Tax Aspects Research Articles

Analysis of the transport tax system in the People’s Republic of China

Relevance. The rapid development of the transportation industry has led to economic development and at the same time has had a negative impact on the environment, especially in developing countries. Taxation can play an important role in regulating the number of vehicles in the country. Unfortunately, in China, taxation does not fully play its regulatory role. Research objective. This article focuses on the problems of environmental pollution and traffic congestions in large cities and ways of tackling them with the help of transportation tax reforms. Data and methods. This article adopts the method of comparative analysis and selects countries such as Japan, Singapore, and France to analyze their experience with that of China in the sphere of transportation taxation. The analysis concentrates around the three main aspects of taxation: vehicle purchase, vehicle use and discarding of old vehicles. The research data are taken from the Chinese government's official website and the results of previous research. Results. There is still a lot of room for improvement in China's transportation taxation system. Feasible suggestions should be drawn up to improve the existing taxation policies. Conclusions. In order to improve China's transport taxation policy, the study makes a number of proposals regarding the tax on the purchase of vehicles, tax on the use of vehicles and ships, tax on the consumption of refined oil, etc. These proposals can help China embark on a sustainable development path to achieve the goal of coordinated economic, environmental and energy development.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ МАЛОГО И СРЕДНЕГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА

The article is devoted to the aspects of taxation of small and medium-sized businesses. The development of these subjects is largely determined by the level of the tax burden, and their revenues in the form of taxes provide replenishment of the revenue part of the budget at various levels. The article defines the role of small and mediumsized businesses in Russia, as well as the specifics of their taxation. The results of the study presented in the article can be used to improve the taxation of small and medium-sized business structures.

Legal aspects of activity and development of personal peasant farms in Ukraine: problems and prospects of development

The article is devoted to the analysis of legal aspects and basic principles of activity of personal peasant economy in Ukraine. The efficiency of creating such a form of management is also analyzed and attention is paid to the shortcomings in its legal regulation. Based on the legislative definition of personal economic, the article formulated proposals for the legal regulation of their activities. Peculiarities of the right to use land plots as a basis for personal farming are given. The maximum allowable area of land used by personal farms has been identified. Emphasis is placed on cases of increasing this size from a practical and theoretical point of view. The purpose of this article is to analyze the activities of personal farming. Analyze aspects of land lease, eliminate shortcomings in legislation and make proposals to address issues. The authors concluded why the owners of private farms violate the law and illegally exceed the maximum size of land for farms of this organizational and legal form. Given that members of the personal peasant economy abuse the advantages provided by the state to carry out such activities, attention is paid to the moment of transition of the personal peasant economy to the farm. Aspects of taxation of the personality of peasant farms are analyzed and the possibility of reduction to privileged categories at transformation in a farm is offered. The legal aspects of renting private farms are also studied. Based on the analysis of indicators of lease of farms of this organizational and legal form, we provide proposals for the regulation of regulations on issues related to aspects of the activities and development of personal farms and the institution of lease.

Specificity of formation of the tax base on corporate income tax in construction

The purpose of the study – reflects a study of the methodology of the process of determining the taxbase when calculating corporate income tax on (example of the construction company “XXX”). Identificationof the main problems in calculating income tax and advance payments.Originality / value – the basic aspects of the taxation process are noted. To clearly reflect the processof determining income tax as a research base, we analyzed data on the financial and tax reportingof a construction company. An example of determining income tax and calculating advance paymentsis given. Recommendations on tax accounting, including for construction companies, are developed,specific aspects of taxation in this industry are indicated.Conclusions – the need for improving the tax accounting methodology has been identified and suggestionshave been developed to achieve the goal of the study. The practical significance of the articlewill allow accounting and auditing services to take into account the main points in determining the taxbase and drawing up the tax accounting policy in terms of corporate income tax. Features of tax accountingin construction makes it possible to disclose the specifics of determining the tax base for corporateincome tax for Kazakhstan companies.

Облікова політика підприємств щодо нематеріальних активів: засадничі принципи та особливості формування

The article is aimed at examining the theoretical-practical bases of formation of accounting policy for intangible assets of enterprise, taking into account the conceptual basis of financial statements – either UAS (Ukrainian Accounting Standards) or IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). The analysis and generalization of the requirements of regulations, as well as scientific works of many scholars on understanding the essence of the concept of «accounting policy» were carried out. Two key directions of understanding of accounting policy by domestic scholars are allocated: the closer specified one (description of alternative solutions) and the wide one (disclosure of an additional array of information in addition to choosing from the permitted alternatives). The author’s own approach to understanding the accounting policy in terms of intangible assets is proposed: it is a description of the decisions chosen by the enterprise from a number of alternatives stipulated by the standards (UAS or IFRS), regarding the recognition, valuation, submission and disclosure of information about intangible assets, as well as other aspects deemed essential. The approaches of domestic scholars to identify the main elements of accounting policy related to intangible assets are considered. On the basis of the study of alternative requirements of IAS 38, a minimum set of elements of the enterprise’s accounting policy for intangible assets is proposed, as well as key differences in approaches to the preparation of accounting policies under the UAS compared to the IFRS are defined. The appropriateness of disclosure of tax aspects in accounting policy is analyzed. Approaches to improving accounting policy and ensuring its innovative nature through the presentation of independent decisions of the enterprise on disclosure of information about intangible assets in the broad sense of this concept are proposed. It is recommended to disclose information on the identification of classes of the implicit innovation-oriented assets, approaches to valuation and monitoring of these assets outside of traditional accounting methods, as well as disclosure channels for such assets.

Transforming a sole proprietorship into a limited liability company – selected tax aspects

This article deals with the transformation of a sole proprietorship into a sole-shareholder limited liability company, with particular emphasis on tax aspects. Considerations are supported by numerous rulings of courts of general and administrative jurisdiction, as well as interpretations of the tax authorities. At the beginning, the author presents the binding normative acts regulating this subject and the main reasons for transformations. The methods of transforming a sole proprietorship into a sole-shareholder limited liability company binding until the end of 2011 have been described, as well as provisions regulating the issue of formal transformation. In the further part of the article the legal consequences of formal transformation were discussed, with particular emphasis on the succession of rights and obligations under tax law. The next part of the article is devoted to the effects of transformation on the basis of the tax on goods and services, personal income tax and income tax from juridical persons, as well as tax on civil law transactions.

ANALYSIS OF CONSIDERATIONS IN CSR ASPECT TOWARDS INCENTIVE TAX OF PT MASPION III IN SIDOARJO JAWA TIMUR (An Empirical Study of CSR at PT. Maspion III Sidoarjo)

CSR has developed into part of the company's business strategy, mainly related to the functions of marketing, public relations, and investment-decision making (Subagyo, 2018). PT. Maspion III in CSR activities has developed into a part of the company's business strategy. in the taxation aspect at PT. Maspion III is one of the important factors that is considered by an organization in designing its CSR program to produce CSR programs that can add business value as well as tax favorable. Whereas on the other hand Maspion III spent funds for its CSR program based on Act Number 36 of 2008 which has regulated the treatment of Income Taxes on expenses or costs incurred in the context of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Provisions regarding this matter are regulated in Article 6 paragraph (1) letters I, j, k, l, and m, in which it is stressed that the amount of taxable income for permanent establishment of permanent establishment), which in fact is reduced in Article 1 PP 93 of the year 2010, for the expenditure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which can be deducted by a certain%. While for PT. Maspion III for its CSR Program exceeds the provisions of 5%. Therefore, to be able to produce CSR programs that can produce business value programs as well as tax favorable, it is better if the taxpayer considers the taxation aspects when designing his CSR program.
 Keywords: CSR Aspect Considerations, CSR Tax Incentives, CSR draft, Law

Influence of Corporate Taxation on the Financial Leverage of Czech, Polish and Russian Companies

This article aims to compare and contrast the available empirical evidence concerning the capital structure of Polish,Czech and Russian companies. This is an intriguing research area due to the fact that the Czech and Polish economiesbegan their transition to the market economy contemporaneously with Russia, and so along with other cultural andhistorical parallels, the data is comparable.We compare data from a selection of large companies from the selected territories and investigate whether effective taxrate is significant determinant of capital structure. The selected sample is comprised of 69 companies (50 from Russia, 9from Poland, and 10 from Czech Republic), using data over a period of fourteen years. We perform a regression analysisand interpret the results using theoretical knowledge as articulated in the academic literature. The dependent variablein all tested regressions is financial leverage, calculated as the ratio of the sum of short-term and long-term debts to thesum of short-term and long-term assets. Other variables evaluated include interest coverage ratio, the level of companytangibility, and the cost of debt. This set of input values was uploaded from the Bloomberg database.Our results indicate that taxation does have determining effect on the choice of a certain level of leverage. Moreover,the effective tax rate represents the most important factor in determining the model of capital structure utilised by largecompanies in each country studied. We establish the dependence of capital structure models on the level of corporate taxapplied in each country and identify a set of additional determinants which play a significant role.This paper’s novelty may be summarised as representing an advanced understanding of specific aspects of influence ofthe corporate taxation on the capital structure of companies in Russia and other economies of the former Eastern Bloc.This paper shines a new light on the subject area by extending the duration of the studied data beyond previous research,to fourteen years. As such, in this paper we present a comparitive dynamic which may be mapped on to other similarcomparitive studies. Our results will be of interest in professionals and academics who are involved in the fields oftaxation, debt and equity in Eastern Europe and Russia. The schema utilised here may be applied in a similar manner toexamine the development of similar economies in Eastern Europe and further afield.

Stakeholder Analysis on Indonesian E-Commerce Taxation

Trade industry had been effected significantly by the high pace of digitalization. The growth level of Indonesian online trading activities is predicted to be extremely high because of the huge number of internet users in Indonesia. This is perceived as a great chance to enter the online commercial trading market in Indonesia. The interactive online marketplace makes it easy to buy and sell goods and services more efficiently in everywhere and at any time. However, there is little consideration on the taxation aspect of e-commerce transaction in Indonesia as developing country. This study gives an analysis on Indonesian e-commerce taxation based on identified main group of stakeholders. The literature review is conducted to get comprehensive understanding on common e-commerce taxation. The analysis of e-commerce taxation grasps the comparison of practices between developed and developing countries. Keywords : Taxation, E-commerce, Stakeholder Analysis * Accounting Department, Faculty of Economics, Parahyangan Catholic University, Gedung 9, Jl. Ciumbuleuit 94, Bandung 40141, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.12.3.277-288

FEATURES OF ACCOUNTING OF RENTAL OPERATIONS: ACCOUNTING AND TAX ASPECTS

У статті визначено, що оперативний лізинг (оренда) — це господарська операція фізичної або юридичної особи, що передбачає передачу орендарю основного фонду, придбаного або виготовленого орендодавцем на умовах інших, ніж ті, що передбачаються фінансовим лізингом (орендою). Доведено, що оренда — це угода, за якою орендар набуває права користування необоротним активом за плату протягом погодженого з орендодавцем строку. Водночас оперативною (операційною) орендою є оренда інша, ніж фінансова. Визначено, що переданий в оперативну оренду об'єкт продовжує значитися у складі необоротних активів орендодавця. Передачу майна в оренду відображають тільки в аналітичному обліку. Узагальнено, що під час придбання об'єкт інвестиційної нерухомості за первинною вартістю, надалі його слід відображати в бухгалтерського обліку та фінансовій звітності (на кожну дату балансу) за одним із методів: справедливою вартістю або первинною вартістю.

The Empowerment and Product Development of "Terasi Rebon" Processed Seafood Craftsmen as a Leading Potential for Competitive Coastal Areas in Karang Agung, Tuban, East Java

One of the most prominent products from processed seafood from the famous coastal area of ​​Tuban is Terasi. Terasi is a type of food flavouring in the form of pasta, distinctively smelling fermented shrimp, fish or a mixture of both with salt and other additives. In the implementation of the Regional Superior Product Development Program in partnership with UKM Putra Bahari located in Karang Agung village, Tuban, East Java. Where is the production of shrimp paste as a flavouring cuisine? The problem of partners in terms of the company's production aspects is the production process in which the process of drying raw materials utilizes the availability of sunlight. Where it has an impact on the quality and extent of drying as well as the problem of cleanliness of the process. Then in operational activities have not been done with good operational management, low innovation in production and product variants, so that it needs overall assistance in marketing, financial to tax and production management aspects

Addressing the Minority Tax: Perspectives From Two Diversity Leaders on Building Minority Faculty Success in Academic Medicine

This Invited Commentary explores disparities in academic medicine, known as the minority tax, through the careers of 2 men in senior positions, who are underrepresented minorities in medicine (URMMs), with the goal of sharing real-world experiences that other URMM faculty can use to their benefit. The authors use their lived experiences to document the realities of various aspects of the minority tax (i.e., isolation, mentorship, diversity efforts, and clinical assignments) and introduce a new aspect of the minority tax that has affected both of their inner decision-making processes and personal ambitions: the gratitude tax. By sharing these experiences, the authors are also able to recognize individual mentors and sponsors as well as changes in their knowledge, skills, and attitudes that affected their ability to accomplish career goals, leading to their current academic positions. Sharing experiences is a meaningful way of providing examples for other URMM faculty to follow, as well as illustrating ways in which senior leadership can help mitigate the effect of the minority tax on URMM faculty, thereby increasing equity in academic medicine.

FEATURES OF BONUS ACCOUNTING: ACCOUNTING AND TAX ASPECTS

У статті узагальнено особливості обліку бонусних знижок у торгівлі. Встановлено, бонусна програма — це найпоширеніша модель, за якої постійні покупці накопичують бонуси для подальшого обміну їх на матеріальні вигоди (дисконт, безоплатний товар тощо). Визначено, що бонус — це зобов'язання продавця надати покупцеві знижку за умови, що він скористається своїм правом її отримання. Доведено, що підприємство під час продажу певного товару надає покупцеві знижку, на яку він може зменшити вартість своєї наступної купівлі. Визначено, що бонусна картка не є електронним платіжним засобом. Вона визнається матеріальним активом, який прибуткується на баланс підприємства. Встановлено, що покупець під час купівлі товару з нарахуванням бонусів набуває права купити в майбутньому товар зі знижкою за рахунок списання (анулювання) бонусів, накопичених на картці лояльності. Визначено, що бонусні картки не мають самостійної цінності і самі собою жодної економічної вигоди покупцеві / отримувачеві картки не дають.

ХI International Symposium “Theory and Practice of Tax Reforms”

The article is prepared following the ХI International Symposium “Theory and Practice of Tax Reforms” held 30 June — 6 July 2019 in Tomsk Institute of Economics and Management, Tomsk State University. The subject of the discussion is theoretical and practical aspects of taxation and tax administration transformation in digital economy. In the symposium, 95 specialists from 40 Universities from 26 cities of six countries (Russia, Belorussia, Germany, China, Slovenia and Ukraine) and 35 higher educational institutions took part. The event was organized by Tomsk State University, Ural Federal University, St. Petersburg State University, Financial University, cientific-Research Center for Industrial Development Problems NAS Ukraine, and by Institute for Economic Strategies of Chinese Academy of Social Studies. The purpose of the Symposium is to discuss topical problems of tax systems reforming, elaboration of new theoretical-methodological approaches to the perfection of tax policies and taxation, forming creative groups to conduct joint studies in taxation. During the symposium, a plenary meeting, five thematic sections, a round table, administrative training, presentations of journals on taxes and taxation and a new monographic project were held. Within the limits of the symposium theoretical and practical aspects of taxation and tax administration transformation in digital economy are considered. The importance of such a symposium is linked to anticipated changes in the shere.

LEGALIDADE E DESLEGALIZAÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA:O MERCADO DA POLÍTICA E AS ESCOLHAS REALIZADAS PELO JUDICIÁRIO PARA DEFINIR AS SUAS REGRAS

A competência tributária é tratada tradicionalmente pela doutrina como sujeita à legalidade estrita. O papel de legislar sobre tributos é privativo do Poder Legislativo e deve ser exercido por meio de lei em sentido estrito. Ao Executivo, com algumas exceções, caberia um papel normativo secundário de editar legislação que apenas complementasse aquilo editado pelo Legislativo. O que se observa, entretanto, é que, apesar da previsão constitucional, ocorre a proliferação de atos normativos infralegais que acabam determinando aspectos substanciais de diversos tributos. O presente artigo analisa a mudança “de legalidade para deslegalização” assumindo a atividade política como um mercado no qual o exercício do processo legislativo e da regulamentação é resultado de acordos políticos entre participante do “mercado da política”. No modelo proposto, tendo como marco a teoria da escolha pública, leis em matéria tributária possuem maior valor econômico e maior custo para celebração. Normas infralegais são oriundas de acordos de menor custo político, em razão do menor número participantes envolvidos, possuindo menor valor econômico. A escolha entre os instrumentos normativos é feita de acordo com os interesses individuais dos atores políticos que participam do acordo em busca de maximizar os seus ganhos, independentemente dos ganhos para a sociedade. Além da abordagem menos convencional para abordar “legalidade e deslegalização”, inova-se no artigo ao se sugerir o papel do Judiciário, quando aplica e define os limites do princípio da legalidade, como instituição a gerar incentivos para que acordos obtenham resultados socialmente desejáveis.

EVALUATION OF TAXATION PROVISIONS ON TRANSACTIONS E-COMMERCE ON THE MARKETPLACE PLATFORM

<em>This research is based on the problem of the development of transactions e-commerce that do not necessarily boost state revenues from the taxation sector. The Directorate General of Taxation has made an affirmation regarding e-commerce by issuing SE-62 / PJ / 2013 dated December 27, 2013 concerning Affirmation of Provisions on Taxation of Transactions E-commerce, where transactions e-commerce are subject to the same tax as conventional business actors. This study aims to analyze the application of SE-62 / PJ / 2013 at PT Bukalapak.com and provide recommendations to PT Bukalapak.com related to the taxation aspect of transactions e-commerce. The object of the research is PT Bukalapak.com with the Tax Division as a unit of analysis. The research instrument uses interviews with PT Bukalapak.com and questionnaires to sellers who transact using the marketplace platform. The conclusion of the study is that PT Bukalapak.com does not implement or apply specific provisions for users of the Bukalapak application, this refers to the taxation system carried out in Indonesia, namely self assessment. Lack of tax knowledge on taxation obligations causes less success in maximizing tax payments on transactions e-commerce. PT Bukalapak.com has the initiative to become a partner of the taxation authority.</em>

Legal and tax aspects of reprivatization

Publikacja poświęcona jest reprywatyzacji mienia osób fizycznych i procesom związanym z jej przeprowadzeniem. Opierając się na zagadnieniach prawnych i podatkowych, a także sytuacji politycznej Polski, autorka pragnie przybliżyć skutki reprywatyzacji w Polsce, nie tylko w wymiarze jednostokowym, czyli jak jej przeprowadzenie działa na pojedynczych obywateli, ale także jaki skutek odniesie w stosunku do całej gospodarki. Główną rolę w pracy odgrywają nieruchomości warszawskie. Zaznaczyć jednak trzeba, że problem dotyka nie tylko stolicy, ale ma charakter ogólnokrajowy. Oparcie się w tekście na przykładzie warszawskich kamienic ma za zadanie jedynie lepsze zobrazowanie problemu. Zrozumienie reprywatyzacji, jej istoty, celów oraz skutków jest podstawowym zagadnieniem w budowaniu nowej gospodarki. Zależność tę zdają się rozumieć zarówno publicyści, jak i politycy, którzy szczególnie w ostatnim czasie podejmują działania mające na celu stworzenie nowych regulacji prawnych.

PERLAKUAN PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI (PPN) ATAS DEBIT NOTE EKSPOR JASA KENA PAJAK

This study was conducted to determine about the debit notes is a taxable and tariffs 10% ( ten percent ) on export of taxable service if it is reviewed by taxable supplies, and to determine the treatment of VAT on Debit Note reviewed by the concept of destination principle and to determine whether it is acceptable in tax regulation of Indonesia if It’s issued a Debit Note for collecting of company income and to estimate how much penalties arise. This study used qualitative methods with qualitative descriptive analysis. The object of research is based on data available at the company that is secondary data. Data collection techniques are Library research.The results of data processing that the Debit Note is an taxable of VAT. In terms of destination Principle Debit Note is taxable to VAT 0 % (Zero Percent) for the shipping charge, the Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) charge and cancel orders charge / penalty fees. Debit Note Billing mechanism is allowed in tax regulation as long as there is a document whose position equivalent to tax invoice for canceled order charge/penalty fees, but charge for shipping and the Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) charge don’t allow in the tax regulation because it is non-compliance of the material terms of the tax invoice. As a result of the Debit Note that issued raised the sanctions of Article 14 paragraph (2) of general provisions and taxation procedures for 2 % of the tax base.Based on the suggested better in making commercial document to charge must analyze aspects of taxation in order to prevent tax penalties in this case to issue Debit Note need to create a document that is equivalent to a Tax Invoice because mechanism of the Debit Note is taxable of VAT.

Kinerja Keuangan Dan Penghematan Pajak Sebelum Dan Sesudah Revaluasi Aset

Revaluation of assets is considered capable of fulfilling relevant information to investors and can improve the company's financial performance. In addition to improving financial performance, there are other studies that mention the revaluation of fixed assets may cause tax savings. Researches mostly discusse the impact of revaluation of fixed assets related to financial performance using quantitative methods, while researches looking at taxation aspects are discussed with qualitative methods. Therefore the researcher will try to connect financial performance using variables in the form of debt to equity ratio, operational profit margin, total turnover assets, and return on assets and tax savings using effective tax rate before and after revaluing fixed assets. The variable was tested using a mean difference test-MANOVA method and the sample used was a public company that revalued its fixed assets in 2013 year. The results of the study did not prove that there were differences in financial performance and tax savings before and after the company revaluing fixed assets. This has no effect because the company that revalues ​​fixed assets is merely to meet the target of the government or actually the impact of the tax changes does not have a significant influence because there may be other impacts such as new additional costs for example appraiser fees, increased depreciation costs, all of which may make the company’s profits declined and final tax must be paid by the company. Instead, the revaluation just increase the book value of fixed assets and not the fixed assets physically

ANALISIS ASPEK PERPAJAKAN PADA FINTECH KHUSUSNYA PEER TO PEER (P2P) LENDING UNTUK MENYUSUN ATURAN PERPAJAKAN

Financial technology ('Fintech ') shifts the paradigm of financial transactions and demands more rapid and adaptive change. Based on the results of BBVA's 2017 study, domestic business financing needs will be around IDR 1,600 trillion. In fact, only IDR 600 trillion can be disbursed annually through banks, capital markets and finance companies. Only 11 million of the 60 million SMEs can obtain loans from banks. Sixty percent of that number is based on the island of Java. Indonesia is expected to spend a small and medium business fund of US$ 54 billion by 2020, with more than 57 million micro-businesses proposed bankableThe purpose of this study is to discuss taxation rules as a regulator function and budget function in the fintech industry specifically the Peer to Peer loan business model (P2P lending ) as part of the fintech business model. Special licenses related to the transaction and taxation model are also needed to make it easier and can be arranged according to the tax compliance.The government as regulator must issue regulations regarding the development of the P2P lending industry which includes aspects of taxation, namely subjects, objects, tax rates and collection mechanisms. Development of a special P2P lending model need to be anticipated quickly because they have to income the state.