometric (GFAAS) method. The control parameters, i.e., pH, dissolved oxygen and silica, were measured on-line. The analysis of a series of representative samples from the TPP Nikola Tesla, collected in different plant operation modes, was performed. Every day laboratory and on-line analysis provides a large number of data in relation to the quality of water in the water-steam cycle (WSC) which should be evaluated and processed. The goal of this investigation was to apply multivariate statistical techniques and choose the most applicable technique for this case. Factor analysis (FA), especially principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were investigated. These methods were applied for the evaluation of the spatial/temporal variations of process water and for the estimation of 13 quality parameters which were monitored at 11 locations in the WSC in different working conditions during a twelve month period. It was concluded that PCA was the most useful method for identifying functional relations between the elements. After data reduction, four main factors controlling the variability were identified. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied for sample differentiation according to the sample location and working mode of the TPP. On the basis of this research, the new design of an optimal monitoring strategy for future analysis was proposed with a reduced number of measured parameters and with reduced frequency of their measurements. Graphical abstract

The effects of human activities and different land-use on trace element pollution in urban topsoil of Isfahan (Iran)

The excessive input of trace elements into urban soil has become one of the most important concerns in industrial and crowded cities all over the world. The contamination of urban soils can affect the health of people living in urban areas, and the surrounding ecosystems. Current study was conducted to assess the effects of human activities as well as different land-use on accumulation of trace elements in urban topsoil and also identify the potential risks to human health in Isfahan (Iran). A total of 95 topsoil samples were taken from different localities of Isfahan City and analyzed for Zn, Pb, Cu and Cr using the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Pollution index (PI) was calculated for each trace element to identify the rate of trace element accumulation with respect to the background values. Land-use map and geochemical maps were also created for evaluating of spatial distribution of pollution index and trace elements’ concentration in the studied area. Overlapping the concentrations’ map and land-use map revealed that the highest values of pollution index and trace elements’ concentration were located in central part of the city and highways with a great vehicle traffic load and also in the vicinity of industrial factories that increased potential health hazards to the local community. On the other hand, lowest values of trace elements were located in green-lands with strict vehicle traffic laws. These results indicated that different land-use and human activities have affected quality of urban topsoil of Isfahan resulting in great apprehensions regarding public health in crowded parts of the city.

Evaluation of Heavy Metal in Soils From Enyimba Dumpsite in Aba, Southeastern Nigeria Using Contamination Factor and Geo-Accumulation Index

The manner in which municipal wastes generated are disposed in most urban areas in Nigeria is worrisome. The upsurge in population density and its resultant increase in urbanization and industrialization and the amount of waste generated in Aba, are of great concern. The objective of this research is to evaluate the concentration of some heavy metals in soils in the vicinity of Enyimba dumpsite in Aba, Nigeria. Thirty soil samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for some heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method and multivariate statistical techniques. Twenty-five of the samples were obtained from the vicinity of the dumpsite while five samples are collected far away from the dumpsite to serve as control samples. The overall decreasing metal concentration in the dumpsite soil is: Cd > Co > Cu > Zn > As > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr. A positive correlation exists between Cd and organic matter (r = 0.598). Geo-accumulation index and contamination factor showed a moderate contaminated with Cd only while the other metals are in their uncontaminated level. Factor analysis revealed four major components accounting for 78.82% of cumulative variance of the contamination: Cd, Cu, Co and organic matter; Pb, Zn and pH; Mn, As, clay + silt and finally Cr and Ni. From the above observations, it is evident that only Cd showed more pronounced level of pollution than any other metal. The need to replace open dumpsites with well designed sanitary landfills is advocated.

5-ニトロサリチルアルデヒド-4-フェニル-3-チオセミカルバゾンを用いる海水および食塩中のニッケルの溶媒抽出-原子吸光分析

5-ニトロサリチルアルデヒド-4-フェニル-3-チオセミカルバゾンを用いる海水および食塩中のニッケルの溶媒抽出-原子吸光分析

5-ブロムサリチルアルドキシムを用いる海水, かん水および食塩中の銅の溶媒抽出

5-ブロムサリチルアルドキシムを用いる海水, かん水および食塩中の銅の溶媒抽出

2-ヒドロキシ-1-ナフトアルドキジムを用いる海水および食塩中のニッケルの溶媒抽出-原子吸光分析

2-ヒドロキシ-1-ナフトアルドキジムを用いる海水および食塩中のニッケルの溶媒抽出-原子吸光分析

3, 5-ジブロモサリチルアルデヒド-2-ベンゾチアゾリルヒドラゾンを用いる食塩中のバナジウムの溶媒抽出-炭素炉原子吸光分析

3, 5-ジブロモサリチルアルデヒド-2-ベンゾチアゾリルヒドラゾンを用いる食塩中のバナジウムの溶媒抽出-炭素炉原子吸光分析

The Evaluation of Micronutrients and Oxidative Stress and their Relationship with the Lipid Profile in Healthy adults.

Micronutrients are nutrients which are required by humans and other living beings throughout life in small quantities, to orchestrate a whole range of physiological functions, which the organism itself cannot produce. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the status of the micronutrients, oxidative stress, and the lipid profile in healthy adults. The present study was conducted after getting the institutional ethical clearance and informed written consents from all the participants. The estimation of copper and zinc was done by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer method,the total antioxidant status was assessed by the phosphomolybdenum method, MDA was evaluated by the Malondialdehyde method, total cholesterol was evaluated by the CHOD-POD method, HDL-cholesterol was evaluated by the precipitation end point method, and total triglycerides were evaluated by the GPO-POD method. The data was analysed by one way ANOVA, followed by Pearson's correlation. We observed significantly increased (p <0.0001) copper and zinc levels in males and females as the age advanced, significantly increased (p <0.01) MDA and TAS levels, significantly declined (p <0.04) total triglyceride levels in adults, significantly declined (p <0.05) HDL levels and significantly declined (p = 0.04) VLDL levels in adults as the age advanced, in both the sexes. The increase in the levels of the micronutrients may have a direct correlation with the oxidative status as the age advances.

Selenium and leptin levels in febrile seizure: a case-control study in children

PurposeFebrile seizures (FS) are seizures that occur between the age of 6 and 60 months, but its pathophysiology still is not fully understood. There is limited information about the correlation between levels of selenium and leptin with FS. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum levels of selenium and leptin in children with FS.MethodsThis case-control study was conducted in a University Hospital in Shahrekord, Iran, in 2011. The serum levels of selenium and leptin of 25 children with simple febrile seizure (case group) were compared with 25 febrile children without seizure (control group) in acute phase and after three months. The levels of serum selenium and leptin were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, respectively.ResultsIn acute phase, the mean serum level of selenium in case and control groups were 95.88±42.55 and 113.25±54.43 µg/dL, respectively, and difference was not significant (P=0.415), but after three months, this level had a significant increase in both groups (P<0.001). In acute phase, the mean serum leptin level in case and control groups were 0.94±0.5 and 0.98±0.84 ng/mL, respectively, but difference was not significant (P=0.405). After three months, serum leptin level had no significant change in both groups (P=0.882).ConclusionThese observations suggest that serum levels of selenium and leptin have not specific relation with FS but overllay is lower, however, further study is recommended. Also selenium level in stress and acute phase was significantly lower than recovery phase.

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Water, Fish and Sediments from UKE Stream, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The levels of lead, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, cadmium and mercury were determined in various body parts of two species of catfish; Clarias gariepinus and Synodontis schall, water and sediment samples from Uke stream using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The results obtained showed that iron (Fe) had the highest concentration with average of 8.78 mg/g and 7.51 mg/l in sediment and water respectively followed by Zn with 4.79 mg/g (sediment) and 3.19 mg/l (water) while Cd had the lowest concentration of 0.035 mg/g and 0.023 mg/l in the sediment and water respectively. In the two fish species, zinc (0.17 - 3.25 mg/g) was the most highly concentrated in the various matrices while lead (0.011 - 0.031mg/g) was the lowest. Metal levels in the various body parts of the two species of fish studied were found to be more concentrated in either, the head, gills or the intestine. In both species zinc had the widest variability while lead was the least. The metal levels determined in water and sediment are all above the tolerable limits recommended by regulatory bodies which is an indication that this ecosystem is contaminated with heavy metals which would eventually end up in the food chain. The metals determined in various body parts of two species of catfish were below deleterious level; however there is the need for regular monitoring of the heavy metal load in this water body and the aquatic organisms in there because of the long term effects.

Poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-aniline)-modified electrode—synthesis, characterization, and application as cadmium(II) ion sensor

A poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-aniline) (poly(4VP-co-Ani))-based solid-state ion sensor for cadmium (Cd) was developed. This was obtained from studies done on a number of selected monomers electropolymerized onto a poly(4vinylpyridine) (P4VP)-modified graphite pencil rod, surface characterizing them and then analyzing their performances as a Cd(II) ion sensor. Among them, the membrane of poly(4VP-co-Ani) at a mole ratio of 0.05:0.15 was found to be the best. The fabricated poly(4VP-co-Ani) solid-state electrode had a linear response of 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 M Cd2+, slope of 29.4 ± 0.5 mV decade−1, detection limit of 7.94 × 10−7 M Cd2+, and response time of 15 s at pH 4.5–8.5 with excellent selectivity. The sensor was operationally stable within a period of 3 months. The proposed sensor was tested for determination of Cd2+ in environmental, plant, and pharmaceutical samples. The analyses were comparable to the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric method.