Uniform Assessment Research Articles

A novel 3D uniformity measurement method in mechanical stirring systems

AbstractAccurate assessment of mixing uniformity is crucial in industrial mixing processes. This study proposes an evaluation method for three‐dimensional (3D) mixing processes that combines dual‐camera positioning and point pattern density fluctuation (PD) based on disordered hyperuniformity. This study employs a positioning method using dual‐camera to achieve precise capture and reconstruction of tracer particles in 3D space. The 3D reconstruction data is then evaluated for mixing performance using the PD method. A relationship model between |k| and time I values with mixing time was established for λ = 1. The results indicate that mixing time decreases with the increase of |k| and decreases with the decrease of I values. To ensure the accuracy of the PD method, feasibility analysis was conducted using conductometry. Additionally, the superiority of the PD method was validated by comparing it with the 3D‐Q method. The impact of bottom height of stirring paddle and motor speed on mixing effect were also investigated. This study establishes a fundamental groundwork and theoretical framework for optimizing parameters of stirring systems and assessing 3D mixing uniformity. It also offers important references and insights for engineering practices and theoretical research in related fields.

Chemical Distribution Uniformity Assessment of "Intra-Tablet" by Hyperspectral Raman Imaging Analysis.

This study aimed to develop a new index, Distribution Uniformity Index (DUI), to assess the "intra-tablet" homogeneity. High-resolution hyperspectral Raman imaging was adopted to scan a tablet to get the components' distribution. The heuristic algorithm was applied to generate a Raman heatmap with RGB colors quantitatively correlated with the concentrations of each component. DUI is defined as the ratio of the area under the uniformity curve of the sample image to that of the randomized image. The accuracy and applicability of DUI were verified by constructing model images with controlled uniformity and random regions. The effects of "intra-tablet" homogeneity on the disintegration and dissolution of spironolactone tablets were investigated. DUI value was directly obtained from heuristic visual analysis of macro-pixel from hyperspectral Raman images. A good linear relationship and good repeatability were confirmed between DUI and the uniformity of model images. The size of CaSO4·2H2O affected the "intra-tablet" homogeneity of spironolactone tablets, which was detected by the DUI value. The better "intra-tablet" homogeneity led to a higher disintegration and dissolution of spironolactone tablets. DUI represents a novel index to evaluate the "intra-tablet" homogeneity and is beneficial for formulation research and development.

Provider Perspectives and Access to Palliative Care: AnAmerican Head and Neck Society (AHNS) Survey.

To explore provider perspectives about palliative care (PC) in head and neck cancer (HNC) care. A 25-question electronic survey was disseminated to the membership of the American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) from April 10, 2023, through June 13, 2023. Respondents were most likely to refer to PC at symptomatic disease progression (52%) or terminal diagnosis (29%) rather than at initial diagnosis (17%). Participants less likely to refer to PC were less likely to refer to symptomatic progression (8% vs. 39%, p = 0.0006) or address advance directives (62% vs. 87%, p = 0.0406). Symptom burden questionnaires were used by only 29% of respondents. Discordance was identified between self-reported and actual access to local inpatient and outpatient PC services. Barriers to PC identified include a lack of established optimal timing of PC referral, a perceived lack of local access to PC, and a lack of uniform standardized assessment of symptom burden.

Bridging the gap: neurodevelopmental disorder risks in inborn errors of immunity.

The aim of this review is to examine published reports of neurodevelopmental phenotypes in patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI). We briefly discuss potential interactions between the immune and the central nervous system and the implications of this crosstalk for current clinical management guidelines. An increasing number of reports have described neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) comorbid with immune-mediated signs. However, the prevalence of this association in IEIs remains unknown. IEIs comprise a group of clinically heterogeneous disorders associated with a number of nonimmune comorbidities. Although certain neurological conditions such as microcephaly are recognized as associated features of some IEIs, NDDs are less well described. We reviewed published clinical descriptions of IEIs and found a number of comorbid NDDs in these patients, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), behavioral deficits, and intellectual disability. Given the lack of uniform assessments for NDDs, we suspect they may be underdiagnosed in IEIs. As NDDs manifest early and can result in life-long cognitive and emotional deficits, which diminish quality of life and increase healthcare utilization, we hope to elucidate relevant pathomechanisms and raise clinician awareness of these comorbidities so appropriate and timely interventions are sought.

Evaluation method for uniformity of steel slag concrete aggregate based on improved YOLOv8

The use of steel slag as a replacement for natural aggregates in concrete effectively alleviates the issue of natural resource scarcity. The uniformity of aggregates in steel slag concrete directly affects its performance and durability. Therefore, precise segmentation of aggregates in sedimentation images is crucial for evaluating their uniformity. This paper not only proposes an improved instance segmentation model for accurate segmentation of steel slag concrete aggregates but also introduces a new method for assessing the uniformity of aggregates when steel slag replaces natural aggregates. This method quantitatively analyses the area, replacement rate, and spatial distribution of the aggregates and conducts a comprehensive quantitative analysis using the comprehensive uniformity evaluation coefficient, K. This approach allows for the evaluation of the uniformity of aggregates in sedimentation images of steel slag concrete. Experimental results show that the proposed improved model achieved an mAP50 of 98.3 %. Furthermore, the aggregate uniformity assessment method based on the improved model can objectively and accurately evaluate the uniformity of steel slag concrete aggregates.

Myelodysplastic syndrome/ Myeloproliferative disorder, Nos.

Background: Population-based research is limited for myelodysplastic syndrome/ myeloproliferative neoplasm, not otherwise specified (MDS/MPN-NOS) which comprises a heterogenous group of patients that do not fit into the other established MDS/MPN subgroups. Methods: We identified patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database with a diagnosis of MDS/MPN-U logged from 2010-2020. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated using eight age subgroups. Subgroup analyses were performed for race and gender. Join point regression analyses were performed to model trends in ASIRs, and annual percent change (APC) was calculated. Results: A total of 2447 patients over age 50 were included in analysis. Incidence of MDS/MPN-U increased gradually between 2010-2016 (APC 12.90) then decreased between 2016-2020 (APC -19.56). ASIR was significantly higher in males compared to females in several age groups (age 65-69, 80-84, 85+). Conclusion: The underlying molecular complexity of these diseases remains a significant challenge. It is critical to identify MDS/MPN- specific therapeutic response criteria and suitable end points correlated with survival and AML risk for transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) uniform assessment of treatment benefit.

Calibrated absolute optical contrast for high-throughput characterization of horizontally aligned carbon nanotube arrays

Horizontally aligned carbon nanotube (HACNT) arrays hold significant potential for various applications in nanoelectronics and material science. However, their high-throughput characterization remains challenging due to the lack of methods with both high efficiency and high accuracy. Here, we present a novel technique, Calibrated Absolute Optical Contrast (CAOC), achieved through the implementation of differential principles to filter out stray signals and high-resolution calibration to endow optical contrast with physical significance. CAOC offers major advantages over previous characterization techniques, providing consistent and reliable measurements of HACNT array density with high throughput and non-destructive assessment. To validate its utility, we demonstrate wafer-scale uniformity assessment by rapid density mapping. This technique not only facilitates the practical evaluation of HACNT arrays but also provides insights into balancing high throughput and high resolution in nanomaterial characterization.

Clinician-Prioritized Measures to Use in a Remote Concussion Assessment: Delphi Study.

There is little guidance available, and no uniform assessment battery is used in either in-person or remote evaluations of people who are experiencing persistent physical symptoms post concussion. Selecting the most appropriate measures for both in-person and remote physical assessments is challenging because of the lack of expert consensus and guidance. This study used expert consensus processes to identify clinical measures currently used to assess 5 physical domains affected by concussion (neurological examination, cervical spine, vestibular, oculomotor, or effort) and determine the feasibility of applying the identified measures virtually. The Delphi approach was used. In the first round, experienced clinicians were surveyed regarding using measures in concussion assessment. In the second round, clinicians reviewed information regarding the psychometric properties of all measures identified in the first round by at least 15% (9/58) of participants. In the second round, experts rank-ordered the measures from most relevant to least relevant based on their clinical experience and documented psychometric properties. A working group of 4 expert clinicians then determined the feasibility of virtually administering the final set of measures. In total, 59 clinicians completed survey round 1 listing all measures they used to assess the physical domains affected by a concussion. The frequency counts of the 146 different measures identified were determined. Further, 33 clinicians completed the second-round survey and rank-ordered 22 measures that met the 15% cutoff criterion retained from round 1. Measures ranked first were coordination, range of motion, vestibular ocular motor screening, and smooth pursuits. These measures were feasible to administer virtually by the working group members; however, modifications for remote administration were recommended, such as adjusting the measurement method. Clinicians ranked assessment of coordination (finger-to-nose test and rapid alternating movement test), cervical spine range of motion, vestibular ocular motor screening, and smooth pursuits as the most relevant measures under their respective domains. Based on expert opinion, these clinical measures are considered feasible to administer for concussion physical examinations in the remote context, with modifications; however, the psychometric properties have yet to be explored. RR2-10.2196/40446.

Adjustable continence therapy (ProACT/ACTTM) with periurethral balloons for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a narrative review.

First-line surgical management of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) currently involves implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) in male patients and midurethral sling in female patients. Still, there is demand for a less invasive treatment option without the need to use a device during voiding. Since its first description in 2005, many clinics have implemented adjustable continence therapy balloons in male (ProACTTM) and female patients (ACTTM). Publications on the use of ProACT/ACTTM were reviewed from 2002 until September 2022, focusing on functional and safety outcomes, including predictors of treatment failure and complications. Most publications report the use of ProACTTM in patients after prostate surgery, with approximately 60% experiencing a cure rate and 82% achieving over 50% improvement. Consistent functional outcome assessment in female and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) patients lacks. Few predictors of treatment failure were described, resulting in an advise to not use the balloons after male pelvic radiation therapy. High revision rates were observed in all patient groups, with balloon defects as one of the most common causes for revision. Based on the current literature, ProACTTM is safe and effective in male patients after prostate surgery, but the role of ProACT/ACTTM in female and NLUTD patients is still unclear. There is need for research of higher level of evidence with uniform outcome assessments. Preferably, ProACTTM is prospectively compared with AUS in a randomized setting. In addition, development of better-quality balloons should reduce mechanical failure and revision surgeries, resulting in improved functional and patient satisfaction outcomes.

Application of the Rosenblatt transformation in First-Order System Reliability approximations

The reliability assessment of structural systems presents a significant challenge in structural engineering. A commonly employed approximation is the First-Order System Reliability Method (FOSRM), which estimates system reliability using the FORM component reliabilities and sensitivity factors. An essential step in FORM involves transforming the random vector X into the standard vector U, often using the Rosenblatt transformation (RT). Several studies demonstrated that different conditioning orders in the RT yield different FORM component results. This study investigates how these differences on component level propagate into the FOSRM system level. We conducted several typical engineering case studies with various failure probabilities, system sizes, and dependency structures (Gaussian and Frank Copula). For the Frank Copula, different Rosenblatt conditioning orders systematically yielded different FOSRM results, with most cases showing differences between 10% and 30% in estimated failure probability. For some systems, these differences increased with system size, suggesting that greater variations might be observed for larger systems. Notably, systems with Gaussian Copula functions also proved vulnerable to the Rosenblatt conditioning order when different components were assessed with different conditioning orders. The observed differences were larger than previously reported and should be carefully considered in uniform safety assessments.

NAVIGATING THE PERCEPTION-PRACTICE DILEMMA: AN INQUIRY INTO ASSESSORS’ IMPLEMENTATION OF ORAL PRESENTATION RUBRICS

Background and Purpose: Various factors affect the assessor’s ability to assess an oral presentation and arrive at an accurate assessment of the interconnected skills such as fluency, coherence, syntax, grammar, diction, and task achievement concurrently. The oral presentation rubric aids in achieving consistency in assessing this complex skill. This research investigates assessors’ application and perceptions of the speaking assessment rubric prepared in-house and used in the Foundation Program (FP) English Unit at Dhofar University (DU) for levels 1, 2, and 3 in order to identify the rubric’s possible weakness and ambiguities to provide insights to plug the loopholes and ensure fair, objective and uniform assessment. Methodology: Data was collected in a 3-phase data collection cycle through a pre-session task (n=18), a hands-on focus groups session (n=16) to explore qualitative data regarding actual application of the rubric, and a questionnaire (n=40) to obtain quantitative data for further investigation of teachers’ perceptions to cross check with implementation. This makes the present study a mixed-methods one in an exploratory sequential design. Findings: The findings of this research clearly showed the loopholes in the current oral presentation rubric used by the FP for formative and summative assessments. This research has exposed a notable inconsistency in grading practices of the oral presentation using the in-house rubric despite the surprising finding regarding assessors’ confidence in the rubric’s reliability and their level of training. The identified gap between assessors’ perceptions and the application of rubric criteria highlights potential issues in the design of the rubric leading to inconsistencies in the assessment outcomes. Contributions: This research emphasizes the importance of the regular refinement of assessment rubrics to minimize ambiguity and subjective elements, coupled with comprehensive user training to enhance assessment practices, support professional development, promote clearer learning expectations for students, and mitigate the impact of grading disparities in evaluation processes. Keywords: Rubric, oral presentation, assessment, discrepancy, raters. Cite as: Veetil, M., Iqbal, R., & Abugohar, M. (2024). Navigating the perception-practice dilemma: An inquiry into assessors’ implementation of oral presentation rubrics. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 9(2), 267-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol9iss2pp267-296

Assessment of genetic uniformity in micro propagated plantlets of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) through DNA markers

Turmeric is herbaceous plant, characterized by long lance-shaped leaves sprouting from its rhizomatous underground stem. Notably, its rhizomes contain the bioactive compounds curcuminoids, renowned for its medicinal and culinary significance. However, meeting the surging demand for turmeric, particularly during off- seasons, presents a formidable challenge due to the sluggish vegetative propagation rate in Curcuma longa. Given the scarcity of sexual reproduction in turmeric, micropropagation emerges as the convenient method for obtaining disease-free seeds. In addressing the challenge of direct regeneration of the native Erode local cultivar of turmeric, this study endeavors to establish a protocol for in vitro plantlet production. Results indicate that multiple shoots were successfully induced, notably with 13.32 μM of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), yielding a response rate of 73.2±4.7% and an average shoot count of 6.95±0.81 per explant. Subsequently, a concentration of 17.76 μM of BAP demonstrated a response rate of 56.5%±4.7%, with an average shoot count of 5.94±0.81 per explant. Additionally, a combination of 13.32 μM BAP and 2.68 μM Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) resulted in 8.65±0.47 shoots per explant, with a response rate of 73.66±1.25%. Similarly, 13.32 μM BAP combined with 5.37 μM NAA yielded 7.32±0.47 shoots per explant, with a response rate of 72.33±0.47%. The acclimatization of plantlets in a greenhouse exhibited a remarkable survival rate, ranging from 90% to 98%. Importantly, all regenerated plantlets closely resembled the mother plants morphologically. Genetic uniformity assessment, employing 10 ISSR and 4 DAMD markers, indicated more than 90% uniformity among one mother plant and regenerants. This indicates a significant genetic uniformity, ensuring consistency in desired traits across the regenerated plantlets.

Revealing irrigation uniformity with remote sensing: A comparative analysis of satellite-derived uniformity coefficient

This study investigates the use of satellite-derived Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (SDCUC) values for evaluating irrigation uniformity. In the context of global water scarcity and the imperative for sustainable water management, we explore the potential of remote sensing methods to evaluate irrigation uniformity across large agricultural areas. The findings reveal a consistent tendency for SDCUC to overestimate irrigation uniformity, with an average overestimation rate of 7.83 %. However, accuracy improved with the appropriate method, vegetation index, or spectral band selection. Employing the entire satellite image for SDCUC (SDCUCTOT) assessment improved accuracy. For Sentinel-1 (S1), using the dual-band cross-polarization horizontal transmit/vertical receive band (VH), the bias confidence interval was −0.39–0.69 %, while for Sentinel-2 (S2), using the normalized difference red edge 3 index (NDRE3), it was −1.47–0.66 %, and for Landsat 8 (L8) and Landsat 9 (L9) using the shortwave infrared water stress index (SIWSI) it ranged from 0.36 % to 2.28 %. Improved results were also observed when the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) ranged between 0.4 and 0.8 or the evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration ratio (ET/PET) ranged between 0.30 and 0.55. In these conditions, SDCUCTOT for the S2, L8, and L9 using the simple ratio index (SR) ranged from 1.00 % to 2.33 %, 0.00–1.83 %, 0.23–2.00 %, respectively, and for S2, the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and NDRE3 ranged from −1.39–0.71 %, and −1.43–2.31 % respectively. These findings underscore the potential of remote sensing techniques to revolutionize water resource management and promote sustainable agriculture, emphasizing the synergistic role of ground-based measurements and the need for continued methodological refinements to improve accuracy. Further advancements and research are warranted to refine the methodology and enhance the accuracy and reliability of remote sensing-based irrigation uniformity assessment, ultimately contributing to more sustainable agricultural irrigation practices.

Aortic insufficiency in the patient on contemporary durable left ventricular assist device support: A state-of-the-art review on preoperative and postoperative assessment and management

The development of aortic insufficiency (AI) during HeartMate 3 durable left ventricular assist device support (dLVAD) can lead to ineffective pump output and recurrent heart failure symptoms. Progression of AI often comingles with the occurrence of other hemodynamic related events encountered during LVAD support, including right heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiorenal syndrome. While data on AI burdens and clinical impact are still insufficient in patients on HeartMate 3 support, moderate or worse AI occurs in approximately 8% of patients by 1 year and studies suggest AI continues to progress over time and is associated with increased frequency of right heart failure. The first line intervention for AI management is prevention, undertaking surgical intervention on the insufficient valve at the time of dLVAD implant and avoiding excessive device flows and hypertension during long term support. Device speed augmentation may then be undertaken to try and overcome the insufficient lesion, but progression of AI should be anticipated over the long term. Surgical or transcatheter aortic valve interventions may be considered in dLVAD patients with significant persistent AI despite medical management, but neither intervention is without risk. It is imperative that future studies of dLVAD support capture AI in clinical endpoints using uniform assessment and grading of AI severity by individuals trained in AI assessment during dLVAD support.

Spray deposition and uniformity assessment of unmanned aerial application systems (UAAS) at varying operational parameters

Spray deposition and uniformity assessment of unmanned aerial application systems (UAAS) at varying operational parameters

Sustainable HPLC technique for measurement of antidiabetic drugs: Appraisal of green and white metrics, content uniformity, and in vitro dissolution

Abstract Green chemistry and white chemistry are two approaches to chemistry that prioritize sustainability and environmental protection. The pursuit of green chemistry is to develop chemical processes and products that decrease or stop the use and generation of dangerous materials. In contrast, white chemistry focuses on developing energy-efficient, sustainable chemical processes that produce minimal waste. Our study evaluated the environmental friendliness of the suggested approach, using eight greenness appraisal techniques, including analytical eco-scale, analytical method volume intensity, HPLC-environmental assessment tool, analytical method greenness score, analytical greenness, analytical greenness metric for sample preparation, green analytical procedure index, and complexgreen analytical procedure index, in addition to the unique metric blue applicability grade index of white chemistry. We have developed and validated a highly effective and reliable method for concurrently analyzing designated pharmaceutical medications characterized in metformin (MET) and empagliflozin (EMP) formulations, including their degraded products. This method is cost-effective, specific, and environmentally friendly, utilizing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with an XBridge BEH C8 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min−1, an injection volume of 5.0 μL, a column oven temperature of 50°C, a wavelength of 224 nm, and a mobile phase comprised of phosphate buffer adjusted at pH 6.8 and acetonitrile in gradient mode. In the HPLC method, linearity has been achieved over the concentration range of 10–106 and 30–1,050 µg·mL−1 for EMP and MET, respectively, with correlation coefficients more than 0.999 and good recoveries within 98–102%. An assessment of the content uniformity of finished products confirmed that they met the declaration’s acceptance standards (85–115%). A comparative study has been successfully conducted on generic and reference products, demonstrating their similarity. The suggested approach was validated by adhering to international council for harmonisation criteria.

Validated chromatographic approach for determination of two ternary mixtures in newly approved formulations for helicobacter pylori eradication: assessment of greenness profile and content uniformity

A new, sensitive, and rapid isocratic reversed phase chromatographic method (RP-HPLC–UV) was developed for simultaneous separation of two newly co-formulated antiulcer mixtures; Amoxicillin, Vonoprazan and Clarithromycin [Mixture (I)], and Amoxicillin, Lansoprazole and Clarithromycin [Mixture (II)]. Analytical separation was performed using a Promosil C18 column and ultraviolet detection at 210 nm. The separation was achieved within only 8 min. For both mixtures, an aqueous solution, composed of (Acetonitrile: Methanol: 0. 2 M phosphoric acid) within ratio of (30: 30: 40) adjusted to final pH 3.0, was the mobile phase. This method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The linearity ranges of these proposed method of the (Mixture (I)) were 25.0–400.0 µg/mL Amoxicillin, 0.5–8.0 µg/mL Vonoprazan, and 12.5–200.0 µg/mL Clarithromycin. And the linearity ranges of the (Mixture (II)) were 10.0–300.0 µg/mL Amoxicillin, 0.3–9.0 µg/mL Lansoprazole and 5.0–150.0 µg/mL Clarithromycin. This method was firstly applied for effective separation of Amoxicillin, Vonoprazan and Clarithromycin [Mixture (I)]. It fulfilled good repeatability, sensitivity, and accuracy (R.S.D. < 2.0%). The mean recoveries of the analytes in their Tri-Pak formulations were acceptable. The greenness of the developed chromatographic methods was assessed using an Eco-scale method and it was applied for content uniformity testing as per the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and the acceptance value of Amoxicillin, in Mixture (I) was 2.88, the acceptance values for Amoxicillin, Lansoprazole in Mixture (II) were 2.592, 2.424, respectively.

Revue des effets de l'institutionnalisation sur le développement de la dépression chez les personnes âgées résidant en maison de retraite

Depression is a prevalent mental health issue among elderly people residing in nursing homes, with significant implications for quality of life. From an initial pool of 175articles, seven met the inclusion criteria, including four longitudinal studies, two controlled trials, and one systematic review. The findings indicate mixed outcomes regarding the impact of institutionalization on the trajectory of depression, underlining the complexity of its support. A number of risk factors appear to be associated with depression, such as gerontopsychiatric disorders, functional impairment, chronic illness and gender. Interventions such as increased exposure to natural light and psycho-educational programmes could be relevant therapeutic tools. This review emphasizes the need for more robust longitudinal research, and uniform depression assessment methods to better manage depression at the entrance of the nursing home.

Stability of clozapine tablets repackaged in dose administration aids using repackaging machines

BackgroundThe use of dose administration aids in automated ward dispensing devices requires the repackaging of medications, which may impact their stability compared with the original manufacturer’s packaging.ObjectivesThis study aimed to...

Investigation of Sample Size Estimation for Measuring Quantitative Characteristics in DUS Testing of Shiitake Mushrooms

The sampling technique is commonly used in research investigations to more accurately estimate data with greater precision, at a lower cost and in less time. In plant DUS (distinctness, uniformity, and stability) testing, many quantitative characteristic data usually need to be obtained through individual measurements. However, there is currently no scientific method for determining the appropriate sampling size. The minimum number of testing samples for DUS testing was calculated based on the theory of sample size in descriptive studies and was validated through simple random sampling. The results show that the quantitative characteristics for the edible mushroom Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) in DUS testing were uniform. The calculated results show that 10 fruiting bodies for a single measurement were sufficient. Furthermore, the outcomes of the random sampling revealed that the mean of 10 samples did not significantly differ from the mean of all data. When the sample size exceeded 10, Cohen’s kappa statistic suggested that the conclusion of distinctness was very close to the near-perfect agreement. Reducing the number of samples did not affect the uniform assessment. This study suggests that the theory of sample size in descriptive studies could be applied to calculate the minimum sample size in DUS testing, and for Shiitake DUS testing, measuring 10 fruiting bodies was sufficient.