Assortment Structure Research Articles

State Regulation in Foreign Economic Activity of Cement Industry of Ukraine

Abstract To specify the problems and priorities of state regulation of foreign economic activity (FEA) of cement industry enterprises of Ukraine, it is proposed to use the tool for assessing the state of FEA of cement industry enterprises, which is based on the expert method. The FEA development index of the cement industry is constructed with the usage of the method of expert assessments and analysis of the hierarchies of significance of each factor. Due to this, it was found that producers underestimate their own abilities to compete in foreign markets regarding the assortment structure, unsatisfactory financial condition, fierce competition and recession in foreign markets, especially traditional for Ukraine; unsatisfactory state policy of support of the development of the cement industry, in particular in terms of transparency of resource provision, assistance in updating the technical and technological base of the industry, the implementation of state infrastructure projects in Ukraine. On this basis, the priorities of state regulation of foreign economic activity of cement industry enterprises were determined by the following groups: sales, institutional and instrumental ones.

Effects of low stand density afforestation on the growth,stem-form and timber assortment structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

Effects of low stand density afforestation on the growth,stem-form and timber assortment structure of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations

Research of marketing and pharmacoeconomic aspects of the domestic market of preparations used for biorevitalization

The aim of the work is to study the Ukrainian market for biorevitalization products with the subsequent formation of an information array, which can be used to improve the system for supplying target consumers and for correct strategic marketing decision-making.
 Materials and methods. Data obtained from 2020 edition of the State Register of 3rd Class Medical Devices (Injection Implants for Soft Tissues), as well as from the State Register of Medicines of Ukraine, the information retrieval system Compendium Online, the database “Regulatory and Directive Documents of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine”, publications in scientific and practical journals connected to the research topic, were used as the main material for the study. The following research methods were employed: content analysis, comparative, analytical, graphic, and marketing research methods.
 Results. Biorevitalization affects the internal course of metabolic processes in the deep layers of the dermis, thereby accelerating the production of collagen and elastin at the expense of the body resources.
 Based on the analysis of information sources about the means used in the biorevitalization procedure, two assortment groups were formed: medical devices and cosmetics. An intragroup analysis of the assortment and corporate structure of the studied market segments was carried out, and the availability of the procedure based on various drugs was studied.
 Conclusions. The pharmacotherapeutic basis of biorevitalization was studied for all spectra of aesthetic problems, which are solved using this procedure under consideration.
 The established list of preparations for biorevitalization made it possible to divide them into two assortment groups. The most numerous (101 preparations – 96.20 %) is cosmetics group, including one-component (35.25 %) and combined (60.95 %) preparations. The second group embraces medical devices; it consists of 4 preparations (3.80 %).
 The analysis of brand structure of the studied market segment showed that the leading manufacturers here are Russian companies (21.9 % of the total amount of all preparations is imported from this country). Domestic manufacturers are represented by only one company, Yuria-Pharm, which produces, respectively, 1 drug in three different concentrations.
 Based on the study of the average cost of the procedure in beauty salons of Zaporizhzhia and the coefficient of accessibility of the procedure based on the varieties of drugs for biorevitalization, it was found that the procedure using Juviderm Volift, RRS® HA SKIN RELAX WITH BoNtA 568® and JUVEDERM® VOLIFT RETOUCH is more affordable for consumers; the least availability is characteristic of the procedure with RRS® HYALIFT® 35.

Research of the range of medication for pulmonary hypertension pharmacotherapy in adults in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of rare diseases, malignant in nature, without optimal treatment quickly lead to death. Such patients usually require expensive, continuous and lifelong treatment. Therefore, the study of the assortment structure of drugs used for the treatment of drugs in adults in the domestic market of medicines (drugs) is very relevant.
 The aim of the study was to analyze the range of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of drugs in the modern pharmaceutical market of Ukraine. The object of the study was information on drugs registered in Ukraine, which are included in the protocol of treatment of patients with PH. In the process of research, system-review, graphic, documentary and marketing research methods were used. The result of the study showed that in the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine there are no drugs based on INN Epoprostenolum, Treprostinil, Beraprostum, Selexipagum, Macitentan, Tadalafilum, Vardenafilum, recommended by the Adapted clinical guidelines for the treatment of adult patients with PH and Unified clinical protocol of emergency, primary, secondary (specialized) and tertiary (hypersensitivity) medical care «Pulmonary hypertension in adults». Simultaneously INN Rivaroxabanum, Apixabanum, Dabigatranum etaxilatum, Iloprostum, Torasemide, Bosentanum, Ambrisentanum, Riociguat are included in the Unified clinical protocol of emergency, primary, secondary (specialized) and tertiary (hypersensitivity) medical care «Pulmonary hypertension in adults» and tertiary (hypersensitivity) Ukraine, however, are not included in the National List of Essential Medicines, which legally limits the possibility of their purchase by health care institutions for budget funds, but only centrally by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The structure of drugs for the treatment of PH in adults according to the ATX classification indicates that the largest share have groups С03С – Diuretics – 36.47%, С08С – Selective calcium antagonists with a predominant effect on blood vessels – 32.94%.
 The import dependence of the pharmaceutical market of medication for PH treatment is relatively high and constitutes about 60% of the number of trade names of medication for PH pharmacotherapy that needs research in the directions of its expansion through import substitution and legislative settlement of questions of improving the accessibility of this medication group.

ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО АНАЛІЗУ АСОРТИМЕНТНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ В КОНТЕКСТІ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ ЦІЛЕЙ ТОРГОВЕЛЬНОГО ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The article raises a number of issues that are decisive in the formation of the product portfolio of trade enterprises. It is noted that the income of the enterprise directly depends on the balanced assortment portfolio, therefore for the majority of the Ukrainian organizations the question of effective assortment management is the most actual. It is established that trade sells consumer value (bringing goods to consumers) and selling value (exchange of goods for money). It is noted that the main directions in the field of assortment formation are strategies of expansion, stabilization, renewal, improvement, reduction and harmonization. The methods of analysis of the assortment set of the firm for a comprehensive assessment of the competitiveness of the enterprise are studied. It is substantiated that the formation of the assortment structure of inventories of a commercial enterprise is characterized by the following priorities: «passive expectation»; trial and error method; «Motivational competition»; «Pseudo-customer orientation»; «box».It is substantiated that the establishment of pre-fixed digital ratios for the positioning of product groups is impractical, as it introduces some uncertainty in the process of structuring inventories at retail enterprises. The ABC analysis of the product range of the Office Department of Epicenter-K LLC was carried out, which was supplemented by the FMR analysis matrix. It was found that the goods that are characterized by the highest frequency of demand are located closest to the zones of assembly, and those that are less in demand – more remote. It is proved that the achievement of optimality in the assortment policy involves a set of measures united by a common goal, which is to achieve the best combination of quantitative and qualitative performance indicators of the company. It is substantiated that the use of integrated ABC / FMR analysis of the assortment structure of inventories will allow the classification of inventories according to the criteria of «profitability» and «demand level» and contribute to the formation of optimal range of goods, which, in turn, will ensure the rhythmic operation of the trading company.

Monitoring of the assortment structure and price dynamics of hepatoprotectors in the modern Ukrainian pharmaceutical market

High incidence of liver disease is one of the major problems for health care in the world. Today, etiotropics such as vaccines, antivirals, etc. are used to prevent and treat liver diseases. In addition, medicines for additional treatment of liver diseases, so-called hepatoprotectors, are often used in medical practice. Hepatoprotectors vary in both chemical composition and mechanism of action and target to increase liver resistance to adverse factors.The aim of the study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of Ukrainian pharmaceutical market in the framework of the group of hepatoprotectors and its price range.Materials and methods. The study was carried out grounding on the data provided by State Register of Medicines of Ukraine, International Classification of Diseases 11 issue (МКХ-11, ICD-11), entered into force on June 18, 2018 by the Order of Health Ministry of Ukraine № 892 dated 18.04.2019. “About Approval of the Eleventh Issue of the National Formulary of Medicines and Making It Available”, National List of Essential Medicines, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 333 dated 25.03.2009 (on 07.05.2019), and analytical system of the pharmaceutical market “Farmstandard” by Morion company for the period between 2019 and the first half of 2020. During investigation, systemic, structural, logical practices and method of summarization were used.Results. The results of the research show that the domestic market for hepatoprotectors is saturated enough. It embraces both Ukrainian producers and foreign firms, mainly from India, Germany, France, Italy, China, Switzerland. The analysis of the changes in the prices for drugs of this group shows that during the period between 2017–2020 there was a significant increase in the prices of all drugs in the submitted sub-groups, which can be attributed to currency market instability. The structural analysis of the hepatoprotectors shows that the subgroup A05A X10, namely the combined drugs, constitutes the majority (57, 51, 67, 55 names according to studied year). The smallest subgroup is A05B A06 Ornithine oxyglurate (no names of medicine were registered by domestic producers in 2017).The activity of domestic producers should be noted. The proportion of Ukrainian preparations in this segment is 86.20 %, 84.12 %, 68.00 %, 56.79 % (first half of 2020) (according to years under consideration).Conclusions. The range analysis conducted for the period between 2017–2020 (first half-year) shows saturation of the domestic pharmaceutical market with hepatotropic drugs. Structural analysis conducted reveals that the pharmaceutical market in Ukraine is dominated by Ukrainian medicines, in particular from 56.79 % to 86.20 % (according to years under consideration). Price trend analysis shows low availability of imported products for some sub-groups: during 2019–2020, in sub-group A05A A02 Ursodeoxycholic acid price ranged from 1207.57 to 2376.15 UAH, and A05B A06 Ornithine oxyglurate it ranged from 1397.99 to 2557.55 UAH respectively.

Економічна оцінка запасів деревостанів та віків стиглості соснових і дубових насаджень

Наведено методику економічного оцінювання деревостанів за чинними та проєктними віками стиглості з урахуванням актуального поділу лісів за категоріями, класами бонітету та походженням. Визначено показники загальних запасів деревостанів та їхнього розподілу за розмірно-якісними категоріями деревини в певному віці проведення рубок головного користування за чинними та проєктними віками стиглості. Розраховано площі та проведено грошове оцінювання запасів деревини стиглих деревостанів сосни звичайної та дуба звичайного за віками стиглості (2010–2040 рр.) на прикладі державних лісогосподарських підприємств Харківської та Чернігівської областей. Порівняно вартісні показники запасів деревостанів сосни й дуба у віці стиглості на перспективу до 2040 р. Обґрунтовано економічну доцільність застосування вартісних показників для визначення віків стиглості деревостанів.

Development of retail network on the example of three regional towns comparison in West Slovakia

The main aim of this paper is to show the specifics of the retail network of three regional towns in the Slovak Republic—Nitra, Trnava and Žilina, and answer the following question: What value of the Population to the Admissible Floor Space (PAFS) indicator will cause saturation of the retail network? The situation of the retail network of the examined towns from 2015 was compared by using the standard methods based on the indicators from detailed passportisation of the retail facilities in the terrain. The indicators are: amount and assortment structure of the stores, sales area size, PAFS and concentration index at the level of the town districts. Based on the result of the comparison, regularities of space structure formation of the retail amenities of the mentioned towns in Slovakia were identified and their features were pointed out. According to the survey results, the size of sales area is the clear indicator of the retail network evaluation. The sales area size defines the following changes in the best detail, and it appears as the most suitable tool for the analysis. However, in this case, more thorough and detailed passportation is needed. Saturation stage was identified only in Nitra, where it was identified after the year 2010. This process has not occurred yet in other two region towns. Quantitatively new stage called: “The stage gradually flowing “purification” of the retail network from the excessive sales area” is expected to start in the Nitra town.

Comparative analysis of the assortment structure of poplar clones I-214 and Pannonia

Poplars occupy about 31.4 million ha in the world, while in Serbia poplars spread over the area of 48.000 ha. The subject of this research are artificially raised poplar plantations, consisting of poplar clone I-214 (Populus?euramericana (Dode) Guinier cl. I-214) and poplar clone Pannonia (Populus?euramericana (Dode) Guinier cl. Pannonia). Field activities of collecting data required for this research were conducted in two phases. The first phase of data collection included measurement of tree diameter. Also, the numbering, marking and recording of poplar rows, as well as each poplar in the row, was conducted. The second phase of data collection was conducted after the felling of trees that were selected for detailed measurement of the elements required for theoretical cross cutting. In accordance with the general principles of cross cutting, as well as the principles of maximum financial effect, the qualitative partition of trunks into several variants was performed. The classification of wood assortments was performed on the basis of SRPS wood standards. The share of technical wood for veneer (F and L class) in the analyzed poplar trees clone I-214 is 47.54% of the total volume of wood assortments. When it comes to the clone Pannonia, logs for cutting (quality class II), have the greatest share in total volume of wood assortments with 44.08. There is no statistically significant difference between the total volume and the value of the assortments of the two analyzed poplar clones, except when it comes to assortments for chemical exploitation where statistical differences exist.

Variety perception and attitude toward digital assortments

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate consumers’ variety perception for online grocery assortments and, more generally, to better understand consumers’ attitude toward digital assortments. In particular, this research examines the influence of the organization of products that results from assortment structure and display. Design/methodology/approach Starting from the observation that previous work on traditional assortments is not sufficient to understand consumers’ perceptions and attitudes, the paper adopts a hypothetico-deductive approach and develops four hypotheses. These hypotheses are tested using an experimental approach. Findings This research enables us to see that both attitude and variety perception are affected by the way products are organized on a website. Furthermore, contrary to what the literature on traditional assortments allows one to assume, the assortment corresponding to a more positive attitude is not perceived as being the more varied. As a result, our findings reconsider the link between variety perception and consumer assortment evaluation for digital assortments. Research limitations/implications The work is based on data collected for only one product category. It would be interesting to explore other categories also, to determine if the structure of the assortment and variety perception have stable effects. Practical implications The results inform retailers that they must carefully design the display of their digital assortments. If a retailer wants to enhance variety perception, the authors recommend using an assortment organized by brand, or presenting all the products together. If, instead, the goal is to encourage a positive attitude, the retailer should opt for assortments sorted by attribute or that present all products together. Originality/value This research adopts a new orientation on assortment perception and evaluation, considering the specificities involved in digitizing assortments. In addition, this research studies a real product category and puts respondents in experimental conditions close to reality.

Changes in Carbon Balance of Harvested Wood Products Resulting from Different Wood Utilization Scenarios

The bioeconomy focuses on the production of renewable biological resources and the utilisation of these resources and waste streams into value added products. One of the most important aims of the forest industry is the sustainable production of wood. Improved utilization of available industrial wood assortments generates profit for all in the supply chain. At the same time, it may ensure the production of long-life harvested wood products (HWP), and consequently, increase the volume of carbon stored. The objective of this study is to compare different scenarios of industrial wood utilization in Slovakia and the resulting impacts on the national carbon balance. In the proposed scenarios, we aimed to evaluate changes in the current utilization of domestic wood resources through optimizing harvested wood assortments. Two inventory stock methods were applied to determine the potential quality of domestic wood and its utilization through appropriate distribution of outputs. The model scenario assumes that the higher share of industrial roundwood utilised to produce long-life HWP (sawnwood, wood-based panels) will increase carbon sequestration in HWP. Other scenarios quantify the differences between the carbon volumes stored in HWP using the modelled wood assortment supplemented with alternatives with and without export. The results confirmed that increasing the level of carbon stored in HWP can be achieved by changing the wood assortment structure, while maintaining the same level of volume felled. The highest level of carbon stock was observed in the scenario assuming the optimal structure of wood assortments and no wood export. The scenario that optimized wood assortments and excluded wood exports resulted in the highest level of predicted carbon stock, estimated at 4.87 million tons (mil. tons).

Bi-objective optimization of retailer’s profit and customer surplus in assortment and pricing planning

We develop a bi-objective optimization for a retailer product line, composed of substitutable variants, that seeks to maximize the retailer’s profit and consumer surplus concurrently, where the surplus is measured as a utility scaled in dollars. With fast-moving consumer goods in mind, we utilize a deterministic, price-dependent, utility model to develop the demand function. The problem is then formulated as a bi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear program. The e-constraint method is used to fully develop the set of Pareto optimal solutions for this problem. Specifically, we derive analytical bounds on the values of e that lead to Pareto optimal solutions. We then propose a scheme with simple steps that allows developing as many efficient solutions, as needed. To overcome the computational burden, we adopt a linearization scheme, which recast the problem into an integer-linear program that proves to be solvable within couple CPU seconds for large, industry-size, instances with tens of products and numerous consumer segments. Numerical examples on small- and large-size instances indicate that providing the customer with a high surplus level typically requires low prices and, surprisingly, small assortments (to reduce fixed costs). Another counter-intuitive observation that we make is that the price of a product sometimes raises when the required customer surplus level in the market is increased. This is due to cannibalization among products and change in the optimal assortment structure.

MANAGING COMPANY INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GENERATING NEW IDEAS

The paper discusses the main sources of ideas in the company, as well as the process of generating new ideas. It is important to note that the units and departments related to the innovation activity of the company are to capture, create and offer a large number of acceptable new ideas that will later develop, implement and successfully become commercialized. The generation of ideas is a creative process for developing novelties and transforming researches into practical solutions. The aggregate qualities of innovation awaken the interest of both parties in market relations - entrepreneurs and consumers. For business, its economic potential, providing renewal, high-tech level, competitiveness, efficiency and profit, is important. Searching for an opportunity to satisfying existing needs in better ways to create new ones is an incentive for buyers.From its external environment, the company receives information and signals of problems, possible ways to solve and ways to improve the technical and technological basis of production, assortment structure, organization and management, market niche, etc. As a result of these phenomena, the main sources of information can be divided into internal, external and mixed. The paper discusses in detail the efficiency of heuristic methods and their variation on the path of generating new ideas. In this respect, the individual methods represent a way to disclosure and use the intellectual potential of the cadres in finding new ways to reach the right solution for innovation.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE MECHANISM OF LOGISTIC EXPENDITURE MINIMIZATION BY SUBJECTS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Aim: to determine the factors of influence on the magnitude of logistics costs and developing measures to minimize them. Materials and methods. The methods used in the study include the expert, systematic method of scientific knowledge, structural analysis, the method of abstract modeling. An expert method was conducted with the help of questionnaires of specialists of pharmaceutical companies, pharmacies and wholesale pharmaceutical companies. 118 respondents participated in the survey. The degree of consistency of expert opinions was determined with the help of the coefficient of concordance, which is 0.8374 (the normative value of the coefficient of concordance is 0.75), the Pearson criterion also exceeds the table value for the corresponding number of degrees of freedom, which testifies to the non-randomness of their judgments. Results. The factors influencing the amount of logistics costs are determined. The internal factors of influence include the activities of the subject of the pharmaceutical industry, assortment structure and structure of the use of substances and materials, the magnitude of stocks, etc. External factors of influence are the level of prices for logistics services provided by outside organizations; rate of transport tax; environmental taxes etc.; competitors suppliers of substances and materials; consumers; intermediaries; legislative base, etc. The conducted questioning of specialists and taking into account the current experience of leading foreign pharmaceutical companies allowed to determine the main measures to minimize logistics costs for all parts of the logistics system - procurement, production, transportation, storage, distribution and recycling, and types of flows - material, financial, information, labor. Conclusions. Based on the carried out research, the factors influencing the magnitude of logistics costs, which experts are divided into external and internal, are determined. The matrix of the components of LV savings is proposed, which takes into account the type of flow and the links of the logistic system. The constructed matrix allows to minimize the amount of LV, which helps to reduce the price of drugs for the end user.

A NEW ASSORTMENT FOR THE SELECTION OF ROOT VEGETABLE, AND TECHNOLOGY MAINTENANCE

Vegetable root plants are valuable, irreplaceable components of a rational food of the person. In the assortment structure of the vegetable market table roots occupy 24%. This article presents a new assortment of vegetable roots selection VNIISSOK over the past decade, the characteristics and advantages compared to foreign varieties and hybrids F 1 ; new linear source material for breeding for heterosis carrots, beets, radishes; identified areas of selection in the future, taking into account market requirements. The maintenance of sitepopularity lines and F 1 hybrids, carrot, beet, radish, turnip, parsnip: cassette technology of growing fallopian sheet material, turnip, improved scheme the primary seed of parsnip with a change in the winter, selected roots, individual and family selection beet to maintain razdelenata; the technology of breeding lines of radishtrack scheme for cultivation of seed plants in containers of small volume in the protected ground, which allows to obtain two generations per year. The possibility of using small-sized greenhouses for growing seed plants is shown, which increases seed productivity almost twice, compared to open ground, provides reliable spatial isolation. The substantiation of the use of new, more advanced machines and mechanisms for the improvement of seed heap and seed pretreatment is given, which significantly increases the sowing quality.

Merchantability and assortment structure of pine stands affected by root rot in the Volyn Polissya region, Ukraine

Abstract The study was conducted in the forests of the State Enterprise “Gorodotske Forest Economy”, located in the Manevytsko-Volodymyretsky region of the Volyn Polissya in Ukraine. The annosum root rot (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.) impact on timber merchantability was investigated. The comparison of the cost estimation of stands assortment structure was carried out on the basis of the market value at current selling prices of the State Enterprise “Gorodotske Forest Economy” of the Volyn Regional Department of Forestry and Hunting as of 2017, taking into account the quality and the average length of the assortments. We present a comparative analysis of productivity, merchantability and assortment structure and financial value of timber volume by various assortments of pine and birch stands of the Volyn Polissya region affected by annosum root rot. We found that in the pine plantations, the overall productivity and the value of merchantable wood was higher by 42% in the control sites (areas between the fungal disease centers) as compared with those in the root rot disease centers. In the middle-aged birch-pine stands, the value of merchantable wood was higher than that in pine plantations of 34 the comparable age: by 9% in the disease centers and by 8% in control sites.

Аналіз фінансування видатків підприємств Держлісагенства з державного бюджету України

Досліджено сутність та особливості механізму фіскального регулювання, обґрунтовано науково-теоретичні засади його впливу на забезпечення збалансованого розвитку лісового господарства в системі фіскальної політики природокористування.
 Проаналізовано стан фіскального регулювання в досліджуваній сфері та виявлено, що зниження фінансової стабільності лісогосподарських підприємств негативно впливає не лише на фінансово-економічну, але й на соціальну, екологічну ситуацію, продуктивність лісових екосистем, спричиняє погіршення сортиментної структури деревини, втрату нею конкурентоспроможності на ринку. Основними причинами нестачі коштів бюджетів різних рівнів визначено: низьку частку власних дохідних коштів, залежність від державного фінансування, відсутність стимулів щодо додаткового одержання доходів та економного витрачання бюджетних коштів. За умови ефективної організації внутрішньогалузевої взаємодії можливо мінімізувати бюджетну підтримку та функціонувати на засадах самоокупності, збільшивши надходження до бюджетів усіх рівнів.
 Обгрунтовано залежність наповнення бюджету і подальшого процесу перерозподілу доходів між бюджетами різних рівнів та, як наслідок, збалансованого розвитку лісового господарства, від обсягу податкових надходжень і ефективності застосування інструментів фіскального регулювання. Для поліпшення реалізації лісової політики існує необхідність поліпшити наповнення бюджетів усіх рівнів, що передбачає застосування таких інструментів, які є найбільш дієвими і не вимагають додаткових витрат з бюджету, з одного боку, і не знижують показників діяльності лісогосподарських підприємств – з іншого.
 Запропоновано концептуальні засади функціонування механізму фіскального регулювання з урахуванням світового досвіду.

Effect of different management on quality and value production of pure beech stands in Slovakia

AbstractValue production is one of the most important information for comparing different management strategies in forestry. Although the value production of forest stands is affected by various factors (stem and assortment quality, stem dimension, stem injury, price of assortments), thinning can be considered as one of the most important one. This paper aims at the evaluation of qualitative and value production in homogeneous beech stands, which were managed by two different thinning types for period of 45 to 55 years: (i) – heavy thinning from below (C grade according to the German forest research institutes released in 1902) and (ii) – Štefančík´s free-crown thinning. The third variant was control (iii) – subplot with no interventions. Silvicultural quality characteristics of the lower half of the stem were assessed using a 4-class scale (A – the best quality, D – the worst quality). Assortment structure (commercial quality) was estimated for each stem by an assortment model developed in the past. Nearly 3,000 individual trees aged from 83 to 105 years from 23 subplots established across the Slovakia territory were assessed. The highest volume of the best silvicultural quality of stems (A class) has been reached in forests where Štefančík´s free-crown thinning was applied (57 – 85%) while the lowest (22 – 56%) on subplots with no management. The proportion of two best commercial quality assortments (I + II) was highest in forests managed by heavy thinning from below (21 – 29%) and the lowest when no treatment was applied (7 – 19%). The highest value production (expressed in € ha−1) was reached in the forests treated by free-crown thinning. Results suggested the overall positive impact of thinning on the increase of value production in beech forests. Particularly, the free-crown thinning focusing on selection of best quality trees should be preferred as it leads, besides its sufficient value production, to a higher vertical differentiation of the beech forests.

APPLICATION OF ABC-XYZ ANALYSIS IN THE PROCESS OF FORMING A PRODUCTION PROGRAM OF THE ENTERPRISE

The article generalizes theoretical and methodical approaches to the formation of the enterprise's production program; a substantiated optimum assortment structure of production based on the use of ABC-XYZ analysis. The paper uses the methods of economic and statistical analysis to determine the system of interconnections of the parameters of optimization of structure and size of enterprises and tendencies of changes in dynamic characteristics of their functioning. ABC and XYZ methods were used to analyze the range of goods. Based on the analysis data, it was found that Class A and B goods provide the company's main turnover. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure their constant presence.

Economic value production of trees as a criterion of their maturity in an uneven-aged forest

Abstract Tree maturity of the four main tree species that are most frequent in the uneven-aged forests of the Western Carpathians was analysed. The maturity was determined on the base of the economic value production in relation to tree diameter. We derived mean timber values of spruce, fir, pine, and beech trees (€ m−3) depending on their diameters, quality and stem damage, and in the case of beech also depending on tree age. The assortment structure was calculated using the models of tree assortment tables that account for the stated tree parameters. The assortment prices were taken from the price list of logs in assortment and diameter classes of the Forests of the Slovak Republic, state enterprise, for the year 2016. Trees are mature when their mean timber monetary value is at maximum. Results show, that the highest mean value production of the majority of beech trees of average and above-average stem quality is 70 - 80 € m−3 for trees with diameters between 45 and 55 cm. Monetary values of spruce and fir trees with diameters above 60 to 90 cm are 80 - 95 € m−3, while the monetary values of pine trees with the same diameters are approximately 70 - 115 € m−3. The value production of trees is reduced if the stems are of worse quality or damaged, but in the case of beech it also decreases with greater diameter or tree age.