Asymmetry Data Research Articles

Understanding PDF uncertainty in W boson mass measurements* *JG and DL is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11875189 and 11835005), as well as the Yangyang Development Fund. KX is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy(DE-SC0007914), U.S. National Science Foundation (PHY-2112829), and in part by the PITT PACC

We study the dependence of the transverse mass distribution of charged leptons and the missing energy on parton distributions (PDFs) adapted to W boson mass measurements at the CDF and ATLAS experiments. We compare the shape variations of the distribution induced by different PDFs and find that the spread of predictions from different PDF sets can be significantly larger than the PDF uncertainty predicted by a specific PDF set. We suggest analyzing the experimental data using up-to-date PDFs to gain a better understanding of the PDF uncertainties in W boson mass measurements. We also perform a series of Lagrange multiplier scans to identify the constraints on the transverse mass distribution imposed by individual data sets in the CT18 global analysis. In the case of the CDF measurement, the distribution is mostly sensitive to d-quark PDFs in the intermediate x region, which are largely constrained by DIS and Drell-Yan data on deuteron targets and Tevatron lepton charge asymmetry data.

Cell-to-Cell Interactions during Early Drosophila Oogenesis: An Ultrastructural Analysis.

Drosophila oogenesis requires the subsequent growth of distinct egg chambers each containing a group of sixteen germline cells surrounded by a simple epithelium of follicle cells. The oocyte occupies a posterior position within the germ cells, thus giving a distinct asymmetry to the egg chamber. Although this disposition is critical for the formation of the anterior–posterior axis of the embryo, the interplay between somatic and germ cells during the early stages of oogenesis remains an open question. We uncover by stage 2, when the egg chambers leaved the germarium, some unique spatial interactions between the posterior follicle cells and the oocyte. These interactions are restricted to the surface of the oocyte over the centriole cluster that formed during early oogenesis. Moreover, the posterior follicle cells in front of the oocyte display a convoluted apical membrane with extensive contacts, whereas the other follicle cells have a flat apical surface without obvious surface protrusions. In addition, the germ cells located at the posterior end of the egg chamber have very elongated protrusions that come into contact with each other or with facing follicle cells. These observations point to distinct polarization events during early oogenesis supporting previous molecular data of an inherent asymmetry between the anterior and the posterior regions of the egg chambers.

Inter-limb asymmetries and kicking limb preference in English premier league soccer players.

The aims of this study were: (1) to quantify interlimb asymmetries in EPL soccer players in the context of kicking limb preference and (2) to establish the relationship between interlimb asymmetries and measures of physical performance. Twenty-two players (age: 21.8 ± 4.4 years) from an EPL club performed a running gait assessment (20 km/h) and unilateral countermovement jumps, a CoD assessment (modified 505 test), and an isokinetic knee extension/flexion protocol using each leg. Asymmetries were quantified using the percentage difference method and Pearson's correlations were used to quantify the association between variables. Players displayed the greatest level of asymmetry in isokinetic strength measures (5.9–12.7%) and lower levels of asymmetry in gait (1.6–7.7%), jump (0.9–7.0%) and CoD (1.9–3.5%) assessments. The influence of the preferred kicking limb was most evident in the isokinetic assessment with the players showing dominance in the preferred limb for knee flexor strength and in the non-preferred limb for knee extensor strength. These manifested in the asymmetry values calculated for the hamstring:quadricep (H:Q) ratios at 60°/s (8.80 ± 7.82%) and 240°/s (11.22 ± 7.04%) and in the functional H:Q ratio (12.67 ± 8.25%). The asymmetry values for peak extensor moment at 240°/s showed a significant correlation (ρ = −0.55, p = 0.034) with 10 m time in the CoD assessment. These findings provide benchmark asymmetry data for soccer practitioners and reveal that kicking limb preferences may bring about interlimb differences in the H:Q ratio which raises important considerations in the design of testing batteries and injury reduction interventions.

The rotational kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich contribution to the temperature asymmetry toward the M 31 halo

Temperature asymmetry in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) data by the Planck satellite has been discovered and analyzed toward several nearby edge-on spiral galaxies. It provides a way to probe galactic halo rotation, and to constrain the baryon fraction in the galactic halos. The frequency independence of the observed data provides a strong indication of the Doppler shift nature of the effect, due to the galactic halo rotation. It was proposed that this effect may arise from the emission of cold gas clouds populating the galactic halos. However, in order to confirm this view, other effects that might give rise to a temperature asymmetry in the CMB data, have to be considered and studied in detail. The main aim of the present paper is to estimate the contribution in the CMB temperature asymmetry data due to the free-free emission by hot gas (particularly electrons) through the rotational kinetic Sunyaev–Zeldovich (rkSZ) effect. We concentrate, in particular, on the M 31 galactic halo and compare the estimated values of the rkSZ induced temperature asymmetry with those obtained by using the SMICA pipeline of the Planck data release, already employed to project out the SZ sources and for lensing studies. As an additional consistency check, we also verified that the hot gas diffuse emission in the X-ray band does not exceed that detected in the soft X-ray band by ROSAT observations. We note that our results clearly show that the rkSZ effect gives only a minor contribution to the observed M 31 halo temperature asymmetry by Planck data.

A new method to extract the valence transversity distributions

A new method is suggested for the extraction of uu-quark and dd-quark transversity distributions, using single spin asymmetry (SSA) data in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) processes, where they couple to the Collins or the di-hadron fragmentation functions. We discuss a recent suggestion to extract the transversity distribution using the concept of difference asymmetries and their ratios, which avoids the requirement of Collins function. We suggest new measurements, involving ratios of polarized cross-sections, that would directly probe the ratio h_1^{d_v}/h_1^{u_v}h1dv/h1uv. We also show some numerical estimates.

Reweighting the quark Sivers function with STAR jet data

The Bayesian reweighting procedure is applied for the first time to a TMD distribution, the quark Sivers function extracted from SIDIS data. By exploiting the recent published single spin asymmetry data for the inclusive jet production in p^\uparrow pp↑p collisions from the STAR collaboration at RHIC, we show how such a procedure allows to incorporate the information contained in the new data set, without the need of re-fitting, and to explore a much wider xx region compared to SIDIS measurements. The reweighting method is also extended to the case of asymmetric errors, and the results show a significant improvement on the knowledge of the quark Sivers function.

Measurement of the helicity dependence for single $$\pi ^{0}$$ photoproduction from the deuteron

The helicity-dependent single $\pi^{0}$ photoproduction cross section on the deuteron and the angular dependence of the double polarisation observable $E$ for the quasi-free single $\pi^0$ production off the proton and the neutron have been measured for the first time from the threshold region up to the photon energy 1.4 GeV. The experiment was performed at the tagged photon facility of the MAMI accelerator and used a circularly polarised photon beam and longitudinally polarised deuteron target. The reaction products were detected using the large acceptance Crystal Ball/TAPS calorimeter, which covered 97% of the full solid angle. Comparing the cross section from the deuteron with the sum of free nucleon cross sections provides a quantitative estimate of the effects of the nuclear medium on pion production. In contrast, comparison of $E$ helicity asymmetry data from quasi-free protons off deuterium with data from a free proton target indicates that nuclear effects do not significantly affect this observable. As a consequence, it is deduced that the helicity asymmetry $E$ on a free neutron can be reliably extracted from measurements on a deuteron in quasi-free kinematics.

“Computer metaphor”, interhemispheral asymmetry and species (spontaneous) knowledge of Homo sapiens

The purpose of this article is to supplement the discussion in the field of research and modeling of the process of cognition first with data from neuropsychology and interhemispheric asymmetry, and second with reflections on species’ (spontaneous) knowledge of Homo sapiens. I. The data of neuropsychology and interhemispheric asymmetry signify two differently directed and complementary ways of processing information and regulating the functions inherent in the brain. One of these methods is analytical computer-like information processing, which is necessary for voluntary learning, the other method provides holistic-simultaneous, imaginative, unconscious, and involuntary processing. The duality of cognitive strategies is clearly manifested in the psychological analysis of syndromes in the case of brain lesions, as well as various conditions in healthy people (for example, in the case of bilingualism). II. Biological existence, which is the basis for all other layers of life, is provided by species-specific behavior and knowledge. Presumably species knowledge manifests itself as 1 — Constant involuntary assessment of the surrounding world and adequate reactions to changes in the world: from ordinary reactions (step aside, add a step, etc.) to the ability to react without hesitation in dangerous situations. 2 — The ability to understand connections between phenomena without scientific calculations. The entire history of mankind speaks of the existence of such an ability. People survived without science and created science along the way. 3 — Deep knowledge (often without the ability to logically explain) of what is natural and useful for us as representatives of the Homo Sapiens species, and of what is unnatural and harmful. There are reasons to assume that species knowledge is the basis that determines the common behavior of people of different eras and cultures in everything related to the continuation of the family and the cultivation of a new generation. Species knowledge merges together in the process of development with the knowledge gained during training.

The influence of subsistence strategy and climate on bony labyrinth morphology in recentHomo sapiens

AbstractObjectivesIntraspecific shape variation in the recentHomo sapiensbony labyrinth has been assessed for association with sexual dimorphism, body size, and genetic differences, but has not been fully assessed for association with extrinsic factors, such as subsistence strategy and climate. While the skull overall is known to vary with these variables, the bony labyrinth develops in utero and exhibits microstructural stability through adulthood. Therefore, labyrinthine morphology may be resistant to extrinsic variables.Materials and methodsWe collected labyrinthine shape data using computed tomography from 262 individuals associated with archeological or contemporary collections used for dissection in North America, Europe, Africa, and Southeast Asia. We assessed the data for observer error and asymmetry. Shape variation is examined between subsistence strategy groups and climate type groups with Principal Components Analyses and Procrustes ANOVA's, and shape variation was correlated with specific climate data (precipitation, temperature, altitude) with a two‐block partial least squares analysis.ResultsBoth inter‐ and intra‐observer error as well as asymmetry minimally affected labyrinthine shape variation. We found that both subsistence strategy and climate each account for a statistically significant 7% of overall shape variation, and that specific climate variables have statistically significant correlation with labyrinthine shape variation (RV 0.52527).DiscussionMorphological variation in this sample indicates that the labyrinth is not entirely resistant to extrinsic factors associated with subsistence strategy and climate. Shape differences are not localized to specific regions of the labyrinth, but may contribute to the complicated variation seen in recent human evolution and warrants further exploration.

Method of surgical treatment of patients with a chronic rupture of the Achilles tendon

To improve treatment outcomes in patients with long-standing Achilles tendon ruptures with severe diastasis and dysfunction of the calf muscle via the use of a new method of surgical treatment. The authors proposed a new method of Achilles tendon repair for diastasis from 5 to 10 cm. This technique consists in elimination of diastasis with a tendon of the long peroneal muscle on the distal base. Surgical stages are described. The authors also report a patient with long-standing Achilles tendon rupture. Surgical treatment and postoperative outcomes are described. Postoperative outcomes were assessed in 23 patients. The control group consisted of 21 patients who underwent reconstruction according to Chernavsky's and Krasnov's methods. Assessment was carried out using clinical and biomechanical methods. The authors analyzed gait asymmetry and functional myography data. Their data indicate the advantage of treatment in the main group.

Revisiting quark and gluon polarization in the proton at the EIC

We present a comprehensive impact study of future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) data for parity-conserving and parity-violating polarization asymmetries on quark and gluon helicity distributions in the proton. The study, which is based on the JAM Monte Carlo global QCD analysis framework, explores the role of the extrapolation uncertainty and SU(3) flavor symmetry constraints in the simulated double-spin asymmetry, $A_{LL}$, at small parton momentum fractions $x$ and its effect on the extracted parton polarizations. We find that different assumptions about $A_{LL}$ extrapolations and SU(3) symmetry can have significant consequences for the integrated quark and gluon polarizations, for polarized proton, deuteron and $^3$He beams. For the parity-violating asymmetry, $A_{UL}$, we study the potential impact on the polarized strange quark distribution with different extrapolations of $A_{UL}$, finding the constraining power to be ultimately limited by the EIC machine luminosity.

Seasonal variation of inter-limb jumping asymmetries in youth team-sport athletes

ABSTRACT The main objective of the present study was to provide seasonal variation data for inter-limb asymmetry in youth elite team-sport athletes. Fifty-nine players performed the single-leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ) and the one leg hop for distance (OLHT) tests during pre-season, mid-season and end-season. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to determine magnitude differences in asymmetry scores between time points. Kappa coefficients (κ) were calculated to determine the levels of agreement for the direction of asymmetry. When comparing inter-limb asymmetry magnitudes across the season, the SLCMJ test showed significantly higher asymmetries at mid-season in comparison with pre-season and end-season (p< 0.01, d= −1.03 for pre to mid; p< 0.01, d= 1.12 for pre to end). However, OLHT inter-limb asymmetry magnitude remained consistent throughout the season (ES range = −0.02 to −0.06). For the direction of asymmetry, levels of agreement ranged from poor to slight in the SLCMJ (k= −0.10 to 0.18) and in the OLHT (k= −0.21 to 0.18). No significant differences were found between mean asymmetry values at any time point or for either test when comparing males and females. In conclusion, jump height asymmetry during the SLCMJ was the only metric to show significant magnitude changes across the season.

Anomalous Zbb[over ¯] Couplings: From LEP to LHC.

The bottom quark forward-backward asymmetry (A_{FB}^{b}) data at LEP exhibits a long-standing discrepancy with the standard model prediction. We propose a novel method to probe the Zbb[over ¯] interactions through gg→Zh production at the LHC, which is sensitive to the axial-vector component of the Zbb[over ¯] couplings. The apparent degeneracy of the anomalous Zbb[over ¯] couplings implied by the LEP precision electroweak measurements seems to be resolved by the current 13TeV LHC Zh data, which is, however, dominated by the two data points with high transverse momentum of Z boson whose central values are in conflict with the standard model prediction. We also show the potential of the HL-LHC to either verify or exclude the anomalous Zbb[over ¯] couplings observed at LEP through measuring the Zh production rate at the HL-LHC, and this conclusion is not sensitive to the possible new physics contribution induced by top quark or Higgs boson anomalous couplings in the loop.

ASIMETRI INFORMASI SEBAGAI PEMODERASI PENGARUH PENERAPAN INTEGRATED REPORTING TERHADAP STOCK RETURN

This research aims to find empirical evidence about the Effect of the Application of Integrated Reporting on Stock Returns and whether Information Asymmetry can strengthen or weaken the Effect of the Application of Integrated Reporting on Stock Returns. This research was conducted on financial sector companies that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019. The research samples were 74 companies; and the data collected were data on the application of Integrated Reporting, data of the Stock Returns, and data of Information Asymmetry. The data collection technique was conducted by using the documentation method, whole the data analysis technique was conducted by a simple regression test, followed by MRA (Moderating Regression Analysis) and hypothesis testing using the t test (partial test). Based on the results of hypothesis testing, it can be concluded that the Application of Integrated Reporting has no effect on Stock Returns, and Information Asymmetry can strengthen the relationship between the Application of Integrated Reporting and Stock Returns.

Integration patterns of the asymmetric components of the skull: A covariational statistical approach on a modern Greek sample.

Objectives: The integration patterns of the asymmetric components of the skull can be informative, especially in the diagnosis and surgical treatment planning of patients. This research aims to explore the interactions of the asymmetric components between the mandible, the basicranium, and the upper face. Material and methods: The sample comprises 100 skulls of Greek adults and the three-dimensional coordinates of 35 landmarks, extracted from the cranial and mandibular virtual 3D bones, were analyzed using the generalized least-squares Procrustes method. The integration patterns of the asymmetric components of the shapes of the specific structures were evaluated through partial least-squares correlation analysis with a two-blocks approach. Results: When handling the skull regions separately, there is statistically significant integration of the asymmetric components between the mandible and the basicranium as well as between the mandible and the upper face. Furthermore, the mandible and the basicranium exhibit the strongest interaction among the three pairs examined. Conclusions: The asymmetric variation of the skull regions should be taken into consideration for surgical treatment planning. However, comparing our findings with other studies revealed that the utilization of the skull regions in the context of a structure as a whole while running the analysis, as well as different landmark combinations, may lead to different results. Furthermore, there might be population-specificity to certain integration patterns of the asymmetric component of the total shape variation among skull regions. Hence, surgical bone restoration, especially in the mandible, should consider overall skull asymmetry and population-specific data to ensure optimal integration.

Analysis of the differential cross section and photon beam asymmetry data for γp→η′p

The photoproduction reaction of $\gamma p \to \eta^\prime p$ is investigated based on an effective Lagrangian approach in the tree-level approximation, with the purpose being to understand the reaction mechanisms and to extract the resonance contents and the associated resonance parameters in this reaction. Apart from the $t$-channel $\rho$ and $\omega$ exchanges, $s$- and $u$-channel nucleon exchanges, and generalized contact term, the exchanges of a minimum number of nucleon resonances in the $s$ channel are taken into account in constructing the reaction amplitudes to describe the experimental data. It is found that a satisfactory description of the available data on both differential cross sections and photon beam asymmetries can be obtained by including in the $s$ channel the exchanges of the $N(1875)3/2^-$ and $N(2040)3/2^+$ resonances. The reaction mechanisms of $\gamma p \to \eta^\prime p$ are discussed and a prediction for the target nucleon asymmetries is presented.

The Associations of Handgrip Strength and Leg Extension Power Asymmetry on Incident Recurrent Falls and Fractures in Older Men.

Evaluating asymmetries in muscle function could provide important insights for fall risk assessments. We sought to determine the associations of (i) handgrip strength (HGS) asymmetry and (ii) leg extension power (LEP) asymmetry on risk of incident recurrent falls and fractures in older men. There were 5 730 men with HGS asymmetry data and 5 347 men with LEP asymmetry data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. A handgrip dynamometer measured HGS and a Nottingham Power Rig ascertained LEP. Percent difference in maximal HGS between hands was calculated, and asymmetric HGS was defined as men in the highest quartile of dissimilarity for HGS between hands. The same approach was used to determine asymmetric LEP. Participants self-reported falls every 4 months after the baseline exam, and persons with ≥2 falls in the first year were considered recurrent fallers. Fractures and their dates of occurrence were self-reported and confirmed with radiographic reports. Older men in the highest HGS asymmetry quartile had a 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.43) relative risk for incident recurrent falls. Likewise, men in the highest HGS asymmetry quartile had a higher risk for incident fractures: 1.41 (CI: 1.02-1.96) for hip, 1.28 (CI: 1.04-1.58) for major osteoporotic, and 1.24 (CI: 1.06-1.45) for nonspine. There were no significant associations between LEP asymmetry and recurrent falls or fractures. Asymmetric HGS could be a novel risk factor for falls and fractures that is more feasible to measure than LEP. Fall risk assessments should consider evaluating muscle function, including HGS asymmetry.

Quantitative EEG in sports: performance level estimation of professional female soccer players.

Measuring the peak performance of athletes remains a challenge in movement science and sports psychology. Non-invasive quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) recordings can be used to analyze various factors in sports psychology. In this context, sports-related psychological factors were used to estimate the performance of Thai professional female soccer players before a competition. The QEEG recordings of thirty-two players were recorded three times: twice before a competition (once a week) and a week after a competition. Four factors of sports psychology were estimated and observed: anxiety, perceptual response to an acute bout of brain activity, assertiveness, and brain central fatigue. A brain topographic map (absolute power) and brain connectivity (coherence and amplitude asymmetry) data were used to analyze sports-related psychological factors. These factors were measurable based on the brain activity of the athletes and could be used to evaluate their performance during competitions by using QEEG values. Sports-related psychological performance was estimated by Pearson's correlation coefficients, which revealed that a quick perceptual response to an acute bout of brain activity could predict an athlete's performance during competition (r = .584, p = .000). Additionally, Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to estimate athletes performance. The results revealed a strong relationship ( =.634, p = .000), which was derived from the summation of anxiety and perceptual response to an acute bout of brain activity. Consequently, the results of the present study can provide information to help staff coaches to choose the best performing players, representing an alternative method for accurately selecting key players in the competitive sports community.

Reweighting the Sivers function with jet data from STAR

The reweighting procedure that using Bayesian statistics incorporates the information contained in a new data set, without the need of re-fitting, is applied to the quark Sivers function extracted from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) data. We exploit the recently published single spin asymmetry data for the inclusive jet production in polarized pp collisions from the STAR Collaboration at RHIC, which cover a much wider x region compared to SIDIS measurements. The reweighting method is extended to the case of asymmetric errors and the results show a remarkable improvement of the knowledge of the quark Sivers function.

Compression Behavior of Sheets Metals of Pure Titanium 2 and Ti6Al4V Alloy under High Temperature: Evaluation of the Tension–Compression Asymmetry

Determining the intrinsic indices of sheet metals under compression states at high temperatures is vital to accurately predict the behavior of the material in warm/hot forming processes. Nevertheless, the literature contains little previous experimental data in this regard due to the difficulty of carrying out specific test methodologies in sheet metals. The authors of the present manuscript previously developed an approach to evaluate the in-plane compression behavior under a wide range of test conditions, which was applied here to characterize pure titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy until 750 °C. This procedure allowed us to quantify the asymmetric and anisotropic tension–compression (T-C) response of the materials involved and their evolution with temperature and strain rate. The asymmetry detected at room temperature showed a higher compression response in all cases, mostly reaching differences of around 10%. For the lowest strain rate studied, the typical assumed symmetric T-C behavior was observed from 300 and 450 °C onwards, for the rolling and transverse direction, respectively. In addition, stepped compression tests led us to deduce the anisotropy indices, which were different from those found under tension, in contrast to the r-values applied by most authors. Using the experimental results, a factor related to the asymmetry found was proposed to formulate an extended constitutive model. The asymmetry and anisotropy data supplied for compression under warm/hot conditions are the main novelty of this research.