Abstract
Determining the intrinsic indices of sheet metals under compression states at high temperatures is vital to accurately predict the behavior of the material in warm/hot forming processes. Nevertheless, the literature contains little previous experimental data in this regard due to the difficulty of carrying out specific test methodologies in sheet metals. The authors of the present manuscript previously developed an approach to evaluate the in-plane compression behavior under a wide range of test conditions, which was applied here to characterize pure titanium and Ti6Al4V alloy until 750 °C. This procedure allowed us to quantify the asymmetric and anisotropic tension–compression (T-C) response of the materials involved and their evolution with temperature and strain rate. The asymmetry detected at room temperature showed a higher compression response in all cases, mostly reaching differences of around 10%. For the lowest strain rate studied, the typical assumed symmetric T-C behavior was observed from 300 and 450 °C onwards, for the rolling and transverse direction, respectively. In addition, stepped compression tests led us to deduce the anisotropy indices, which were different from those found under tension, in contrast to the r-values applied by most authors. Using the experimental results, a factor related to the asymmetry found was proposed to formulate an extended constitutive model. The asymmetry and anisotropy data supplied for compression under warm/hot conditions are the main novelty of this research.
Highlights
The results obtained in this research validate the method previously proposed by the authors, demonstrating the possibility of testing sheet metals under in-plane compressive stress and high temperatures
tension– compression (T-C) asymmetry and compression anisotropy for Ticp2 and Ti6Al4V were determined, being the primary novelty of this work
The T-C asymmetry observed allows us to affirm that this phenomenon decreases with temperature and depends on the rolling direction
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Titanium alloy sheets are used in a large number of applications with high technological value within the aeronautical, biomedical, and energy sectors. This is due to their good resistance–density ratio, corrosion resistance, or biocompatibility [1,2,3]. Due to their low Young’s modulus and high yield stress, forming these materials presents a high springback, which makes it difficult to obtain products with good dimensional accuracy
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