Atherogenic Coefficient Research Articles

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Irvingia wombolu Seeds on Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Hyperlipidemic Wistar Rats

The effect of aqueous extract of Irvingia wombolu seeds on lipid profile and atherogenic indices in hyperlipidemic wistar rats was evaluated. Forty five (45) wistar rats were grouped into five groups of nine rats each. The animals were allowed seven days acclimatization period. Group one was the control group and it received normal rat chow and water throughout the study. Groups 2 to 5 were given high fat diet for 14 days after which they were fed with normal rat chow till the end of the study. At the end of the 14 days, group 2 was not treated while group 3-5 were treated with 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight aqueous extract of Irvingia wombolu seed respectively for 28 days. The lipid profile of animals was assayed three times: first after 14 days induction period (phase 1) i.e day 0 of treatment, second was taken 14 days after treatment (phase 2), third was taken 28 days after treatment (phase 3).The study lasted for 49 days and distilled water was used as a vehicle for the extract.In phase 1, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in HDL (high density lipoprotein) level in all groups (2-5) compared to the control.there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in LDL ( low density lipoprotein), Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, VLDL (very low density lipoprotein), Non HDL, Cardic risk factor, Atherogenic coefficient, Atherogenic index of plasma levels in all groups (2-5) compared to the control. All doses of aqueous extract of Irvingia wombolu seed were able to increase HDL level and decrease other lipid profile parameters and atherogenic indices in hyperlipidemic rats. Thus, aqueous extract of Irvingia wombolu seed has antidyslipidemic potential.

Traditional and nontraditional lipid parameters in Helicobacter pylori infection.

Aims: This study sought to evaluate the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and traditional and nontraditional lipid parameters, including atherogenic index of plasma, cardiogenic risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient and remnant cholesterol. Methods: After the application of exclusion criteria, 309 patients were allocated according to the absence (n=52) or presence (n=257) of H. pylori infection. Results: Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels were nonsignificantly higher, and HDL-C levels were nonsignificantly lower, in the H. pylori-infected patient group. Triglyceride-to-HDL-C ratio, LDL-C-to-HDL-C ratio, atherogenic index of plasma, cardiogenic risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient and remnant cholesterol were comparable among groups. Conclusion: There was no significant association between H. pylori infection and traditional and nontraditional novel lipid parameters and indices.

Evaluation of the relationship between atherosclerosis and Helicobacter pylori infection with measurement of growth differentiation factor 15 and atherosclerosis indicators in adults with no comorbidity

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate presence of subclinical atherosclerosis by measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in patients with Helicobacter pylori (HP) and to assess effects of HP on atherosclerosis by evaluating markers of atherosclerosis and blood growth differentiation factor (GDF-15) levels. Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study included 59 patients without comorbid disease who had HP and 30 healthy controls without HP in upper endoscopic biopsy. In order to assess atherosclerosis, the CIMT measurement was performed by sonography. Serum GDF-15 level was measured by ELISA method. In all patients, atherosclerosis markers were recorded. Atherogenic indices were calculated, including Castelli risk index I and II (TG/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c, respectively), plasma atherogenic index (PAI; log TG/HDL-c), non-HDL-c (TH-HDL-c) and atherogenic coefficient (AC; non-HDL-HDL-c). ResultsThe GDF-15 level and CIMT were significantly higher in HP-positive group when compared to HP-negative group (p≤0.001). There was a significant correlation between serum GDF-15 level and CIMT (r=0.445; p≤0.001). There was no correlation between other atherosclerosis markers and serum GDF-15 level or CIMT. The bacterial intensity on endoscopic specimen was only correlated with CIMT (p<0.001). Vitamin B12 and D levels were comparable among groups. ConclusionThis study suggested that there was a correlation between GDF-15 level and subclinical atherosclerosis development in patients with HP. However, GDF-15 level, which was found to be elevated while atherogenic indices were normal, can be an earlier marker for subclinical atherosclerosis.

Лазеротерапия и разгрузочная лечебная гимнастика в лечении нарушений липидного обмена

Based on clinical practice, some patients with lipid metabolism disorders (LMD) are resistant to lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) — in such patients, taking optimal doses of LLT drugs does not reduce levels of cholesterol and its fractions to target levels and using LLT at higher doses is associated with increased odds of adverse events. To optimize the treatment, 58 patients with ischemic heart disease with LMD resistant to LLT were examined. The patients were divided into two groups: in the main group, 29 patients received laser therapy and unloading therapeutic gymnastics; in the control group, 29 patients continued to take their usual medications. The obtained results showed a significant lipid-lowering effect of the treatment in the main group: we observed a significant decrease in total cholesterol (by 27.7%, p &lt; 0.01) as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 34.7%, p &lt; 0.01), a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (28.1%, p &lt; 0.01), a significant decrease of atherogenic coefficient (by 50.2%, p &lt; 0.01) and in the levels of triglycerides (by 49.6%, p &lt; 0.01). At the same time, no significant positive changes in lipid profile were observed in the control group. In patients of the main group, tolerance to physical activity increased significantly, with statistically insignificant changes in the control group accordingly.

Serum endocan, asymmetric dimethylarginine and lipid profile in children with familial Mediterranean fever.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a chronic inflammatory disease, and it is thought that subclinical inflammation persists even when there are no attacks, eventually causing endothelial dysfunction (ED) and atherosclerosis. Limited data are available about serum endocan, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and lipid profile in children with FMF, so we aimed to evaluate these markers in children with FMF during the attack-free period. A total of 50 patients diagnosed with FMF and 50 age and sex-matched healthy children were recruited. Serum endocan, ADMA and lipid profiles were measured. Also, atherogenic indices (Castelli's risk indices I and II [CRI I and II], atherogenic index of plasma [AIP] and atherogenic coefficient [AC]) were calculated. Serum endocan, ADMA levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, CRI II and AIP of the FMF patients were significantly higher than controls (p < 0.001). Unlike serum endocan, serum ADMA showed a positive significant correlation with total cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRI I, AIP and AC (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.028, p = 0.004 respectively). Serum ADMA and lipid profile might be used as potential markers for endothelial dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk in FMF patients. Theoretically, serum ADMA may affect lipid profiles and serum endocan represents an intriguing biomarker related to inflammation. Coexistence of dyslipidemia represents an additional risk factor that contributes to the onset of early atherosclerosis. A few studies investigated the role of changes in lipid profile and lipid ratios in accelerated atherosclerosis pathogenesis in FMF patients. The relationship between colchicine and lipid profile is contradictory. Although colchicine can cause dyslipidemia, it also has anti-atherosclerosis effects. Elevated ADMA level and atherogenic indices in FMF children reflect their potential role in the early detection of cardiovascular affection in FMF patients.

Association of quality and quantity of macronutrients intake with obesity, new anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index in Tehranian women.

This study examines the association between micronutrient intake, anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index among Tehranian women. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 556 Tehranian women. Dietary intake was measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Biochemical assessment and anthropometric indices were measured, and demographic information and physical activity were collected. Participants with the highest intake of carbohydrates were more prone to obesity. Conversely, those in the top tertile for protein intake had a lower likelihood of obesity and higher levels of lipid accumulation product (LAP). The highest fat consumers had a 63% decreased chance of having a high Castelli's Risk Index 1 (CRI-1). A higher glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were linked to an increased probability of a high atherogenic coefficient (AC). Women in the top tertile of GL were significantly more likely to be obese and had lower odds for high LAP. Participants in the top tertile of aromatic amino acids/branched chain amino acids (AAA/BCAA) had significantly lower chances of high CRI-1 and a high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Those in the highest tertile of monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA) had lower odds of obesity and high AIP. The amount of carbohydrate (g) and protein intake (%), dietary GL, and the ratio of MUFA to PUFA were associated with obesity. The amount of fat intake (g) and AAA/BCAA indices were associated with CRI-1. LAP decreased with an increase in GL. AC increased with an increase in GI and GL. AAA/BCAA and MUFA/PUFA were associated with AIP.

Atherogenic Index, Cardiovascular Risk Ratio, and Atherogenic Coefficient as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Pre-eclampsia in Southeast Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Pre-eclampsia is a key trigger for maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Current evidence suggests an association between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Thus, the importance of evaluating some indices of atherosclerosis during pregnancy cannot be over-emphasized. To evaluate the effect of some lipid profile indices as risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women with pre-eclampsia in Enugu, Southeast Nigeria. A cross-sectional study of two groups of eligible pregnant women between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation selected at three healthcare facilities in Enugu, Nigeria was carried out. The case group consisted of 160 women with pre-eclampsia, while the control group consisted of 160 normotensive pregnant women. Participants' fasting blood samples were analyzed for different fractions of lipids and their atherogenic indices were calculated. There were significantly higher mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) [P < 0.001] in pre-eclampsia than in normal pregnancy. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), cardiovascular risk ratio (CRR), and atherogenic coefficient (AC) were significantly higher in pre-eclampsia than in normal pregnancy (P < 0.001) and there was a significant positive correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and AIP (r = 0.421), CRR (r = 0.416) and AC (r = 0.634) for women with pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is associated with an increased risk of CVDs. Determining the atherogenic indices and assessing the AIP level in pre-eclamptic women may predict disease risk and help in early management and measures for its prevention.

Nonlinear relationship between untraditional lipid parameters and the risk of prediabetes: a large retrospective study based on Chinese adults

BackgroundAbnormal lipid metabolism poses a risk for prediabetes. However, research on lipid parameters used to predict the risk of prediabetes is scarce, and the significance of traditional and untraditional lipid parameters remains unexplored in prediabetes. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the association between 12 lipid parameters and prediabetes and their diagnostic value.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included data from 100,309 Chinese adults with normal baseline blood glucose levels. New onset of prediabetes was the outcome of concern. Untraditional lipid parameters were derived from traditional lipid parameters. Multivariate logistic regression and smooth curve fitting were used to examine the nonlinear relationship between lipid parameters and prediabetes. A two-piecewise linear regression model was used to identify the critical points of lipid parameters influencing the risk of prediabetes. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve estimated the predictive value of the lipid parameters.ResultsA total of 12,352 participants (12.31%) were newly diagnosed with prediabetes. Following adjustments for confounding covariables, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were negatively correlated with prediabetes risk. Conversely, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), lipoprotein combine index (LCI), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), non-HDL-C, atherogenic coefficient, Castelli’s index-I, remnant cholesterol (RC), and RC/HDL-C ratio displayed positive correlations. In younger adults, females, individuals with a family history of diabetes, and non-obese individuals, LCI, TG, and AIP exhibited higher predictive values for the onset of prediabetes compared to other lipid profiles.ConclusionNonlinear associations were observed between untraditional lipid parameters and the risk of prediabetes. The predictive value of untraditional lipid parameters for prediabetes surpassed that of traditional lipid parameters, with LCI emerging as the most effective predictor for prediabetes.

Atherogenic Indices as Early Predictors of Cardiovascular Diseases among Patients with Subclinical and Overt Hypothyroidism in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Karnataka: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common health issue that decreases the functional ability of life. It is strongly associated with altered levels of serum lipids, leading to an increased risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Lipid profile and Atherogenic Indices (AIs) can serve as better markers for evaluating CVD risk. Aim: The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the role of dyslipidaemia and AIs as predictors of CVD risk among patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SCH) and Overt Hypothyroidism (OH) compared to euthyroid controls. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at the Clinical Biochemistry Section of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences in Mandya, Karnataka, India from August to September 2019. A total of 150 subjects aged between 25-60 years were enrolled. Fasting lipid profile and Thyroid Function Test (TFT) were analysed. Based on TFT results, subjects were categorised into SCH, OH, and euthyroid groups. Data on anthropometry {(height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Blood Pressure (BP)}, lipid profile, Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index-I (CRI-I), CRI-II, and Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s correlation and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Out of the 150 subjects, 104 (69.3%) were females and 46 (30.7%) were males, with a mean age of 41.08±11.24 years. Both the SCH and OH groups showed statistically significant dyslipidaemic changes and elevated AIs compared to euthyroid controls. Among OH patients, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between TSH and Total Cholesterol (TC) (r=0.463), Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (r=0.448), CRI-I (r=0.414), CRI-II (r=0.412), and AC (r=0.411). Conversely, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between fT3 and TC (r=-0.393), LDL-c (r=-0.363), CRI-I (r=-0.300), CRI-II (r=-0.301), and AC (r=-0.298). Among the AIs, AIP showed the maximum Area Under the Curve (AUC) in both the SCH (0.707) and OH (0.747) groups. Conclusion: AIs aid in the better assessment of dyslipidaemia and CVD risk compared to lipid profile alone in hypothyroid subjects. Incorporating AIs enables early prediction of high-risk individuals for CVD risk.

Association of atherogenic indices with myocardial damage and mortality in COVID-19.

Lipoproteins in cell membranes are related to membrane stability and play a role against microorganisms. Patients with COVID-19 often experience myocyte membrane damage. This study aimed to search the relationship of atherogenic indices with myocardial damage and mortality in COVID-19. This was an observational, single-center, retrospective study. The study population was grouped according to in-hospital mortality. C-reactive protein (CRP), CRP to albumin ratio (CAR), monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR), levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were recorded. Atherogenic indices (plasma atherogenic index [AIP], atherogenic coefficient [AC], Castelli's risk indices I and II [CRI I and II], triglyceride to HDLc ratio (THR) were calculated. A total of 783 patients were included. The mortality rate was 15.45% (n = 121). The median age of non-survivor group (NSG) was higher than survivor group (SG) [66.0 years (Q1 -Q3: 55.0-77.5) vs 54.0 years (Q1 -Q3: 43.0-63.0)] (p < 0.001). Study parameters which were measured significantly higher in the NSG were CRP, cTnI, triglyceride, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC, AIP, ferritin, CAR, MHR and THR. LDLc, HDLc, TC and albumin were significantly lower in NSG (p<0.001). THR is positively correlated with myocardial damage and strongly predicts in-hospital mortality in COVID-19.

Correlations of Serum Lipid Parameters and Atherogenic Indices With Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction Among Apparently Healthy Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter In-Hospital Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: In adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, lipid ratios are predictors of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD). However, whether this also applies to adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. This study is aimed at assessing the correlations of serum lipid parameters and atherogenic indices with LVDD in patients with T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 203 patients with T2DM aged 59.9 ± 13.6 years (111 males, sex ratio: 1 : 2 in favor of males) from eight randomly selected urban hospitals. Demographic information was collected, an anthropometric assessment was performed, and blood pressure was measured. Fasting blood samples were obtained to assess total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), glucose, and glycated hemoglobin. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I), Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II), atherogenic coefficient, and non-HDL-C were determined using specific formulas. Diastolic function was assessed using echocardiography as per the 2016 updated guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Results: Approximately 47.8% of the participants had LVDD. Compared with participants with normal diastolic function, those with LVDD were more likely to be older than 55 years (p < 0.001), tended to have obesity (p = 0.045), had a higher risk of developing dyslipidemia (p = 0.041), and higher AIP and CRI-II (p < 0.05) levels while having similar low HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia frequencies. In the multivariate model adjusting for age, high AIP (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-5.34) and high CRI-II (aOR: 3.80; 95% CI: 2.25-6.35) were independent determinants of LVDD. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of considering atherogenic indices, primarily AIP and CRI-II in the management of T2DM patients. High AIP and high CRI-II could serve as surrogate markers of LVDD, an early cardiovascular manifestation in patients with T2DM.

Influence of chronic immobilization stress on vitamin status in rats fed different diets

The influence of a stress factor, widespread in modern conditions, on the vitamin status has not been studied enough. At the same time, the negative stress impact can be aggravated against the background of unhealthy nutrition, which in turn affects the vitamin status of the organism. In this regard, the goal of the research was to evaluate the effect of chronic restrict stress on the vitamin supply in rats fed a diet with adequate and increased content of fat, sugar and cholesterol. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 37 growing male Wistar rats (initial body weight of 45±5 g) divided into 4 groups. Animals of the 1st (control) and the 2nd groups received a complete semi-synthetic diet (CSSD) (20% protein, 10% fat, 58% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 384 kcal/100 g) for 92 days. The levels of all vitamins and mineral elements in the rats' diets were adequate for growing rats. Rats of the 3rd and the 4th groups were fed a high-calorie, high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (HFHCD) (20% protein, 28% fat, 2% cholesterol, 18% carbohydrates in the form of starch, 20% sucrose, 511 kcal/100 g). Animals of groups 2 and 4 were subjected to daily 90-minute immobilization. The concentration of vitamins A (retinol and retinol palmitate) and E (α-tocopherol) in the blood serum and liver were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver and urine, as well as riboflavin in the blood serum and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) in urine were determined by fluorimetric methods. Biochemical parameters of blood serum were determined on a biochemical analyzer; the total content of fat, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CH) was determined in the liver. Results. Replacing CSSD with HFHCD, both under restraint stress and without, was accompanied by an increase in liver weight by 1.8-2.0 fold, in its fat content by 2.6-3.3 fold, cholesterol by 32.6-35.3 fold and TG - by 33.0-57.6 fold (p=<0.001). An increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity by 1.7-2.0 fold (p=<0.01), in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level by 5.4 fold (p=<0.05) and the atherogenic coefficient by 2.5 fold (p<0.01) as well as a decrease in creatinine and urea level (p=<0.05) in blood serum were revealed. Immobilization was accompanied by a decrease in body weight, liver and liver fat in rats fed both CSSD and HFHCD (p<0.05), but didn't affect the blood serum biochemical parameters, with the exception of an increase in ALT activity. If the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) did not change during immobilization of rats fed the CSSD, then in animals fed the high-calorie diet it decreased by 37.5% (p=<0.05 from the control) under its increase against the background of restrict stress by 78.7% (p=<0.01) compared to the indicator of rats of the 3rd group. Immobilization of rats treated with CSSD was accompanied by an increase in both absolute serum α-tocopherol level and concentration correlated with the level of cholesterol and triglycerides by 26.0-57.5% (p<0.05), with a simultaneous decrease in its content in the liver per 1 g of wet tissue by 22.1% (p=0.041) relative to the indicators of intact animals. Immobilization reduced the level of retinol palmitate in the liver by 2.3 times (p<0.01), but did not affect retinol level in the blood serum. At the same time, indicators of B vitamin status (the content of vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver per 1 g of wet tissue and per organ, blood serum riboflavin level, urinary excretion of riboflavin and 4-PA) did not change, with the exception of thiamine urinary excretion, which reduced compared to the control by 38.8%. In rats fed HFHCD, immobilization had no additional effect on the supply with vitamins A and E. The content of vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver in terms of the whole organ was reduced by 14.0-26.7% relative to the indicator in animals of the 3rd group, not subjected to chronic stress, only due to differences in liver weight in animals of these groups. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that chronic stress has a negative effect on the vitamin status of the body, worsening the supply with vitamins A, E and B1, and substantiate the feasibility of studying the mechanisms of this effect in order to develop effective vitamin complexes for the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by long-term stress.

المؤشرات الاثيروجينية في مرضى الغدة الدرقية ومخاطر امراض القلب والاوعية الدموية

The body's energy metabolism can be significantly affected by thyroid diseases, making them a prime concern for medical professionals. Despite this, traditional lipid profile tests are still commonly used by physicians to diagnose these conditions. The aim of the current study is to assess the efficacy of several atherogenic indices in predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease among patients with thyroid dysfunction, including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's risk index I and II (CRI-I and II), the atherogenic coefficient (AC), and the cholesterol index (CHOL index).Methods: A100 woman was involved in this study which diagnosed with thyroid dysfunction, and their thyroid hormone levels were used to divide them equally into two groups: Hyperthyroidism patients (n=50) with aged 18-60 years old and Hypothyroidism with patients (n=50) with aged 18-75 years old. Additionally, 30 healthy women between the ages of 18 and 70 were included as a control group. To collect data, demographic and clinical measurements were taken, including body mass index (BMI), age, weight, lipid profile and atherogenic indices such as AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, AC, and CHOL index. Thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3 and T4, freeT3, freeT4) were also recorded for all participants. Results: The calculated atherogenic indices of the patients and controls revealed the presence of significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in these indices in both thyroidism patients groups when compared with that of control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that patients with thyroidism are at high risk to cardiovascular diseases and the regular monitor for dyslipidemia is very important in order to start an early treatment and advise them for changing their life style.

Polymorphisms rs562556 and rs2479409 of the PCSK9 gene associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease.

The primary objective was to comprehensively assess the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs562556 and rs2479409) in the PCSK9 gene with biochemical parameters - C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TAG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL CHOL), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL CHOL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL CHOL), cholesterol (CHOL), and anthropometric parameters (visceral fat), overweight/obesity and cardiovascular risk. A total of 71 women aged 23-64 years were divided into three groups based on body mass index (BMI). BMI ≥ 25/≥ 30 kg/m2 was the criterion for assessment of overweight/obesity. Anthropometric, biochemical and genetic examinations were performed on the probands. Changes in markers in each group and their association with cardiovascular risk were monitored. We can conclude that in our study population we observed differences between the BMI categories for biochemical markers (CRP, LDL CHOL, non HDL CHOL, HDL CHOL, LDL CHOL) and anthropometric marker (visceral fat). Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli's Risk Index I (CRI-I) and atherogenic coefficient (AC) confirmed high cardiovascular risk for the obese women category (0.045); (< 0.013); (< 0.010). Genotype and allele frequencies for the PCSK9 gene in the overweight and obese groups showed higher allele frequencies of allele A for both polymorphisms of the gene. PCSK9 gene expression is associated with biological processes such as lipid metabolism and inflammation. Cholesterol-lowering therapies are the gold standard for reducing the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PCSK9 is a novel lipid-lowering therapeutic approach in adults to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

PATHOGENESIS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN THE SETTING OF METABOLIK SYNDROME IN CORONARY HEAT DISEASE. QUALIFYING SCENTIFYING WORK ON THE RIGHTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT

PATHOGENESIS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN THE SETTING OF METABOLIK SYNDROME IN CORONARY HEAT DISEASE. QUALIFYING SCENTIFYING WORK ON THE RIGHTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT

Prevalence of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Background and Objectives: The risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is two times higher compared to the general population. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine which cardiovascular complications can appear in men vs. women with rheumatoid arthritis. Early diagnosis and initiation of therapeutic measures to reduce the progression rate of rheumatoid arthritis, while also maintaining an active lifestyle, are the most important problems in young patients. Materials and Methods: We included a number of 200 patients, divided into two groups according to gender (124 women and 76 men) with rheumatoid arthritis, presenting various stages of disease concomitant with cardiovascular complications. We assessed traditional and non-traditional risk factors, as well as electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings in both groups. Results: All patients presented an atherogenic coefficient over two, indicating a significant risk of atherogenesis. Men had elevated levels of total cholesterol compared with women (≥200 mg/dL; 77.6%-men vs. 25.8%-women, p < 0.001). The participants presented cardiac arrhythmias, especially in the active stage of RA. Women had an increased risk of atrial fibrillation by 2.308 times compared to men (p = 0.020). One of the most important complications found in young women was pulmonary arterial hypertension (p = 0.007). Conclusions: In daily clinical practice, the screening of RA is carried out in sufficiently. This disease is often undiagnosed, and the risk factors remain unassessed. As a result, RA patients continue to present an increased risk of developing CVD.

Assessment of groundnut milk intake on nutritional status and some biochemical indices of normal rats

Groundnut milk also known as peanut milk, is an increasingly popular based beverage that serves as a potential alternative to cow’s milk. It is rich in essential nutrients such as proteins, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals but limited research has explored its effect on nutritional status and biochemical indices. Therefore, this study assessed the effect of groundnut milk intake on nutritional status and some biochemical indices of Wistar rats. The Wistar rats (n=20), with body weight ≤50g were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each: Group 1 served as control. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were administered groundnut milk at daily doses of 247.2, 494.3, and 988.6 mg/kg respectively for eight weeks. Significant increase in abdominal circumference (P&lt;0.005) between groups was observed. However, increase in the BMI and thoracic circumference between groups were insignificant (P&gt;0.05). The levels of TC, TG and LDL-c were decreased significantly (P&lt;0.005). However, HDL-c showed no significant difference. The decrease in atherogenic index, atherogenic coefficient and cardiac risk ratio indices were insignificant (P&gt;0.05). The groundnut milk had no effect on serum total protein, adiponectin, and albumin while it increased serum leptin level significantly (P&lt;0.005). The blood glucose levels of group 2, 3 and 4 were lowered dose-dependently (P&lt;0.005) compared to the control. Groundnut milk showed no effect on liver and kidney-to-body weight ratio (P&gt;0.05), but showed effect on heart-to-body weight ratio (P&lt;0.005). The ratio of food and water intake of groups 2, 3, and 4 decreased significantly (P&lt;0.005) compared to the control group. The results revealed that groundnut milk could play a positive role nutritionally and positively influence lipid profile, glucose, and leptin levels in a dose-related manner.

Can atherogenic indices and the triglyceride-glucose index be used to predict erectile dysfunction?

Atherosclerosis and insulin resistance play an important role in the development of erectile dysfunction (ED), and few studies have comprehensively evaluated more specific indicators like atherogenic indices and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in the assessment of ED. This study aimed to reveal the role of atherogenic indices (atherogenic index of plasma [AIP], Castelli risk index-1/2 [CRI-1/2], and atherogenic coefficient [AC]) based on plasma lipid ratios, which have been used as more sensitive indicators of atherosclerosis in recent years, and the TyG index, a practical indicator of insulin resistance, in predicting vasculogenic ED. The study included a total of 199 patients who met the inclusion criteria and a total of 51 control subjects without ED complaints according to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) scores (>21) between May 2021 and October 2022. For all participants, the demographic and biochemical parameters were evaluated, and atherogenic indices, namely CRI-1 (total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein [HDL]), CRI-2 (LDL/HDL) AIP [log10(triglycerides/HDL)], and AC (non-HDL/HDL), as well as the TyG index [Ln {fasting triglycerides (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2}] were calculated. The TyG index, which is an indicator of insulin resistance, and atherogenic indices such as CRI-1, AIP, and AC were significantly associated with ED, and especially AIP and the TyG index seem to be more important in the evaluation of ED. According to the univariate analysis, the patient group had significantly higher CRI-1 (5.3 ± 1.4 vs 4.7 ± 1.3; P = .005), AIP (0.31 ± 0.26 vs 0.13 ± 0.2; P < .001), AC (4.1 ± 1.4 vs 3.70 ± 1.2; P = .026), and TyG (9.16 ± 0.71 vs 8.77 ± 0.52; P < .001) values compared with the control group. In the correlation analysis, a significant negative correlation was found between the AIP and TyG index and the IIEF-5 scores (r2 = 0.120, P < .001 between AIP and IIEF-5; r2 = 0.091, P < .001 between TyG index and IIEF-5). The multivariate analysis revealed AIP and the TyG index as independent predictive factors for ED. The use of atherogenic indices and TyG index in daily urology practice can help physicians in the diagnosis and follow-up of ED. The lack of sex hormone-binding globulin and free testosterone levels represents a limitation of our study. Another limitation is that the severity of ED was determined using the IIEF-5 scores, rather than a more objective method, such as penile artery ultrasound. Atherogenic indices and the TyG index can be used as inexpensive and practical markers to predict the severity of arteriogenic ED.

The effects of powdered drinks enriched with curcumin and probiotics on lipid profile and atherogenic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Cardiovascular disease is prevalent globally and is the most common complication of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Previous studies have suggested that curcumin and probiotics may improve the lipid profile, so we aimed to investigate the effects of the edible powder enriched with these substances on lipid profile level and atherogenic indices such as Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), Castelli Risk Index-I (CRI-I), Castelli Risk Index-II (CRI-II), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP). In the present parallel randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial, 124 people with MetS with overweight or obesity were randomly allocated to 4 groups and were followed up for 8 weeks. The participants received a low-calorie diet and a daily sachet of enriched powder drink. The sachets contained either 109 CFU of probiotics or 1 g of curcumin, or probiotic + curcumin (pro + cur), or placebo, respectively. The fasting lipid profile and atherogenic indices were measured at the beginning and end of the study. One hundred and fourteen participants completed the study. At the end of the study, the within- and between-group comparisons showed no significant differences in lipid profile and atherogenic indices (p > .05). Based on the results of the current study, taking an oral powder containing 1 g curcumin and 109 CFU probiotics for 8 weeks had no effect on the lipid profile level and atherogenic indices; however, more studies are recommended.

Alkaloid-rich extract of Lannea egregia leaf protect against cardiomyopathy in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats

BackgroundLannea egregia leaf has been used locally for the management of diseases with limited scientific support. Hence, the cardiomyopathy protective ability of an alkaloid-rich extract of L. egregia leaf in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats was investigated in this study. A L. egregia leaf alkaloid-rich extract was obtained using a standard procedure. Streptozotocin was injected into the experimental animals intraperitoneal at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight to induce type 2 diabetes mellitus, prior to this, the animals were given 20 % (w/v) fructose for one week. Thus, the animals were grouped into five (n = 8), comprising normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic rats treated with low (50 mg/kg body weight) and high (100 mg/kg body weight) doses of L. egregia alkaloid-rich leaf extracts (i.e., LEL and LEH, respectively), and 200 mg/kg body weight metformin (MET). The animals were sacrificed on the 21st day, and blood and hearts were harvested and used for the determination of serum lipid profiles, atherogenic indices, oxidative stress biomarkers, ATPase activities, cardiac enzyme activities, creatinine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin, cytokines, N-terminal pro-B-type brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) and histology examination. ResultsThe results revealed that diabetic rats treated with LEL, LEH, and MET significantly (p < 0.05) reduced their fasting blood glucose levels, improved their serum lipid profile, and decreased their cardio-risk ratio, atherogenic index of plasma, atherogenic coefficient, and atherosclerosis index. In addition, diabetic treated with on LEL, LEH, and MET significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated oxidative stress biomarkers, increased selected ATPase activities, increased specific cardiac enzyme activities, and decreased serum creatine kinase-MB, serum cardiac troponin I and T, as well as cytokines and NT-pro BNP in diabetic rats. These were supported by the histology examination by improving myocardial degeneration in diabetic rats administered LEL, LEH, and MET. ConclusionHence, it can be presumed that alkaloid-rich extracts obtained from L. egregia leaves could be beneficial in ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy conditions.