Статодинамическая устойчивость тела спортсменок, занимающихся художественной гимнастикой, на этапе специализированной базовой подготовки

The article examines the structure and content of special physical training of fencers at the stage of specialized basic training. The goal is to analyze the structure and content of special physical training of fencers at the stage of specialized basic training. The results. The training process includes several aspects of training, namely: physical, technical, tactical, psychological, theoretical and integral training. The main tasks at the stage of specialized basic training, which served to create prerequisites for increasing the level of general physical training, developing special physical qualities, increasing the level of special work capacity, improving the technique and tactics of fencers and success in competitive matches, were considered. The training process at the stage of specialized basic training of athletes is organized in the form of individual and group, educational and training, training and competitive classes of a selective and complex orientation. It is at the stage of specialized basic training that the prerequisites for effective training and competitive activities are created. Since this stage is characterized by the focus on creating a high-quality foundation for versatile special physical training of athletes, as well as creating prerequisites for the effective implementation of technical and tactical actions in fencing based on means, a wide functional impact on the organs and systems of the athlete's body, with a certain amount of special exercises that will contribute sports improvement and effectiveness of implementation of competitive activities of fencers. Conclusions. Sports training of rapier fencers is characterized by speed with various movements and their unexpected changes, high demands are made on various types of preparation (physical, technical, tactical, psychological, theoretical, integral) which affects the performance in competitive activities. One of the acute problems in the theory and practice of training rapier fencers is increasing the level of special physical training, the relevance of which increases with the improvement of sports results and the peculiarity of the structure and content of their training. In recent years, relevant scientific approaches to improving the training process of fencers at the stage of specialized basic training have been formed.

The article investigates the peculiarities of training athletes who specialize in ketlebell long cycle, in the preparatory period (special training stage) at the stage of specialized basic training. A survey of ketlebell lifting coaches of Ukraine (n=28) was conducted in order to determine the ratio of means of training athletes at this stage. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, documentary method (study of competition protocols, training plans and diaries), questionnaires, modeling. It was found that the stage of specialized basic training involves the creation of a solid foundation for special training. The main task of this stage is to ensure perfect mastery of rational sports equipment, its individualization. Also to the required level should be developed those physical and volitional qualities that contribute to the improvement and implementation of technical skills in long cycle. For athletes who specialize in long cycle, the stage of specialized basic training covers the age of 17-19 years. According to the results of the coaches' questionnaire, the ratio of means of training athletes in the preparatory period (special preparatory stage) at the stage of specialized basic training was determined: general preparatory exercises – 17.1%, auxiliary – 9.7%, special preparatory – 19.9%, competitive – 53.3%. Among them, exercises with ketlebells accounted for 51.3%, exercises with weights (mostly with a barbell) – 22.6%, running exercises – 20.8%, exercises with own weight – 5.3%. The model of training sessions (shock microcycle) for athletes who specialize in long cycle in the preparatory period (special preparatory stage) at the stage of specialized basic training is substantiated and developed.

The stage of specialized basic training is important in the further development of sports skills of male and female figure skaters. At this stage of training, mastering, and improving complex jumps, rotations, jumps in rotation, step paths and spirals, which will form the basis of high sports results in the future. Purpose: determination of the features of the competitive activity of figure skaters and the structure of ensuring the competitive result. Methodology: To solve the set goal and tasks of the research, a complex of interrelated methods was used, including methods of the theoretical level of research (analysis, comparison, induction, deduction, systematization and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, regulatory and legal documents and information resources of the Internet with problems of special training of skaters at the stage of specialized basic training in the preparatory period); empirical research methods (pedagogical observation, pedagogical experiment to determine the effectiveness of the developed program for improving the special physical training of skaters at the stage of specialized basic training in the preparatory period, evaluation of competitive activity, general and special physical fitness); mathematical statistics (factor analysis). Scientific novelty: The results of the factor analysis of ensuring the competitive result showed for the first time that the largest percentage of variance (46.24%) among skaters was attributed to the speed-power factor, 33.25% to the coordination factor, and 18.32% to the flexibility factor. In figure skaters, a slightly different factor structure of ensuring a competitive result was observed: in the first place was the coordination factor, the percentage of the total variance of which is equal to 43.66%, in the second place - the speed-power factor (30.69%), in the third place - the flexibility factor (19.65 %). Conclusions: at the stage of specialized basic training, coordination abilities and indicators of vestibular stability play the most important role in the success of competitive activity in figure skaters, and in figure skaters – speed and strength, which must be considered during the development of an experimental program for improving special physical fitness.

The purpose of the research is to study the features of the kinematics structure of the technique on throwing and catching ball by athletes engaged in rhythmic gymnastics at the stage of preliminary basic training. Research methods include analysis and generalization of data received from scientific and methodical literature, video shooting, biomechanical video-computer analysis of movements, method of expert assessment, methods of mathematical statistics. The contingent under study accounts for 20 gymnasts of the second youth category aged 9-10. The peculiarities of the kinematics structure of motor actions of gymnasts when performing two basic sets of ball exercises, which are learned at the stage of preliminary basic training, were examined. Research results and their discussion. Quantitative information was obtained about the indicators of the kinematics structure of the nodal elements for sports technique, associated with basic set of ball exercises: from two or three steps – throwing the ball in the "Cossack" jump – catching into the roll on both hands and back in rhythmic steps; and from two or three steps – throwing the ball in a jump touching in the ring – catching into the roll on both hands and back in rhythmic steps. Based on the indicators of biomechanical analysis of the two basic sets of ball exercises performed, the phase structure of exercises is specified and the key elements of sports technique of throwing and catching the ball are studied. For a more detailed analysis in both studies, we selected three nodal elements: the starting pose of the body (the moment of releasing the ball), the multiplication of the body pose (body position during the jump) and the final body pose (the moment of catching the ball). Conclusion. Objective quantitative biomechanical information about indicators of kinematics structure of nodal elements for sport technique consisting of basic set of ball exercises is received: from two-three steps – throwing the ball in the "Cossack" jump – catching into the roll on both hands and back in rhythmic steps; and from two or three steps - throwing the ball in a jump touching in the ring – catching into the roll on both hands and back in rhythmic steps. The obtained characteristics of the kinematics structure of the nodal elements of throwing and catching the ball during both basic exercises, can be used as model indicators for more effective technical training of young gymnasts. Conflict of interest. The authors state that there is no conflict of interest. The prospect of further research is associated with development of the models of nodal elements motor structure, used as sport technique for exercises with objects at the stage of specialized basic training.

The modern system of training in various types of mixed martial arts requires scientists to find informative criteria for monitoring the course of adaptive changes in the body of athletes at various stages of training and competition. The active use of non-invasive and, at the same time, modern methods of monitoring the peculiarities of changes in the morphometric indicators of the body of athletes in mixed martial arts will allow to clearly determine the effectiveness of training models. The purpose of the research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the morphometric indicators of the body of athletes of various types of mixed martial arts (horting, Thai boxing, hand-to-hand combat) at the stage of specialized basic training. Research methods: analysis and generalization of scientific literature; determination of body composition indicators using the bioimpedance method; non-parametric methods of mathematical statistics. Research results. It was established that among the participants of the study, the level of fat mass (body mass) in athletes engaged in Thai boxing is 10.0% lower compared to representatives of the other two groups of representatives. At the same time, the lowest level of active cellular body mass (ACM) and dry cellular body mass (SCM) was found in sportsmen engaged in horting. At the same time, the largest parameters of AKM indicators were found in the group of Thai boxing athletes, which on average exceed the results fixed in the research process in representatives of the other two groups. It was found that the average group indicators of fat-free body mass (BBM, kg) show the highest parameters in hand-to-hand combat athletes compared to the results of other study participants. Conclusions. The analysis of the results of bioimpedancemetry of the study participants shows that at the stage of specialized basic training, the parameters of body composition indicators, especially fat, active cellular and dry cellular body mass, were found in the athletes engaged in Thai boxing, which clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the effect of special physical training on their morphometric indicators and possibly the level of functional training in general.

The current training method focuses on the athlete at the stage of specialized basic training to further achieve a consistent level of development of special strength, as well as basic strength and strength abilities, It is fundamentally necessary to thoroughly understand the technical and tactical abilities of a mid-distance runner in the minds of a high level for The highest level of basic tasks is to achieve a high level of diversity and the interconnection of all types of preparation - physical, technical, tactical, psychological, moral-volitional, etc. Based on periodization systems, we improved the annual training macrocycle for middle-distance runners in the third year of specialized basic training, which includes: 2 autumn-winter and spring-summer macrocycles, 6 main periods and 16 training stages, which include 18 mesocycles and 52 microcycles. Considering the stages of preparation of the annual training cycle as the basis of the training process of middle-distance runners at the stage of specialized basic training, we developed groups of exercises with different predominant orientation, and on this basis, model microcycles of each stage were built depending on the tasks. On the basis of the annual training macrocycle of qualified middle-distance runners in the third year of training at the stage of specialized basic training, the main tasks of the stages of the annual training cycle of different predominant orientations were developed, which are the basis for improving the components of physical qualities. The developed tasks of the stages of the annual training cycle are aimed at increasing the capabilities of the aerobic system, the aerobic-anaerobic system, as well as the anaerobic energy supply system, which will make it possible to lay an aerobic-anaerobic base on which middle-distance runners will successfully perform large volumes of special work, carry loads more easily, and recover faster after them at the stage of specialized basic training.

Pre-start anxiety of young athletes is accompanied by high levels of anxiety and muscle tension, which together can cause a risk of neuroticism of the child. Therefore, an integral part of the educational and training process in rhythmic gymnastics is psychological work with athletes, which should be extended to the stages of preliminary basic training. To increase the psychological preparedness of young athletes in rhythmic gymnastics at the stage of preliminary basic training, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing their pre-start condition. The purpose of the article is to establish the most influential factors and external factors that determine the pre-start condition of gymnasts at the stage of preliminary basic training. Research methods: analysis, systematization and generalization of data of scientific literature, questionnaires, method of expert assessments, statistical analysis of personal data. Using the method of expert evaluations, it was possible to establish the consistency of opinions of 15 coaches who have been working in the specialty for 15 years. These coaches later formed an expert group. Result. It was found that among the most decisive external factors influencing the pre-start condition of gymnasts, experts call the spirit of rivalry, lack of competitive experience and the presence of spectators. At the same time, they indicated fatigue and peculiarities of character and temperament as the most determining internal factors. The selected factors should be taken into account when planning activities aimed at the psychological preparation of young athletes in rhythmic gymnastics for competitive activities in the training process at the stage of preliminary basic training. The prospect of further research is the development of methods for optimizing the pre-start condition of athletes in rhythmic gymnastics and the formation of their skills of self-regulation in the training process at the stage of initial basic training.

The purpose of the work is to develop a methodology for the development of coordination abilities to increase the technical readiness of archers at the stage of basic training. Material and methods. 45 shot putters took part in the study at the stage of specialized basic training of SDYUSHOR "Comunar" in Kharkov, of which 21 athletes made up the control group, 24 the experimental group. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of literary sources, video analysis of technology, pedagogical testing, pedagogical experiment, methods of mathematical and statistical data processing. The author's method of developing coordination abilities is aimed at improving the technical preparation of shot put athletes at the stage of specialized basic training, which is related to the reproduction of the rhythmic, dynamic structure and the preservation of the stability of the kinematic characteristics of motor actions due to the qualitative manifestations of coordination abilities. The results. As a result of the application of the author's program for improving the technical training of shot put athletes at the stage of specialized basic training, a significant increase in performance was observed in exercises with changed performance conditions, i.e. sitting on a chair, standing on a platform, with eyes closed. In addition, the optimization of the characteristics of the shot technique was observed: the change in the angle in the elbow joint before the shot, the angle of the left hand before the shot, the angle of the left hand after the shot, the difference in the angles in the elbow joint and the speed of shoulder movement, which was 5.05-39.94%, exceeds the indicators of skilled archers of the control group Conclusions. It is shown that at the stage of specialized basic training of shot put athletes in physical training, it is advisable to increase the amount of exercises aimed at developing coordination abilities.

In the process of long-term training, the stage of specialized basic training coincides with the pre-adolescent period of development of skaters, which requires increased attention of coaches, psychologists and doctors. Purpose: to determine the features of physical training of skaters in the preparatory period. Research methods: methods of theoretical level of research were used: analysis, comparison, induction, deduction, systematization and generalization of scientific and methodical literature, legal documents and information resources of the Internet on the problem of physical training of skaters in the preparatory period. Results: special physical training of skaters in the preparatory period has a narrower focus and is based on the biomechanical structure of the elements of figure skating. It is aimed at the development of physical abilities due to the specifics of figure skating as a sport, as well as the peculiarities of competitive activities in it. Most of the training activities of skaters are working on jumping elements. To master multi-turn jumps it is necessary to develop a sufficient level of speed and strength abilities (set of high speeds during the run-up period) and strength abilities (push-ups, keeping the body in a group in flight, landing). Today, the ability to keep the group is one of the most important conditions for the jump in three and four turns. Conclusions: in the available scientific and methodological literature there are contradictory data characterizing the features of special physical training of skaters in the preparatory period. The issue of optimizing physical training in figure skating at the stage of specialized basic training in the preparatory period, taking into account the age, physical and functional characteristics of athletes, by redistributing the means of general and special training, as well as regulating the intensity of physical activity, taking into account functional status which requires further study.

The article examines the methods of training and use of physical training aids in the training process of ski racers at the stage of specialized basic training. The purpose of the study. To substantiate the ratio of general physical training aids, auxiliary physical training and special physical training to increase the level of motor fitness and sports results of ski racers at the stage of specialized basic training. Research methods: theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observations; pedagogical experiment; control tests, processing of results using mathematical statistics methods. Analysis of the results obtained. In the course of the study, we obtained results that allowed us to identify the effectiveness of the set of exercises that were used in the preparatory period of training ski racers at the stage of specialized basic training. The increase in speed abilities in the experimental group increased by 1.3%. In the strength endurance test (pull-ups), the average result in the experimental group increased by 13.5%, in the control group by 9.7%. In speed-strength abilities (long jump), there was also an increase in the average results of the experimental group by 3.2%, in the control group by 0.6%. n the test – 6 min. run (speed endurance) in the experimental group, the average result increased by 2.4%, in the control group by 1.8%. In the roller ski race (special endurance), an increase in average indicators is observed in the experimental group by 1.8%, in the control group by 1.1%. Results of the control 5 km classic ski race: in the experimental group the average indicator is 13.43 min., in the control group 14.16 min. Conclusions. The developed physical training methodology with the ratio of ZFP means – 25-30%, DFP – 25-30%, and SFP – 35-40% in ski racers in the annual cycle using functional state monitoring according to the results of the study is effective and can be applied to the training of athletes in the KDYSSH.

The article analyzes the level of physical fitness of football players at the stage of specialized basic training. The materials obtained during the study allowed us to say that in the process of many years of sports improvement of athletes specializing in football, at the stage of specialized basic training, the assessment of the level of physical fitness of athletes becomes important. Using a set of pedagogical tests consisting of running, jumping tests, tests with weights (an athletics core was used), the level of development of various motor qualities and abilities necessary for football players, such as speed, speed endurance, endurance, strength, speed-power abilities, was determined. Based on the pedagogical testing conducted using a set of tests, with the help of mathematical and statistical processing of the results obtained, assessment scales of physical fitness of football players at the stage of specialized basic training were developed. The level of physical fitness of football players was determined. 60% of athletes who participated in the study corresponded to the average. 13% of athletes had a level of physical fitness below average, 20% had a level of physical fitness above average, and only 7% of athletes had a high level.

Topicality. The training of qualified sportsmen is an important topical problem of modern sport and requires the search for new effective approaches and optimization of the training process of sportsmen. Modern approaches to optimization of management of the training process determine the necessity of an integrated approach with the use of modern technologies, methods of control and forecasting on the basis of individual characteristics of sportsmen. The purpose of the research: analysis and generalization of modern approaches to the management of sports training of qualified high jumpers from a run-up, in order to optimize the training process at the stage of specialized basic training. Materials and methods of the research. The following methods of scientific research were used in this work: analysis and generalization of literary sources and Internet resources, pedagogical observation, study of experience of leading coaches. Results of the study. As a result of the study, it was found that coaches use traditional methodological approaches in the training of athletes, which do not always meet modern requirements. Therefore, there is a necessity of rethinking and transformation of new ideas in the training process of sportsmen, especially at the stage of specialized basic training, that will give an opportunity to predict and correct the training process with greater reliability in order to achieve high sports results. Conclusions. The results of the conducted research made it possible to establish a number of shortcomings and problems in the training of sportsmen at the stage of specialized basic training which need urgent solution. At the same time, the scientific and methodical literature reveals effective methods of training which can be applied for the improvement of management of training of high jumpers from a run-up at the stage of specialized basic training.

Objective. To improve the training process of skilled weightlifters of diff erent sports schools within an annual macrocycle taking into account the diff erences between the groups of weight categories at the stage of specialized basic training. Methods. Аnalysis of scientific and methodological literature, analysis and synthesis of indicators of training work, questionnaire survey, method of calculating the training load (according to V.G. Oleshko), pedagogical observations and experiments, control testing of the morphofunctional state (anthropometry and electronic caliperometry) and physical preparedness (using the general physical preparation and specialized physical preparation tests), methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The training loads of female weightlifters of different groups of weight categories of the major sports schools of Ukraine in different mesocycles of the annual macrocycle have signifi cant differences in the load volumes, first of all, between athletes of the light and heavy weight categories, and also differ from the standards of the current curriculum for the Children and Youth Sports Schools. The training load indices for different groups of exercises (snatches, clean and jerks, rows, squats, presses and others) tend to change in young weightlifters aged 16-18 years. The training loads of the female athletes were the lowest in the competitive (by 17.4%) and in the control-preparatory mesocycles (by 15.3%) compared to the base mesocycles as this is due to their preparation for competitive starts. Positive changes in the measures of the morphofunctional condition and in the results of control tests of general and specialized physical preparation, as well as the growth of sports performance (in snatch, clean and jerk, and total combined) among the athletes of major sports schools of Ukraine confirmed the high efficiency of the training program for middleweight female weightlifters in weightlifting training centers of Kharkiv, Ternopil, and Donetsk regions. The program can serve as a model for the development of a differentiated training program for young female weightlifters in Ukraine. Conclusion. The studies allowed us to recommend the training programs as a basis for designing a differentiated training program of annual macrocycle for female athletes of different weight categories and the corresponding age, at the stage of specialized basic training.

Objective. To improve the training process of skilled weightlifters of diff erent sports schools within an annual macrocycle taking into account the diff erences between the groups of weight categories at the stage of specialized basic training. Methods. Аnalysis of scientifi c and methodological literature, analysis and synthesis of indicators of training work, questionnaire survey, method of calculating the training load (according to V.G. Oleshko), pedagogical observations and experiments, control testing of the morphofunctional state (anthropometry and electronic caliperometry) and physical preparedness (using the general physical preparation and specialized physical preparation tests), methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The training loads of female weightlifters of diff erent groups of weight categories of the major sports schools of Ukraine in different mesocycles of the annual macrocycle have signifi cant diff erences in the load volumes, fi rst of all, between athletes of the light and heavy weight categories, and also diff er from the standards of the current curriculum for the Children and Youth Sports Schools. The training load indices for diff erent groups of exercises (snatches, clean and jerks, rows, squats, presses and others) tend to change in young weightlifters aged 16-18 years. The training loads of the female athletes were the lowest in the competitive (by 17.4%) and in the control-preparatory mesocycles (by 15.3%) compared to the base mesocycles as this is due to their preparation for competitive starts. Positive changes in the measures of the morphofunctional condition and in the results of control tests of general and specialized physical preparation, as well as the growth of sports performance (in snatch, clean and jerk, and total combined) among the athletes of major sports schools of Ukraine confi rmed the high effi ciency of the training program for middleweight female weightlifters in weightlifting training centers of Kharkiv, Ternopil, and Donetsk regions. The program can serve as a model for the development of a diff erentiated training program for young female weightlifters in Ukraine. Conclusion. The studies allowed us to recommend the training programs as a basis for designing a diff erentiated training program of annual macrocycle for female athletes of diff erent weight categories and the corresponding age, at the stage of specialized basic training.

A characteristic feature of modern sports is the continuity of sports competition on the international arena. This encourages the constant improvement of the system of training athletes. The main task of sports science is to improve the training process in order to achieve high sports results in a competitive match at various stages of long- term training. A significant number of scientists studied individual aspects of physical training of fencers, rather than complex training, which consists of physical, technical, tactical, psychological and theoretical. Due attention to special physical training in the educational and training process of fencers can be one of the factors of successful transition to the next age group, since the criteria for transition to the next stage of training are not only the age of the athlete and the achieved sports results, but, above all, the level of his physical development and versatile preparation, the ability to withstand ever greater training and competitive loads. The development of leading physical qualities at separate stages of training ensures not only a high level of physical fitness, but also contributes to a higher and higher quality formation of technical and tactical abilities and skills that affect the effectiveness of a fencer's competitive activity. Therefore, sports training of rapier fencers is characterized by speed with various movements and their unexpected change, which causes high requirements for various types of preparation (physical, technical, tactical, psychological, theoretical), which affect performance in competitive activities. One of the acute problems in the theory and practice of training rapier fencers is increasing the level of special physical fitness, the relevance of which increases with the improvement of sports results. In recent years, certain scientific approaches to improving the training process of fencers at the stage of specialized basic training have been formed. The main approaches in the special physical training of rapier fencers were found to be the traditional approach, which involves the use of the provisions of the general theory of the training of athletes according to the program for children and youth sports schools, and the specialized approach, which contributes to the improvement of all types of sports training with the maximum implementation of them in the competitive activity of fencers- rapiers.