Atherogenic Coefficient Research Articles

Evaluation of serum apolipoprotein concentrations and atherogenic indices in menopausal and premenopausal women in Nkwelle-Ezunaka

Background of study: The hormonal change in menopause affects lipid metabolism which could lead to dyslipidaemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Aim of study: To evaluate the levels of apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, Castelli risk index-1, Castelli risk index-11, atherogenic index of plasma and atherogenic coefficient in menopausal and premenopausal women. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study ninety females were selected which consisted of 45 premenopausal, and 45 menopausal women using simple random sampling technique. Levels of apolipoprotein A1 and B were determined spectrophotometrically using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Atherogenic indices were calculated with their respective formulas. Results: There was no significant difference in the mean levels of apo B (134.83±28.90 vs 130.73±30.55; p>0.05), apo A1, atherogenic index of plasma, Castelli risk index-1, Castelli risk index-11 and atherogenic coefficient in the menopausal women compared with the premenopausal women but the mean values of both groups were outside the normal range of apo B, Castelli risk index-1, atherogenic index of plasma and atherogenic coefficient. Conclusion: Apo B, atherogenic index of plasma, Castelli risk index-1 and atherogenic coefficient are better indicators of cardiovascular risk.

Evaluating Dyslipidemia and Atherogenic Indices as Predictors of Coronary Artery Disease Risk: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

The frequency of coronary artery disease (CAD) has alarmingly increased in India accounting for the majority of all fatalities. The primary risk factor for CAD, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke is dyslipidemia. CAD risk can be ascertained by the lipid profile as well as atherogenic risk indices. Due to the current scenario of increased CAD prevalence and the established role of dyslipidemia as a risk factor for CAD, this study aimed at identifying the prevalent lipid abnormalities in a tertiary care hospital in Telangana and studying the predictive value of atherogenic indices for assessing CAD risk. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data pertaining to the subjects from January 2021 to December 2021 was retrieved from the hospital records. Serum triglycerides (TG) were in the higher range for 47 % (n= 235) of total subjects and isolated Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was higher in 12.6% (n = 63). The overall burden of dyslipidemia was 72.20% (n=361) with 57.6 % (n=208) in males and 42.4% (n=153) in females). The most common dyslipidemia found was Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia in 42.8% (n=214) of individuals. The second most common pattern of dyslipidemia was Primary Familial Hypercholesterolemia which was observed in 25% (n=125) of subjects. Dysbetalipoproteinemia was seen in 24.2% (n=121) of the study subjects. ROC analysis found the Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) to be the most sensitive and specific cardiovascular risk index. 57.8% of the subjects had AC >2.44 and were at the highest risk for developing CAD. The overall burden of dyslipidemia was 72.2%. AC was found to be the most sensitive and specific cardiovascular risk index by ROC curve analysis. Around 57.8% of the subjects had AC >2.44 and were at the highest risk for developing CAD. This study emphasizes the importance of atherogenic indices in the primary prevention and management of CAD, a growing non-communicable disease.

The trend of atherogenic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: a national cohort study

BackgroundBariatric surgery has profound effects on weight loss, metabolic regulation, and gut hormone modulation, which make it an efficient tool for managing obesity and improving diabetes outcomes. ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to evaluate the atherogenic indices, including atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), Castelli’s risk index II (CRI-II), and lipoprotein combine index (LCI) in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) living with excess weight, who have undergone bariatric surgery. SettingThree types of surgery including one-anastomosis gastric bypass/mini gastric bypass (OAGB/MGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) were performed on patients with obesity and T2D in the period of August 2009 to February 2021, and the patients were followed up for 2years in 5 different visits at baseline (preoperative), 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after the surgery. MethodsIn this retrospective cohort, 1246 individuals with obesity and T2D who underwent 3 types of bariatric surgery including RYGB, SG, and OAGB/MGB were studied for 2years after the surgery; the data were derived from the National Iranian Obesity Surgery Database. Afterward, the trend of biochemical parameters, total weight loss (TWL%), and atherogenesis-related indices were evaluated from baseline up to 2years in 5 follow-up visits. ResultsA total of 1246 patients with T2D and obesity who underwent bariatric surgery were included in this study. The trend of all atherogenesis-related indices, including AIP, LCI, CRI-II, and AC, showed a significant reduction (49.2%, 53.4%, 20.8%, 22%, respectively) 2years after the bariatric surgery (P < .05). In the 6-month follow-up, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up, 1023 (83.10%), 719 (57.70%), and 341 (27.36%) individuals participated, respectively. In addition, a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels was observed 2years after the surgery in both sexes (P < .05). ConclusionsThe bariatric surgery significantly reduced the levels of atherogenic indices including AIP, CRI-II, LCI, and AC.

IMPACT OF FOUR FAT-RICH INFANT FLOURS ON LIPID AND ATHEROGENIC PROFILE OF WISTAR RATS

Dietary fat content influences serum lipid parameters and the incidence of cardiovascular and coronary heart disease. The point of this study was to find out what happened to Wistar rats serum lipid profiles and atherogenic indices when they ate a high-fat PASLoc meal after they had been on a restricted diet. Forty-two male rats, 80 ± 5 days of age, were subjected to 19 days of food restriction and then fed PASLoc infant formula for 14 days. Blood samples from the rats were taken at the end of the periods of not eating and eating so that serum lipid constants (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) could be found and predictive parameters for atherosclerotic and coronary heart disease could be calculated. The results showed that dietary restriction led to an imbalance in serum parameters, with LDL cholesterol (0.11 ±0.01), HDL cholesterol (0.35 ±0.08), total cholesterol (0.60 ±0.07), and triglycerides (0.44 ±0.08) all decreasing. At the end of the dietary experiment, these constants improved according to the standards recommended for rats. Consumption of PASLoc flours had no negative effect on the Castelli indices (CRI-I and CRI-II), the atherogenic coefficient (CA), or the atherogenic plasma index (AIP). The fats contained in these flours do not represent an atherogenic health risk for children.

The Predictive Role of Indices Indirectly Indicating Hyperlipidemia and Inflammation in Ascending Aortic Aneurysm.

Introduction Ascending aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an aortic disease that can progress with serious complications. The roles of hyperlipidemia and inflammation in its etiology are controversial. In this study, we aimed to investigate the predictive value of indices that can indirectly reflect hyperlipidemia and inflammation in patients with AAA. Methods This prospectivestudy included 146 patients diagnosed with AAA and 88 controls. Demographic data, clinical history and laboratory results, including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), were collected. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between these indices and the aortic diameter. Results Patients with AAA presented significantly higher PIV levels than controls did (p>0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the AIP, AC, or SII between the patient and control groups. Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between the aortic diameter and the studied indices (p<0.05). PIV was the only significant parameter with a p-value of 0.026 (AUC: 0.587) according to the ROC analysis. Conclusion These findings suggest that while hyperlipidemia, as measured by the AIP and AC, may not play a direct role in AAA progression, inflammation indicated by PIV could be an important factor. Especially in resource-limited settings, these useful indicators can improve AAA management before the disease progresses to an advanced stage.

Significance of measuring anthropometric and atherogenic indices in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent hormonal disorder affecting 5–15% of women of reproductive age, characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS is associated with metabolic disturbances such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR), and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to apply new anthropometric indices [body adiposity index (BAI), visceral adiposity Index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), body roundness index (BRI), a body shape index (ABSI)] and new atherogenic indices [Castelli index-I, Castelli index-II, atherogenic risk of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), lipoprotein combined index (LCI), triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR), triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, triglyceride glucose-dody mass (TyG-BMI) index, triglyceride glucose-waist circumference (TyG-WC) index] metabolic score of insulin resistance to patients with PCOS.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 248 women diagnosed with PCOS based on the 2003 Rotterdam criteria. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, and atherogenic indices were collected from patient records. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 28.0.ResultsSignificant correlations were found between fasting glucose and various anthropometric indices, such as Body mass index (BMI), waist-height ratio (WHtR), and BAI, indicating a link between adiposity and glucose metabolism in PCOS. Atherogenic indices like Castelli’s risk indices, AIP, and AC showed positive correlations with glucose and insulin levels, reinforcing their role in assessing cardiovascular risk. Novel indices such as METS-IR and TyG demonstrated strong correlations with both glucose and insulin profiles, highlighting their potential as reliable markers for IR and cardiometabolic risk.ConclusionThe study underscores the importance of using a range of anthropometric and atherogenic indices for comprehensive metabolic assessment in women with PCOS. Indices like METS-IR and TyG offer valuable insights into insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk, potentially aiding in better management and prognosis of PCOS.

Investigation of the relationship between atherogenic index, anthropometric characteristics, and 10-year risk of metabolic syndrome: a population-based study.

People with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at a higher risk of coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, osteoarthritis, and some types of cancers. Finding markers which are available and inexpensive are most useful for the prediction of MetS. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between atherogenic index and anthropometric indicators and the 10-year risk of MetS. During the 10-year follow-up on Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD study), 4684 subjects who did not MetS at baseline were recruited in this study. The anthropometric indices and atherogenic index including atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's risk index I and II (CRI-I, CRI-I), and atherogenic coefficient (AC) were measured. SPSS-23 was used for all statistical analyses. Among subjects who did not have MetS at baseline 1599 cases (34.1%) developed MetS. The anthropometric and lipid indices were significantly elevated in patients with MetS compared to the healthy ones (p < 0.001). It was revealed that an increase of one unit in AIP and AC can raise the risk of MetS 22.7% (OR: 1.227 (95% CI, 1.166-1.291)) and 37.7% (OR: 1.377 (95% CI, 1.291-1.468)), respectively. Moreover, increasing one unit of WHtR decreases the risk of MetS by 8.5% (OR: 0.915 (95% CI, 0.886-0.946)). The results of this longitudinal study showed that increasing AC and AIP could enhance the risk of MetS. The present study also indicated that AC and AIP are useful predictors in the clinical setting for identifying individuals with MetS in the Iranian adult population.

Prognostic value of novel atherogenic indices in patients with acute myocardial infarction with and without type 2 diabetes

AimsAtherogenic indices: Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), Castelli's Risk Index I and II (CRI-I, CRI-II) are used in clinical studies as surrogates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Risk prediction of MACCE in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has vital role in clinical practice. We aimed to assess prognostic value of these indices following AMI. MethodsWe analyzed patients with AMI with and without T2DM and the prognostic values of atherogenic indices for in-hospital death and MACCE within 12 months after AMI. ResultsOf 2461 patients, 152 in-hospital deaths (6.2 %) were reported (74 patients [7.4 %] with T2DM and 78 [5.3 %] without T2DM; p = 0.042). MACCE occurred in 22.7 % of patients (29.7 % with T2DM and 17.9 % without T2DM; p < 0.001). TG/HDL-C and AIP were higher in T2DM patients compared to those without T2DM (p < 0.001). Long-term MACCE was more prevalent in patients with T2DM (p < 0.001). The AUC-ROC for predicting in-hospital death based on TG/HDL-C and AIP was 0.57 (p = 0.002). ConclusionsNone of the atherogenic indices was an independent risk factor for in-hospital death or MACCE at 12-month follow-up in patients with AMI. AIP was an independent risk factor for death at 12-month follow-up.

Relationship between Vitamin D Insufficiency, Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Healthy Women Aged 18-50 Years.

Although vitamin D insufficiency has been correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), there are few data on the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and atherogenic indices predictive of CVD. This study investigated the relationship of vitamin D status with lipid profile and atherogenic indices in adult women in Morocco. Three hundred women aged 18 to 50 years from Meknes were included. Fasting 25(OH)D and lipid concentrations were assayed by a one-step electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay and an enzymatic method, respectively. Atherogenic indices (atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), Castelli risk indices I and II (CRI-I and II), and CHOLIndex (CI)) were calculated using conventional lipid parameters. Logistic regression models and operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were used to assess the relationship of the variables and estimate the threshold of 25(OH)D levels associated with high atherogenic indices. 25(OH) D below 20 ng/mL was significantly associated with an enhanced risk of hypertriglyceridemia and elevated values of AIP, AC, non-HDL-C, and CRI-I with an OR (95% CI) of 4.904 (1.856-12.959), 3.637 (2.149-6.158), 3.589 (1.673-7.700), 2.074 (1.215-3.540), and 2.481 (1.481-4.123), respectively. According to the ROC analysis, the likelihood of hypertriglyceridemia and high values of AIP, AC, non-HDL-C, and CRI-I were associated with 25(OH)D thresholds ≤15.15 ng/mL, ≤17.5 ng/mL, ≤19.8 ng/mL, ≤20.1 ng/mL, and ≤19.5 ng/mL, respectively, all p < 0.01. Based on the atherogenic indices, this study indicates that vitamin D below 20 ng/mL may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adult women. Additional health measures are essential to raise awareness among women and health professionals of preventing and controlling cardiovascular risk factors, particularly among young individuals.

HP inulin-MCT dietary fiber improves lipid metabolism and prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese mice

IntroductionRegular intake of dietary fiber (DF) can counteract the negative impacts of obesity on physical health and chronic disease risk. DF mitigates obesity by promoting fullness, reducing calories, slowing nutrient absorption, stabilizing glucose, preventing fat storage, and influencing gut microbiota. High-performance (HP) inulin, a highly fermentable water-soluble DF, shows promise, but its palatability is limited in powder form. Combining HP inulin with beneficial triglycerides like Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) could overcome this issue. Aim of studyThis study investigates the effects of HP inulin-MCT on lipid metabolism and immune modulation in high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced obese mice. MethodsObese mice were orally administered with 20 % (w/v) HP inulin-MCT ad-libitum for 30 days. We measured their peripheral blood lipid profile, including LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. Additionally, the atherogenic coefficient, a parameter for assessing cardiovascular disease risk, was determined by calculating the ratio of non-HDL-C to HDL-C. Flow cytometry was used to identify splenic regulatory CD4 + and CD8 + T cells (Tregs). The Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Score was assessed through histological examination. ResultsSignificant reduced body mass index, improved lipid profiles, and reduced cardiovascular disease risk were observed in the obese mice treated with HP inulin-MCT. Moreover, HP inulin-MCT appeared to ameliorate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, a liver condition associated with obesity. These health improvements were linked to immune system modulation, associated with an increase of CD4+ T-regulatory cells after HP inulin-MCT supplementation. ConclusionHP inulin-MCT is a promising and palatable dietary intervention to combat obesity-related noncommunicable diseases, offering the potential for better overall health outcomes.

Relationship between Atherogenic Indexes and Fasting Blood Sugar among Diabetic Patients

Disorders in lipid profile levels participate in the generation of atherogenic dyslipidaemia, complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), one of the strongest markers in predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study we investigated the fast blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, and atherogenic indexes [atherogenic index of plasma (AIP); cardiac risk ratio (CRR); cardioprotective index (CPI); atherogenic coefficient (AC)] were calculated in males and females and compared control groups. There was a low positive correlation between FBS with a lipid profile ranging from (r = 0.334, P &lt;0.043), to (r = 0.459, P &lt; 0.027), and a very strong between atherogenic indexes with a lipid profile ranging from (r = 0.804, P &lt; 0.000) to (r = 0.950, P &lt;0.000). Conversely, there was a strong negative correlation between CPI and lipid profile ranging from (r = - 0.663, P &lt; 0.000) &amp; (r = - 0.768, P &lt; 0.000) and a very strong negative correlation with LDL (r = - 0.900, P &lt; 0.000) &amp; (r = - 0.905, P &lt; 0.000) in male. In females, the correlation was positive and recorded at (r = 0.213, 0.361) between FBS and TG &amp;VLDL. Besides, very strong correlation between AIP with TG (r = 0.954, P &lt;0.000), TC (r = 0.572, P &lt;0.000), and VLDL (r = 0.456, P &lt;0.029). While the correlation was strong between AC with LDL (r = 0.829, P &lt;0.000), it was very strongly positive with TC (r = 0.943, P &lt;0.000), finally, the correlation value in CPI was highly negative and ranged from (r = - 0.774, P &lt;0.000), to (r = - 0.909, P &lt;0.000), for TC and LDL respectively. In conclusion, the participants with high levels of FBS possess a highly significant positive correlation with atherogenic indexes (AIP, CRR, and AC) and a negative correlation with CPI values.

A study of the association of lipid ratios with thyroid dysfunction in a tertiary medical college in Eastern India

Background: Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in major metabolic pathways in the body and dyslipidemia is a major metabolic abnormality seen in thyroid disorders. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are now emerging as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the most important risk factor for CVDs is dyslipidemia. The lipid ratios that have a positive association with CVD risk are atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli’s risk index (CRI)-I and II, and atherogenic coefficient (AC). Clinically, both an excess and deficiency of thyroid hormones can exacerbate or induce CVDs and lipid ratio can be used as an inexpensive marker for predicting CVD risk. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the lipid ratios (AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC) in patients with thyroid dysfunction and compare the results with lipid ratios in euthyroid individuals. This study also aims to find any correlation, if exists, between lipid ratios and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in thyroid dysfunction. Materials and Methods: The serum TSH and lipid profile were evaluated in fifty euthyroid, fifty hypothyroid, fifty subclinical hypothyroid, and fifty hyperthyroid patients. The lipid ratios (AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC) were calculated from the lipid profile. Results: The mean lipid ratios were higher in hypothyroid, followed by subclinical hypothyroid cases when compared to euthyroid controls and hyperthyroid patients. A positive correlation was observed between the TSH and lipid ratios in euthyroid, hypothyroid, and subclinical hypothyroid subjects. There was no significant correlation between TSH and lipid ratios in hyperthyroid patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the evaluation of lipid ratios along with TSH can provide an effective screening tool to assess the cardiovascular risk in patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, especially in the absence of imaging techniques in resource-limited centers.

MiRNA-122 as a biomarker for insulin resistance and risk of cardiovascular diseases in obese children

BackgroundObesity in children is a major worldwide concern that has several negative health consequences in both the short and long term. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression level of microRNA-122 in obese Egyptian children and investigate its potential associations with insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. MethodsThe study included 70 obese and 30 age-matched normal-weight control children. Anthropometric measurements, systolic, and diastolic blood pressures were assessed, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression of circulating microRNA-122. Pancreatic beta cell function (HOMA2-%B), insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), and insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-%S) was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment version 2 (HOMA2). McAuley index and single-point insulin sensitivity estimator (SPISE) was used to further evaluate insulin sensitivity. Levels of serum biochemical parameters were measured. ResultsThe obese group showed significantly higher levels of microRNA-122, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, non-HDL cholesterol, cardiac risk ratios, atherogenic coefficient, atherosclerotic index, insulin levels, HOMA2-%B, and HOMA2-IR compared to the control group. In obese children, microRNA-122 exhibited a significant negative correlation with HDL while a significant positive correlation with the cardiac risk ratio 1 and the atherogenic coefficient. MicroRNA-122 had predictive ability for insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases risk in obese children. However, a significant decrease in HDL levels, HOMA2-%S, McAuley, and SPISE insulin sensitivity indices was found in obese children. ConclusionsModifications in blood levels of microRNA-122 in obese children may indicate a possible role in the etiology of childhood obesity and its associated consequences. As a result, it could function as a preliminary biomarker and potential indicator of further metabolic diseases.

Diet-related inflammation is positively associated with atherogenic indices

Current evidence suggests that non-traditional serum lipid ratios are more effective than traditional serum lipid parameters in predicting vascular diseases, and both of them are associated with dietary patterns. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and atherogenic indices using traditional serum lipid parameters (triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL–c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL–c)) and non-traditional serum lipid ratios (atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's index-I (CRI_I), Castelli's index-II (CRI_II), the lipoprotein combination index (LCI), and the atherogenic coefficient (AC)). Basic information from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases cohort study was utilized in the present cross-sectional observational study. The study included 8870 adults aged 35–65 years. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to measure DII. We compared the distributions of outcomes by DII score groups using multivariable linear regression. The difference between DII score groups was evaluated by the Bonferroni test. The mean ± SD DII was − 2.5 ± 1.43, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 44%. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, physical activity, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), body mass index (BMI) and socioeconomic status (SES), participants in the highest quartile of DII had a greater risk for CRI_I (β = 0.11, CI 0.05, 0.18), CRI_II (β = 0.06, CI 0.01, 0.11), LCI (β = 0.11, CI 288.12, 8373.11), AC (β = 0.11, CI 0.05, 0.17) and AIP (β = 0.06, CI 0.02, 0.10). Moreover, according to the adjusted logistic regression model, the risk of dyslipidemia significantly increased by 24% (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.08–1.41), 7% (OR: 1.07, 95% CI 0.94, 1.21) and 3% (OR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.91, 1.16) in Q4, Q3 and Q2 of the DII, respectively. Finally, diet-related inflammation, as estimated by the DII, is associated with a higher risk of CRI-I, CRI-II, LCI, AC, and AIP and increased odds of dyslipidemia.

Effect of Garcinia Kola Consumption on Lipid Profile and Body Weight of Rats Fed with High Fat Diet

Aims: Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) is commonly consumed as a snack in many localities in Cameroon and is considered to have health properties including weight-reducing agent by many people. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bitter kola in weight management and prevention of obesity. Study Design: An experimental full 3×3 factorial design was used for this study, with the main responses being the anthropometric and biochemical parameters of the albinos Wistar rats. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Food Science Laboratory of the Department of Nutrition, Food and Bioresource Technology of the College of Technology, The University of Bamenda, Cameroon, between February and July 2023. Methodology: Three bitter kola cultivars (Bafia, Penja, Widikum) were collected from their production areas, and their phytochemical content and antioxidant activity were analysed. The effect of their dry powder consumption on body weight and lipid profile was investigated on male Wistar rats consuming a high-fat diet. The rats were allocated to 10 groups of 6 rats including one control with the feed containing 0 g/kg of bitter kola powder, and 3 test groups per cultivar having 5 g, 10 g, and 15 g of bitter kola powder per kg of feed respectively. Results: Results revealed that antioxidant activity varies with cultivars and Widikum cultivar has the highest antioxidant activity and the highest phytochemicals content. Consumption of Penja and Widikum bitter kola powder induced the highest fat excretion in rat faeces. The effect of bitter kola consumption on body weight varies with cultivars and incorporation rate, and the highest anti-obesity effect was observed with the consumption of the Widikum cultivar at 10 g/kg of rat feed. The increase in bitter kola powder proportion in rat feed was negatively correlated with the atherogenic index of plasma and atherogenic coefficient. Conclusion: From the overall results, the consumption of feed with 15 g/kg of Widikum bitter kola cultivar had the best anti-obesity activity and hypolipidemic effect. Thus, bitter kola powder can be used to prevent obesity and cardiovascular diseases in high-fat diets.

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Lippia origanoides Kunth in diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder commonly associated with atherosclerosis. Plants with therapeutic potential, such as Lippia origanoides Kunth, emerge as effective alternatives for treating these diseases. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic potential of the hydroalcoholic extract of Lippia origanoides Kunth (ELo) in alloxan-diabetic rats. Animals were treated orally: normal control, hyperglycemic control, positive control glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), and groups treated with ELo (75, 150, and 250 mg/kg). Preclinical evaluation of ELo showed hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepatic, and renal protective effects. At all doses, ELo significantly reduced hyperglycemia, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, atherogenic index, atherogenic coefficient, and cardiovascular risk index (p < .05). Elo at different doses promoted an increase in insulin release compared to untreated animals (p < .05) and showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (p < .05). Also, ELo (250 mg/kg group) showed maximum reduction of hyperglycemia, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, malonaldehyde, and urea compared to the hyperglycemic and glibenclamide groups, and creatinine only compared to the hyperglycemic groups (p < .05). The promising action of ELo in the context of diabetes may be related to the synergistic action of flavonoid compounds identified in liquid chromatography, whose pharmacological capabilities have already been documented in previous studies. The mechanisms may be the stimulation of insulin release; the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase; improving general clinical conditions; and the antioxidant effects of the extract. These findings pave the way for the future development of an herbal presentation of L. origanoides Kunth as a hypoglycemic and cardiovascular protector with a lipid-lowering effect.

Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Risk Assessment in Nigerian Breast Cancer Patients – A Cross-Sectional Study

Background The lipid profile and atherogenic risk indices in Nigerian breast cancer patients are largely unknown. This study evaluated the lipid profile and atherogenic risk indices of breast cancer patients in Nigeria. Methods This study involved 45 primarily diagnosed breast cancer patients and 50 normal control subjects. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, and High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated according to Friedewald formula. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Atherogenic coefficient (AC), TC/HDL-C (Castelli I) and LDL-C/HDL-C (Castelli II) risk indices were all calculated. The Framingham risk assessment was calculated and categorized. Results The study group had significantly higher triglycerides (TG), and atherogenic indices than the control group (p < 0.001), while HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower in the study group (p < 0.001). Total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) had a significant positive correlation with age (r = 0.283, p < 0.018; r = 0.272, p < 0.023); TG was significantly positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.320. p < 0.007; r = 0.334, p < 0.005); HDL-C had a significant negative correlation with BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r = −0.252, p < 0.035; r = −0.29, p < 0.015; r = −0.329, p < 0.005). The lipid ratios (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C) were significantly positively correlated with body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The Framingham Risk Score showed that only 2 subjects in the study group (4.4%) were at a high risk of having a cardiovascular event. Conclusion Breast cancer patients have a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia, and cardiovascular risk than the normal population.

CORRELATION BETWEEN BETA - STIFFNESS INDEX AND ATHEROGENIC LIPID INDICES AS A MARKER OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH BETA THALASSEMIA MAJOR

Objective: Vascular impairment in patients with Beta-thalassemia major (BTM) is an extremely clinically relevant issue, associated with a high risk of accelerated atherosclerosis. Beta-stiffness index (BSI) is an echo-tracking parameter that can reveal increased carotid stiffness. To examine the beta-steffness index in patients with BTM and healthy controls. To analyze parameters of lipid metabolism and atherogenic lipid indices (Castelli Risk Index I, CRI-I, Castelli Risk Index II, CRI-II, Atherogenic index of plasma, AIP, Atherogenic coefficient, as a marker of cardiovascular risk in BTM patients compared with healthy controls and to find out correlations between the BSI and atherogenic lipid indices in patients with BTM. Design and method: 38 children and young patients with BTM (mean age 25.0±10.8 years, 20 female) and 40 healthy controls (mean age 23.1±11.0 years, 20 female). All subjects underwent carotid examination of beta-stiffness index by echo-tracking method with Aloka Hitachi prosound alfa 7, 7.5-MHz linear array of the right and left common carotid arteries about 1 cm proximal to the bulb. Blood test samples for lipid parameters – total cholesterol (TC), LDL, HDL, triglicerides (TG) were performed as well as calculations of the atherogenic lipid indices. Results: The mean AIP values in patients were 0.17±0.30 and in health controls -0,34±0.19, p=0.0001. The Castelli Risk index I in patients was 3.64±1.19 and in healthy controls was 2,75±0.74 (p=0.0001) –tabl.1. There was positive correlation between beta-stiffness index of both carotid arteries and some lipid parameters – tabl.2. Conclusions: Young adults with BTM are at increased risk of atherosclerosis and the subclinical impairment can be easily detected by methods of carotid ultrasound examination using beta-stiffness index and by atherogenic lipid indices.

Assessment of the blood lipid spectrum of workers under stressful conditions labor

The importance of dyslipidemia for health lies in the potentiation of cardiovascular diseases. We assessed the blood lipid spectrum and types of dyslipidemia in people with intense work (men aged 35.7 ± 0.8 years, n = 58). Body mass index (BMI) and nutritional status were determined. We assessed working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger. A survey was conducted to establish the fact of tobacco and alcohol consumption. Mental work with high psycho-emotional stress and intensity of the work process in conditions of physical inactivity was assessed as harmful — 3.2. The proportion of smokers was 10.3 %, 100.0 % drank alcohol in moderate doses periodically. Body weight 84.6 ± 1.3 kg, BMI — 26.1 ± 0.3 kg/m2. The proportion of people with overweight and obesity was 68.4 %. Elevated triglycerides (TG) were detected in 17.7 %, total cholesterol (TC) in 60.3 %, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in 74.0 %, reduced high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in 17.0 %. The atherogenic coefficient (AC) was 3.58 ± 0.13; in 51.8 % it exceeded the normal value. An adequate and inadequate response of the body to living conditions was evidenced by high and low levels of HDL: in 30.2 % and 5.4 % of those examined. The leading type of dyslipidemia was hypercholesterolemia (in 44.6 %). The proportion of mixed and atherogenic was 5.4 % and 1.8 %. In 23.2 %, excess levels of TC, LDL and TG in various combinations were recorded against the background of high HDL; their KA was normal. It can be assumed that physical inactivity against the background of intense work are risk factors for the development of dyslipidemia.

Association between atherogenic indexes and erectile dysfunction: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004.

Elevated blood lipids are considered a risk factor for atherosclerosis, which can lead to erectile dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), Castelli's risk index-I (CRI-I), Castelli's risk index-II (CRI-II), and erectile dysfunction. Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2001-2004, multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between AIP, AC, CRI-I, and CRI-II with ED. Smooth curve fitting was employed to assess the linear association. A total of 1806 male participants with complete data were enrolled in the study. In Model 1, those in the highest tertile of AIP had a 49% increased risk of ED compared to the lowest tertile (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.15-1.91 p = 0.0021). After adjusting for the variables of age, race, education, body mass index, and poverty income ratio (PIR), significant positive correlations were found between ED and AIP, with each 1-unit increase in AIP associated with a 65% increase in the risk of developing ED (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.03-2.64 p = 0.0361). AIP is positively associated with the development of ED in US adults. More prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm the link between AIP and ED.