Gymnastics Athletes Research Articles

Transcranial electrostimulation and serotonin laser phoresis in the athletes experiencing a combined effect of fatigue and psycho-emotional stress

At sports submaximal loads accompanied by muscle fatigue due to metabolic transformations, the conditions are created for the development of combined endogenous and exogenous emotional stresses. An important role in the development of stress is played by the state of adaptation mechanisms, in which sintoxic and catatoxic programs are involved, as well as the GABA-dopaminergic system. There is insufficient information on the possibilities for reducing the manifestations of stress. The objective of the presser study was to estimate the possibilities for the prevention of the development of psycho-emotional stress with the use of transcranial electrostimulation in the combination with serotonin laser phoresis. The assessment of the psychological status before and after transcranial electrostimulation in the combination with serotonin laser phoresis was performed in 96 athletes who were engaged in weightlifting and athletic gymnastics, as well as in 37 athletes comprising the control group in the state of sparing rest. Transcranial electrostimulation was carried out during 14 days. The laser phoresis of serotonin was conducted with the application of the Matrix device and transcranial electrostimulation with the use of the Magnon-DKS apparatus. The assessment of the psychological status was carried out based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the results of the well-being-activity-mood (WAM) questionnaire and in accordance with the Hildebrandt index, and the Spielberger-Hanin test. The two-week course of exposure to transcranial electrostimulation and serotonin laser phoresis of the patients comprising the main group resulted in a faster stabilization of the psychological status than in the control group. This effect was due to the multi-component involvement of the athletes in the adaptation programs including the management of homeostasis and the influence on the GABA-dopaminergic system via the serotonin and opioidergic mechanisms. The results of this study give reason to recommend the proposed method of transcranial electrostimulation and serotonin laser phoresis for the use in sports medicine.

Самостійні заняття в системі фізичного виховання студентів закладів вищої освіти

The article considers the feasibility of using self-study physical exercises by students of higher educational institutions as a form of reducing the deficit of physical activity, which contribute to a more effective recovery of the body after fatigue, versatile physical development, learning material on physical education, increasing mental and physical performance, self-education and education of the best character traits, improve the health of students and is the means of an active rest. It was determined that compulsory physical education classes in the volume and in the form used at the present stage are not able to solve all the tasks. One of the ways to solve this problem is independent study of students by physical exercises during the week. It is proved that the effectiveness of self-study depends on the availability of knowledge and previous training experience obtained under the guidance of a teacher and on the activity of students, on their conscious attitude to innovations. The forms, means, priority tasks of independent study of students are distinguished. Forms of self-study in physical culture are morning hygienic gymnastics, exercises during the school day, independent training sessions. Means of self-study are physical exercises of different directions. The most accessible means of independent study are walking and running, swimming, walking and running by skiing, rhythmic gymnastics, athletic gymnastics, sports and outdoor games, hiking, cycling. The priority tasks of self-study: the development of motor skills and functional capabilities of the body; physical improvement; improved physique and posture, an increase in muscle volume and a decrease in the volume of fat mass; the formation of skills and skills of self-organization of exercise; self-control over the dynamics of indicators of physical fitness and functional state of the body of students. The conclusion is made about the need to provide state support: the introduction of a variety of activities promoting healthy lifestyles, will form the students' value attitude to health; providing personnel professionalism of teachers of the departments of physical education; The improvement of the material and technical base of high schools with modern and attractive sports facilities for independent use (running and cycling tracks, sports simulators, playgrounds for sports, etc.) should be accessible and safe.

Особенности подготовки юных спортсменов воздушной гимнастики на снаряде «воздушные полотна»

Особенности подготовки юных спортсменов воздушной гимнастики на снаряде «воздушные полотна»

Comparison between creatine monohydrate and creatine HCl on body composition and performance of the Brazilian Olympic team

Weight-dependent athletes have trouble to balance the energy consumption to the needs of the sport they practice. As performance depends on that balance, it would be ideal to find a supplement that would be ergogenic without promoting weight increase. Monohydrate creatine supplementation is effective to improve strength and power but water retention and weight gain are side effects that avoid its use. An alternative molecule, creatine HCl, proposes the same an ergogenic effects without the undesirable effects. So, this study compared the effects of both creatines on performance and body composition of elite gymnastics athletes. 11 males, 18 to 25 years old took part into the randomized cross-over model: Creatine Monohydrate Supplement (MCG), resistant starch (RS) and HCl Supplement (HClG). Pre and Post all the experimental conditions, body fat percentage, body weight, lean body mass and total water amount were measured, bench press and leg press 1RM test were also carried out. Lean mass increased with both treatments (p <0.05), fat percentage decreased only with HCl (p <0.05) and strength gains were significantly improved for both supplements. We concluded that both creatines improve strength but only HCl allows this effect without retaining water.

Статодинамическая устойчивость тела спортсменок, занимающихся художественной гимнастикой, на этапе специализированной базовой подготовки

Objective. To assess biomechanical measures of static dynamic stability of the body of rhythmic gymnastics female athletes in the basic balances at the stage of specialized basic training. Methods. Theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific literature, methodological and practical experience of the trainers; method of expert assessments using video analysis of the technique of performing basic balances; stabiloanalyzer "Stabilan 01-2" to record the movements of the common center of pressure (COP) of the feet on the support, i.e. the coordinates at different time points that reflect the features of static dynamic stability. Three basic balance tests were performed. The study involved young female gymnasts of the Republican Complex Children and Youth Sports School "Avangard" (Kуiv) aged 10-14 years (n = 30), of which 20 athletes have the rank of Candidate for Master of Sport and 10 gymnasts have the rank of First-Class Sportsman. Results. It has been found that, at the stage of specialized basic training, female athletes in rhythmic gymnastics, along with a stable demonstration of competitive compositions, have technical errors that are associated with an insufficient level of development of sensorimotor coordination, orientation in space and time, and static dynamic stability of the body. Indicators of biomechanical analysis of stabilograms, which were recorded during the performance of the basic balances by the subjects, show that stability control is achieved both through macro and micro-oscillations of the body, as well as the controlled ratio of the trajectory lengths of the common center of pressure on the support along the frontal and sagittal line. In some gymnasts, when performing basic tests, displacements along frontal and sagittal lines approached the ratio of 1:1 that indicates the effective formation of a system of symmetric motor actions for the control of static dynamic stability. Conclusion. On the basis of individual measures of static dynamical stability of the body of rhythmic gymnastics female athletes at the stage of specialized basic training, an instructional program of exercises should be developed that will be aimed at development and improvement of static dynamic stability of the body using the technology of biological feedback in the system gymnast–stabilograph. Key words: rhythmic gymnastic, basic training, balances, body stability, technique, stabilography, competitive compositions.

Training and Sport Performance of the 11—12 Year Old Athletes in Rhythmic Gymnastics

The efficacy of athlete’s sport performance depends on the targeted training in certain periods, organization, management, individual adaptation of an athlete to the loads of training and competitions. The aim of this study was to establish the key indices of training and fitness optimization of 11—12 year old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics. The experiment resulted in modeling five different training programs and establishing the structure of the content of the training programs, as well as athletes’ sports performance (athletic, technical and mental). The training loads protocols registered the time for choreography, element mastering, competitive routines and athletic training in eachtraining session. The efficacy of the training programs was established registering the realization of competitiveactivities under competitive conditions, according to the number of points received by the gymnast of each training program, according to the place won (the points awarded in the descending order). Athletes in different training programs trained diversely — significant differences (p &lt; 0.001) occurred in the indices of training loads (from 8.3 to 14.7 hours a week), days of training (from 207 to 295 days a year) and training content. Body composition indices of athletes did not differ statistically significantly (p &gt; 0.05). Statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were found in the indices of explosive strength and muscular, specific endurance, movement abilities and the integral index of athletic fitness. The program where choreographic training (28.2%) dominated was the most efficient. Effective sports performance of 11—12 year old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics was greatly affected by all indices of technical fitness (r = 0.723 ÷ 0.883), integral index of athletic fitness (r = 0.881), explosive strength (r = 0.739), and endurance (r = 0.700). Significant changes of results could be explained not only by the changes in choreographic training, but also in the components of specific training, especially the time for mastering competitive routines (r = 0.717) and optimal training loads (11.5 ± 2.8 hours per week). The impact of body compositions indices, comparedto other factors, was not great (r = 0.478 ÷ 0.557) on the sports performance of athletes at this age.Keywords: rhythmic gymnastics, training, fitness.

중·고등학교 기계체조 선수들이 지각하는 통제적 코칭행동이 동기분위기 및 중도탈락의도에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to analyze the connection between withdrawal and the leader’s coaching behaviors and motivational atmosphere. The frequency analysis, Cronbach’s α reliability coefficient, and descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS WIN version 22.0. Then, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed to confirm the relationship between the specific variables. Results of analysis has shown below. First, the controlled coaching behavior of the leader has a static influence on the competitive atmosphere, which is a subfactor of the motivational atmosphere, and has a negative influence on the trained atmosphere. Therefore, controlled coaching behaviors has actual influenced atmosphere. Second, the competitive atmosphere, which is a subfactor of the perceived motivational atmosphere, has a static influence on the dropout intention and the trained atmosphere has a negative influence on the dropout. Therefore, these kinds of atmosphere were main causes for dropout. Third, language control and privacy control, which are subordinate factors of the leader ’s coaching behavior, have a significant effect on withdrawal. The motivational atmosphere is formed according to the controlled coaching behavior perceived by the middle and high school gymnastic athletes. The provision of the trained atmosphere is effective in reducing the dropout intention.It was confirmed that motivational atmosphere was an significant factor. Therefore, leaders should provide a more efficient and democratic training atmosphere for student athletes, and give opportunities to improve their athletic abilities and provides positive teaching method.

Interaction of Training and Performance of 13–14-Year-Old Athletes in Rhythmic Gymnastics

Research background and hypothesis. The efficacy of athlete’s sport performance depends on the targeted training in certain periods, organization, management, individual adaptation of an athlete to the loads of training and competitions. Research aim was to determine the impact of specific training on sport performance of 13–14-year-old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics.Research methods. The experiment resulted in modeling three different training programs and establishing the structure of the content of the training programs, as well as athletes’ sport performance. The training load protocols registered the time for choreography, element mastering, competitive routines and athletic training in each training session. The efficacy of the training programs was established registering the realization of competitive activities under competitive conditions, according to the number of points received by the gymnast of each training program, according to the place won.Research results. Training athletes in three training programs differed – their training loads were significantly different – from 10.28 to 12.91 hours a week, as well as the indices of the training days – from 5.43 to 4.17 days a week, the training content differed significantly. In the most effective training program choreographic training (35.8%) dominated. Statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were found in the indices of explosive strength and muscular power, specific endurance, coordination movement abilities and the integral index of athletic fitness. At the beginning of the season and at the end of it the realization of the body movement technique performing routines with different tools was different (p &lt; 0.001). Discussion and conclusions. In the period of individual training of 13–14-year-old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics time for mastering competitive routines and integral training became more significant for the efficacy of athletes’ sport performance. The indices of movement with different tools technique became more significant and the indices of difficulty of body movement technique remained stable. The most important factors influencing sports performance were explosive strength, strength endurance, coordination, and the total integral index of athletic fitness.Keywords: rhythmic gymnastics, training, performance.

Models and Interaction of Intensive Training and Sport Performance of 14–15-Year-Old Athletes in Rhythmic Gymnastics

Research background and hypothesis. The efficacy of athlete’s sport performance depends on the targeted training in certain periods, organization, management, individual adaptation of an athlete to the loads of training and competitions. Research aim of this work was to determine the impact of intensive training on sport performance of 14–15 year old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics and their optimization. Research methods. The experiment resulted in modeling two different training programs and establishing the structure of the content of the training programs, as well as athletes’ sports performance. The training loads protocols registered the time for choreography, element mastering, competitive routines and athletic training in each training session. The efficacy of the training programs was established registering the realization of competitive activities under competitive conditions according to the number of points received by the gymnast of each training program and according to the place won. When we tried to establish if the training sessions and competitive loads matched the specificity of competitive activities, we registered the changes in the athletes’ heart rate during different training sessions.Research results. Training of athletes in two training programs was different – their training loads were not significantly different – from 672 to 697 hours a year, as well as the indices of the training days – from 5.4 to 5.6 days a week, but the training content differed significantly. In most effective training program choreographic training dominated (30.9%). Statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were found in the indices of explosive strength and muscular power, specific endurance and coordination movement abilities. At the beginning of the season and at the end of it the realization of the body movement technique performing routines with different tools was not different (p &gt; 0.05). Discussion and conclusion. Sports performance of 14–15-year-old athletes in rhythmic gymnastics was mostly influenced by the time for mastering competitive routines (r = 0.836); however, the research did not establish differences in intensifying training. Besides the importance of integral athletic fitness, explosive strength, and strength endurance, the research established the significance of aerobic fitness (r = 0.704) for sports performance. Moreover, the significance of body composition indices increased in comparison with previous training years: body height (r = –0.819), body weight (r = –0.657), and BMI (r = –0.836).Keywords: rhythmic gymnastics, training, performance, metamodel.

Assessment of Physical Working Capacity of Differently Trained and Aged Female Aerobic Gymnasts

Research background and hypothesis. Physical working capacity by PWC 170 test allows estimating physical preparation of athletes’ bodies, but these indices may not be directly linked to their sports achievements.Research aim. The aim of this study was to identify and assess physical working capacity characteristics of differently trained and aged female athletes. Research methods. The study included 40 subjects: young athletes (juniors) (12–14-years-old girls) and students of Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education – studying in aerobic gymnastics specialization. According to performance (training) level they were divided into the following groups: juniors (n = 10), beginners (n = 10), moderately trained (n = 10) and well-trained (n = 10) representatives of aerobic gymnastics. The testing included anthropometric measurements, heart rate (HR) measurements (HR values were recorded using heart rate measuring device “Sigma PC-15”, Germany), and PWC 170 tests. Athletes carried out two loads of physical activity at different intensities with a duration of 3 and 5 minutes (the rate of stepping (30 times per minute) was regulated according to the tempo of music that was specially prepared in the recording studio).Research results. We found that the differences in physical working capacity between well trained gymnasts and the beginners were not statistically significant. We established similar values of PWC 170 in moderately trained and junior groups; statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) was established only comparing the latter two groups with well-trained athletes.Discusion and conclussions. The results showed that physical working capacity of well trained aerobic gymnastics athletes (participating in international competitions, world and European Championships) had not reached very high training level, but they were assessed as adequately trained. Physical working capacity of beginners was satisfactory and the indices of moderately trained (with twice more training and competition experience) and junior athletes were very low.Keywords: aerobic gymnastics, physical working capacity, PWC170, heart rate.

PO-151 The change characteristics of precompetition biochemical indexes of excellent male gymnasts

PO-151 The change characteristics of precompetition biochemical indexes of excellent male gymnasts

Leg Volume and Mass Scales of Elite Male and Female Athletes in Some Olympic Sports

This study aims to scale average leg volume and mass scales of elite male and female athletes in some olympicsports. A total of 280 elite athletes comprising of 200 males and 80 females studying at School of Physical Educationand Sports at University of Kirsehir Ahi Evran voluntarily participated in this study. Frustum and Hanavan methodswere used to determine leg volume and mass, respectively. SPSS 22.0 package program for Windows was used fordescriptive statistics analysis of the study. The present study found average leg volume and mass scale of maleathletes in football, basketball, volleyball, handball, gymnastics and wrestling and female athletes in football,basketball, volleyball, handball, gymnastics, box, taekwondo and tennis. It was observed in the related scale that legvolume of the athletes in the lowest weight classes in weight sports were lower. In other words, leg volume and massof the athletes were in direct proportion to their weight class. When the scale of female athletes is analyzed, it can benoted that volleyball players have the highest leg volume and mass among team sports players.

Features of the improved methodology of pedagogical control of physical preparedness of athletes in aesthetic gymnastics

Features of the improved methodology of pedagogical control of physical preparedness of athletes in aesthetic gymnastics

Retraction] Kinematic analysis of success strategy of YANG Hak Seon technique

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare Yeo 2 vault and YANG Hak Seon vault to verify the possibility of YANG Hak Seon vault. [Methods] The YANG Hak Seon vault and Yeo 2 vault performed by five Korean national gymnastic athletes, and the photographic images were collected using a high-speed camera and their kinematic characteristics were analyzed by 3D image analysis. [Results] The main variable of the post-flight phase S1, S4, and S2 were similar to YANG Hak Seon vault. S1 showed the largest at shoulder angle and the highest body center of mass at horse take-off. S4 showed the smallest shoulder angle at horse take-off, slow twisting at the post-flight ascending period, but faster femoral rotation during horse contact. S2 showed the slowest twist velocity in the ascending period of the post-flight and the smallest rotational distance and twist distance at the peak. S3 showed the slowest horse take-off velocity, the least time in the post-flight phase, and the hip joint was flexed at the peak. [Conclusions] S1 is required to increase the twist velocity by narrowing the shoulder angle during post-flight. S4 is required to strong push-up and an increase in the twisting velocity in the post-flight ascending period. S2 is required to shorten the horse contact time and increase the horse take-off angle through powerful femoral rotation after board take-off. S3 will have to get enough power from the preparation phase.

Gymnastics Athletes Hamstring Muscles Elasticity and Trunk Mobility

Gymnastics Athletes Hamstring Muscles Elasticity and Trunk Mobility

Creatine Hcl In Elite Gymnastic Athletes

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of creatine HCl and monohydrate supplementation on performance and body composition markers in weight-dependent elite athletes. METHODS: Elite athletes from the Artistic Gymnastics Brazilian top team (11 males, 15 to 25 years old), were randomly divided into the randomized cross-over model into two conditions: Placebo (PG), Creatine Monohydrate Supplement (CMG) and Creatine HCl Supplement (HClG). In a 30-day period (Pre and Post), including experimental protocols and gymnastics training, variables related to body composition were measured (IN BODY Bioimpedance), maximum strength (1RM test), and RPE (Physical Self-Efficacy Scale (RPE)). RESULTS: The results showed that lean mass increased in both moments when intragroup values were compared (CMG Pre 53.81 ± 6.67 and Post 54.98 ± 6.28 p=0.000025; HClG Pre 54.81 ± 5.96 and Post 55.29 ± 6.07; p=0.002). Regarding fat percentage, creatine hydrochloride supplementation showed significant decrease (HClG Pre 5.28 ± 1.44 and Post 4.37 ± 1.32; p=0.0001). There were similar strength gains between the two supplements in the post-period (CMG Pre 93.09 ± 16.86 and Post 96.64 ± 16.20 p=0.00014; HClG Pre 96.91 ± 15.35 and Post 102.00 ± 14.94; p=0.0018). Finally, the psychophysiological analysis (RPE) showed changes in the athletes’ perception regarding the training only at the end of the creatine hydrochloride period (HClG Pre 3.27 ± 0.90 and Post 2.18 ± 0.75; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that both creatines were effective in relation to muscle mass gains (p<0.05), but only HCl creatine was able to promote body composition and self efficacy perception changes.

THE PECULIARITIES OF QUANTITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KNEE IN GYMNASTS AT THE AGE OF 9-10 YEARS DURING THE PREPARATORY AND GENERAL PERIODS OF SPORTING TRAINING

Objective. To study the quantitative characteristics of the knee reflex in gymnasts at the age of 9-10 years, depending on the periods of sporting training and determine the possibility of their use to assess the functional state of the nervous muscular system in sport practice.Material and Methods. The reflex meter of the original design was used in the study, which allows measuring the complex of parameters of the mechanical manifestations of the knee reflex (in milliseconds from the moment of the hammer hit on the tendon and the initial movement of the leg until its completion and in millimeters of the apex of the shin). The obtained results were processed by the method of mathematical statistics with the use of the student criterion. The 29 gymnasts 9 to 10 years of age, engaged in athletic gymnastics for at least three years at the Youth Sport College of Chernivtsi, were examinedResults. It has been found, that during the contest period of training, the latent time decreases, the amplitude of the knee reflex and the time of the flexion of the leg are reliably accounted for when the shin is expanded. There is a tendency to decrease of the total time of the knee reflex during the adversary period of the training process and to increase the magnitude of the reflexogenic zone.Conclusion. The possibility of using quantitative characteristics of the knee reflex in sports practice for the evaluation of the functional state of the neuromuscular system of athletes is substantiated.

Injury prediction in aerobic gymnastics based on anthropometric variables

Summary Objective Use logistic regression to determine a mathematical model which is able to predict injuries in aerobic gymnastics (AG) athletes, according to certain anthropometric characteristics. Subjects and methods In total, 73 athletes were recruited, of whom 51 were gymnasts and 22 were athletes from other sports. The independent variables were anthropometric characteristics of both lower extremities. The dependent variable was injury at the end of the season. Results The statistical model indicated that the effect of the Q angle on the likelihood of injury varies depending on the weight of the gymnast. An excessive Q angle is an anthropometric factor that may predispose to injury, especially the left Q angle. Conclusion Studies that analyze anthropometric characteristics can contribute to understanding what variables or parameters may cause injuries in athletes. Thus, in the future, intervention strategies could be developed and the onset of certain injuries could be prevented.

Envolvimento parental no processo de desenvolvimento da carreira esportiva de atletas da seleção brasileira de ginástica rítmica: construção de um modelo explicativo

This study aimed to develop a theoretical model of parental involvement in the sporting career among Rhythmic Gymnastics athletes and analyze the attributes that lead to sports self‐realization. 15 former gymnasts and 20 parents answered a retrospective semi structured interview. Inductive analysis using idiographic profile was performed. Both parents have shown emotional and financial support, however, mothers tend to provide daily and ongoing support while fathers act more through financial and material support. Former athletes emphasized that physical, motor and psychological aspects contributed to achieving high performance. Family involvement and personal attributes of the athlete have been shown to be determinants of self‐realization.

Athlete’s Mood State before Artistic Gymnastics Competitions

The pre-competition mood is one of the main factors that can influence the performance of an athlete and changes in the athlete’s mood may be observed as training becomes more intense because elevated levels of tension, anger and depression increase the likelihood of mental and physical disorders. The hostile negative mood is a predisposing factor for many chronic-degenerative diseases. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the mood of athletes before artistic gymnastics. The participants were 90 athletes from gymnastics, male (n = 45) and female (n = 45), mean age 15.2 ± 5.23 years (coefficient of variation of 34.40%), assessed by Brunel Mood Scale, adapted by Profile of Mood States (POMS), designed to enable quick measurement of the mood state in adults and adolescents. A portion of the athletes interviewed did not achieve a desirable performance according to the iceberg profile. We observed that the athletes present characteristics of the iceberg profile in the investigated phase. However, of the total of 90 athletes, 64 (71.1%) were in the standard, and 26 athletes (28.9%) did not reach values considered ideal in the force factor, equal or higher than the 60th percentile. In this study, the artistic gymnastics athletes showed the mood profile that favors the performance and health and when analyzing the association between the subjective states of humor and age, we verified that the age did not influence the state of humor.