Ethnic Aspects Research Articles

Psychometric evaluation of the modified quality of recovery score for the postanaesthesia care unit (QoR-PACU2)—A prospective validation study

BackgroundTo date, there is no instrument to adequately assess self-reported quality of recovery (QoR) in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). We previously developed the QoR-PACU, a 13-item questionnaire specifically applicable to the PACU. The feasibility, acceptance, and validity of the QoR-PACU were promising. However, measures of reliability were slightly lower than expected. MethodsWe modified the QoR-PACU and evaluated its psychometric properties in a cohort of adult patients scheduled for non-cardiac surgery with general anesthesia. The modified QoR-PACU (termed QoR-PACU2) was administered before surgery and postoperatively in the PACU at the time of the decision to discharge. ResultsA total of 307 patients were included in the final analysis. Postoperative QoR-PACU2 sum scores differed across categories of sex, perioperative and surgical risk, and modes of airway management. The duration of anesthesia and surgery, maximum pain intensity and analgesic requirement in the PACU, and length of PACU stay were all inversely correlated with QoR in the PACU. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.66–0.75). The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.86 (95%CI: 0.70–0.94, p < 0.001) for intra-rater reliability (n = 24) and 0.94 (95%CI 0.90 to 0.97, p < 0.001) for inter-rater reliability (n = 31). Cohen’s effect size was 0.68 and the standardized response mean was 0.57. ConclusionThe QoR-PACU2 assesses self-reported QoR after surgery in the PACU. Measures of feasibility, validity, and reliability were consistently high. Measures of responsiveness were moderate, which might be attributable to the heterogeneity of the study population. Future studies should include aspects of ethnicity and cross-cultural applicability.

Race, ethnicity, ancestry, and aspects that impact HLA data and matching for transplant.

Race, ethnicity, and ancestry are terms that are often misinterpreted and/or used interchangeably. There is lack of consensus in the scientific literature on the definition of these terms and insufficient guidelines on the proper classification, collection, and application of this data in the scientific community. However, defining groups for human populations is crucial for multiple healthcare applications and clinical research. Some examples impacted by population classification include HLA matching for stem-cell or solid organ transplant, identifying disease associations and/or adverse drug reactions, defining social determinants of health, understanding diverse representation in research studies, and identifying potential biases. This article describes aspects of race, ethnicity and ancestry information that impact the stem-cell or solid organ transplantation field with particular focus on HLA data collected from donors and recipients by donor registries or transplant centers.

Implementation of Multicultural Education As Revitalization of National Awareness for Sociology Education Students

Despite the optimism of many scholars, activists, and educators for a fully multicultural world, the aims of people of colour and multiculturalists are still hindered by social problems such as racism, inequality, injustice, and poverty. This research aims to explore multicultural education in a nation that is becoming more aware, specifically focusing on students studying sociology education. The study method adopts a qualitative phenomenological approach that focuses on comprehending the significance of different experiences and human interactions. It is crucial to cultivate an understanding of students' sociology education in order to promote awareness of intercultural marriages in both academic and non-academic settings. Resistance to implementing intercultural education is present both within the organisation and from external sources. Multiculturalism aids students in understanding and valuing the various aspects of culture, language, ethnicity, religion, and race that contribute to the Indonesian nation, which is essential for the formation of national identity. Multicultural education theorists and policymakers in universities should challenge assumptions about ethnic and cultural dominance and promote the inclusion of the Indonesian language in multicultural education.

НАРОДНА МЕДИЦИНА ТА ЇЇ РОЛЬ В ТРАДИЦІЙНІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ УКРАЇНЦІВ: СТИСЛИЙ ІСТОРИЧНИЙ ЕКСКУРС

From generation to generation, the Ukrainian people have passed on to their descendants the rich experience accumulated over many centuries. Subsequent generations have carefully preserved the instructions of their ancestors, trying not to distort their meaning, but rather to develop them further and pass them on to other generations. One of the types of such a truly precious heritage that has come down to our time from the depths of centuries is folk medicine. Traditional medicine is one of the oldest methods of treatment known to mankind. The need to survive in a cruel world, various diseases that required treatment, prompted humanity to seek help from the environment and develop self-medication skills. Ukrainians, like other peoples, widely used herbal treatment, various rituals and other methods of folk medicine. Despite the long existence of the practice of witchcraft, it remained an integral part of the social life of the Ukrainian population in the twentieth century and remains so today, despite the existence of developed official medicine. This article is devoted to the study of historical and ethnic aspects of folk medicine in Ukrainian traditional culture. It aims to highlight the evolution of this complex and multilayered system of Ukrainian folk knowledge and practices, from Kyevan Rus to the present day. Therefore, through the prism of studying the ethnic roots and history of folk medicine in Ukrainian traditional culture, we have the opportunity to better understand the uniqueness and depth of Ukraine’s national heritage, as well as to open new horizons for further research in this area. Ukrainian folk medicine is an integral part of traditional culture. The knowledge and practices accumulated over centuries define the uniqueness of Ukrainian medicine, which combines traditional methods with elements of modern medicine. It has been and continues to be of particular interest to scholars, as it is a complex phenomenon that lies at the intersection of two important scientific fields: medicine and ethnography. In this context, this article is devoted to the study of the ethnic roots and history of medicine in Ukrainian traditional culture.

Этноэкономическая трансформация горно-таежного оленеводства в Иркутской области

Abstract. The purpose of the study is the analysis of ethno-economic problems and consequences of transformations of the mountain-taiga reindeer husbandry in Tofalaria. Research methods. To study the reindeer husbandry of the Tofs, an indigenous people of Siberia, a combination of ethno-economic and ecological-geographical methods, as well as elements of a systematic approach, were used, on the basis of which data on the state of reindeer husbandry as a component of the traditional economy were interpreted. Results. The role of transformational processes in the formation of the crisis of reindeer breeding, the decrease in the number of deer, and the change in the nature of land use has been established. Ethno-economic transformations have led to the loss of reindeer breeding skills and micro-areal development of reindeer pastures. It was revealed that the development of rural areas of Tofalaria requires a revision of the traditional ethno-economic complex. Taiga small-scale reindeer husbandry performs the transport function of providing hunting, it does not belong to profitable industries, there are no methods to calculate its effectiveness in objective terms. It is emphasized that the main guidelines for assessing reindeer breeding are the preservation of the deer population and the age and sex structure of the herd, as well as its symbolic significance for the ethnic culture of the Tofs. The request of the ethnosociety for the development of reindeer husbandry expresses both the needs of the traditional economy and the ethnocultural aspects of ethnicity. These conclusions contribute to expanding the understanding of the complex nature of traditional nature management systems and their sustainability. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of adjusting regional programs to support indigenous peoples, taking them into account. Scientific novelty. It has been established that in the crisis state of reindeer husbandry, the consequences of unfinished transformation processes and the contradictions caused by them in the natural and economic system of traditional nature management are still affecting. Inconsistency in management based on planned indicators and ignoring traditional experience laid the foundation for a negative scenario for the development of reindeer husbandry long before the post-Soviet transformations.

Penggunaan Sentimen Primordial oleh Pasangan Calon Joko Widodo-K.H. Ma’ruf Amin dan Prabowo Subianto-Sandiaga Salahuddin Uno di Provinsi Banten Pada Pemilu Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Tahun 2019

This study aims to identify and analyze the use of primordial sentiments in practical political aspects such as in the context of elections in Indonesia. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. A qualitative research approach is a process of research and understanding based on methodologies that investigate social phenomena and human problems. As a result, due to decentralization, the locus of political science studies began to pay more attention to aspects of ethnicity, regionality, sultanate and custom in political aspects. Second, the strengthening trend of using primordial symbols in tandem with the process of political liberalization manifested through multi-party political systems and direct electoral systems that tend to emphasize the principle of majority vote, thus making the use of primordial elements more fertile. In conclusion, as for the reality, the strengthening of the use of primordial sentiments in the context of politics is then considered to have made the political pattern tend to be primitive-traditional because some political figures and national and regional leaders tend to use primordial elements to achieve their respective political interests.

ETHNIC ASPECTS OF RURAL MIGRATION IN THE FEDOROVSKY DISTRICT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

The article examines the ethnic aspects of population migration in rural Bashkiria. The study area, i. e. Fedorovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, is distinguished by a high ethno-cultural diversity of the population with six large ethnic groups living there, namely Tatars, Russians, Bashkirs, Chuvashes, Mordvins and Ukrainians. The methods of research are the analysis of municipal statistics and household books of rural settlements, the study of “genealogical trees”, the questioning of people and the autobiographical interviews. Different data sources were used to analyze the dynamics of rural migration at the level of rural settlements of the Fedorovsky district in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods. It was found that the migration behavior of population depends on the ethnic structure of rural settlements and their geographical location. The ethnic groups represented in the Fedorovsky district are at different stages of U. Zelinsky migration model, which is reflected in the current migration situation in rural settlements. Collected statistical data allowed selective presentation of the post-Soviet structure of the intraregional geography of rural migration of the population of some settlements in the context of the cities close to the Fedorovsky district, i. e. Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Ishimbai and Meleuz. The final part of the article interprets the results of questioning to describe the mechanism of making a decision on educational migration for residents of three rural settlements with different ethnic structure of population, i. e. Mordovian Kuzminovka, Tatar Deniskino and Chuvash Kiryushino.

HISTORICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF THE ETHNIC CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

he relevance of the study is due to the observation of complex problems of a scientific-theoretical, socio-economic, as well as practical nature, the disclosure of which is aimed at arguing ethnic aspects that formulate a conceptual understanding of the modern system of physical education. The purpose of this study is to identify the prerequisites and general regularities of the formation of the ethnic concept of physical education based on the description of historical facts, their scientific explanations and previously advanced hypotheses. From the modern point of view, in the context of the development of physical education and the policy of sports movement, there is a need to review the state's theoretical and methodological approaches to the assessment of the role of historical facts, events and specific people. We believe that an adequate attitude to the problem of the history of physical education and the historical heritage of the past will allow us to learn the lessons of history and find optimal means for managing the process of physical education of the young generation.

The Influence of Intersectionality on Professional Identity Formation among Underrepresented Pharmacy Students

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to explore professional identity formation (PIF) among student pharmacists from underrepresented groups (URGs). MethodsIn this qualitative study, 15 student pharmacists from the University of Georgia and Midwestern University Colleges of Pharmacy were recruited for interviews to explore the influence of intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and gender on PIF. Interview data were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory to identify themes and then further analyzed using Crenshaw’s theory of intersectionality, namely structural, political, and representational intersectionality. ResultsIntersectionality of identities created situations where participants expressed advantages belonging to certain social categories, while simultaneously being disadvantaged belonging to other social categories. This awareness led to strategies to overcome these collective obstacles for themselves and their communities. Participants then described ways to shift perceptions of how society depicts pharmacists and the pharmacy profession. The results depict these processes and how intersectionality influences PIF for URG student pharmacists. ConclusionThe sociocultural aspects of race, ethnicity, and gender influence the PIF of student pharmacists who belong to URGs. Intersectionality helps us better understand the ways in which inequality compounds itself, and this results in URG student pharmacists creating opportunities for belongingness and representation. Resultantly, URGs create opportunities for inclusivity and representation. To continue to facilitate this it is essential for educators and university systems to promote ways to foster and incorporate PIF in student pharmacists.

ETHNOCULTURAL IDENTITY IN LITERARY TEXT

Structural and also other formal differences between the translated text and the original work are analyzed in the article. Contradiction in meaning has been revealed due to the impossibility of translating individual elements of the original text which is recognized as inevitable in the conditions of ethnocultural specificity, differences in the sets of expressive means peculiar in different languages. Moreover the personality of a translator, his experience and skills also affect the completeness and accuracy of the translation of the original work. The relevance of the study consists in the fact that since ancient times, translation has been a source of necessary knowledge and the foundations of culture. The role of the translation lies in mediation between different cultures and languages. Meaning of translation of prosaic text is constantly growing. This procedure that involves translating into another language what is contained in the text of the original language is a complex operation and requires suitable skills. At translation of prosaic texts one should be guided, firstly, by the principle of communication. It is necessary to emphasize three most important rules which are should be followed when translating ethno-markers in prosaic texts: information must be transmitted clearly and in a responsible manner; the target-oriented text should be adopted for recipients; it is important that the translation can fulfill its role, i.e, to convey information with respect to ethnical realities of the language being studied. Aim of the study is to consider the role of ethnical aspects and challenges in translation of prosaic texts. This type of translation requires thematic linguistic and cultural competency.

Limbu Poetry as Ekphrastic Poetry: Representing Indigenous Identities

The Limbu poets Prakash Thamsuhang, Upendra Subba, Ranjana Limbu, Sundar Kurup and Man Prasad Subba display their indigenous identities through their ekphrastic poetry. They capture visual dimensions of Limbu body conveying distinctive poetic experimentation from the margin, making a rupture with the mainstream literary trends and modes. At the back of their poetic rhetoric lies the pulsating rhythm of cultural psychology and the praxis of distinct Limbu indigenous identity. In doing so, the poets invite a critical approach to discover the significance of Limbu’s psycho-cultural indigeneity. In this backdrop, this paper assesses internalized cultural psychology forming Limbu identity in the poems. It also scrutinizes poet’s indigenous aesthetics and cultural politics of identity expressed in a visual body form. Supplemented by the insights on the major aspects of Limbu culture, ethnicity, identity and marginality, I have approached the poems from the theoretical lens of Cultural Psychology, which considers a work of art as the representation of embeddedness between culture and psychology. The paper claims that the cultural politics underlying poetic works centering upon the Limbu indigenous principle, has an undertone of the valorization of voice from the margin. ­The psycho-cultural underpinnings on which the rhetoric of ekphrasis draw are attributable to the marginal discourse of renunciation and resistance against dominant power bloc.

EPISTEMOLOGI PLURALISTIK PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM PERSPEKTIF ABDURRAHMAN WAHID

The diversity that exists in Indonesia is undoubtedly unique, in fact Indonesia has diversity in several aspects, of course this has become a separate icon for various regions of Indonesia, especially in the variety of religions and thoughts. Today, every problem that exists in Indonesia, be it in the economic, political, cultural, racial and ethnic aspects, occurs because of moral degradation and the narrowness of thinking about national democracy. So that this is also an influence on the development of education in Indonesia, especially in religious education. According to Abdurrahman Wahid's (Gus Dur) pluralistic thoughts and views, religious education must pay attention to religious and cultural diversity in society, and must not ignore or marginalize views that differ from the views of the majority of religions. In this study, researchers focus on how pluralistic epistemology in Islamic religious education is from Abdurrahman Wahid's perspective. The method in this study uses qualitative research by presenting data in a descriptive analysis manner compiled through literature review and literature study. The results of this research explain that every community group has the same position in terms of rights and obligations as Indonesian citizens. with a sense of solidarity, tolerance and dialogue will further build a civilized and peaceful nation.

Ethnicity as a factor in the subjective experience of loneliness in students

Introduction. The phenomenon of loneliness is multidimensional and ambigu­ous. Attitudes to loneliness are heterogeneous and mediated, among many factors, by cultural and ethnic features. Territorial proximity and historically conditioned relations and migrations of Ural-Siberian territories and Kazakhstan allow conducting intercultural and interethnic re­search. This research is devoted to the study of specifics of loneliness experience by first-year students – representatives of these nations. The problem of loneliness becomes especially ur­gent as a result of growth of anxious and depressive states, and sometimes suicidal and victim behaviour among first-year students.Aim. The aim of the current research is to identify ethnic aspects of the subjective ex­perience of loneliness of first-year students studying in Russia and Kazakhstan. The research examines the specifics of experiencing loneliness by students of different ethnic backgrounds (Russians, Kazakhs), 197 students (119 males and 78 females).Research design. The research design involved the determination of loneliness factors for the entire empirical sample (factor analysis) with subsequent calculation of the values of the received factors for each respondent. Then students were compared separately for boys and girls of Kazakh and Russian ethnicity.Measurements. To conduct the research, the authors used a set of methods to study loneliness, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and a questionnaire to identify the level and na­ture of loneliness by G. R. Shagivaleeva.Results. The authors found that the component composition of loneliness can be repre­sented by three factors: depressive experience of loneliness, positive experience of loneliness, experience of loneliness in interpersonal relationships. It was revealed that students of Kazakh ethnicity expressed a negative perception of loneliness (p = 0.007), actualising depressive ten­dencies. A positive experience of loneliness is more characteristic of girls than boys (p = 0.02). For girls of Kazakh ethnicity, separation from the parental family enhances the feeling of lone­liness (p &lt; 0.05).Scientific novelty. The presented research results confirm the multidimensional nature of the phenomenon of loneliness, which determines the ambiguity of attitudes towards it and gives special weight to the value attitude towards loneliness in culture. Differences in the expe­rience of loneliness by students, due to the specifics of ethnic attitudes, are revealed. Theoretical significance of the study is determined by the identified regularities in the component composition of the experience of loneliness by students of two ethnic groups (Rus­sians and Kazakhs), its content and gender-role specificity.Practical significance. Empirical data contribute to the understanding of the ethnic characteristics of students’ experiences of loneliness and can serve as the basis for the devel­opment of university programmes that enhance psychological well-being.

PECULIARITIES OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL SCHOOL IN LITERATURE AND LINGUISTICS AT THE XX CENTURY

Summary. The development history and peculiarities of the psychological school in literature and linguistics at the 20th century acquires a new meaning and is updated in our time. Modern social circumstances create a need for a modern interpretation of domestic psychological thought the formation of the psychological school at the 20th century and its development at the 21st century. The problem of understanding social, cultural, political and ethnic aspects is particularly relevant, as a source base for elucidating many factors in the psychological thought formation, revealing the dynamics of ethnogenesis, the process of mental reality subjects self-awareness. Psychological knowledge, reinterpreted by a researcher of the history of psychology, makes it possible to choose the right vector in understanding the polyphony of the modern psychological paradigm. The purpose of the article is to consider the significant contribution of psychological school representatives, who focused their attention on the study of artistic creativity and language from the point of view of the psychological component and eidos. The main goals of the article are: to consider the theory of imagery of O. O. Potebnya and thorough works of his followers; to determine the influence of the psychological school on the development of philological science. To reach goals set in the work few methods were used: information analysis method, synthesis method, descriptive method. The methodological basis of the study is the basic literature provisions of the eidos theory. In domestic literary studies, the theoretical foundations of the psychological school were laid by the works of O. O. Potebny (the theory of the «inner form of the word» and the «inner form of art» – the work «Thought and Language»). D. M. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky and L. S. Vygotsky are considered the most outstanding followers of O. O. Potebnya. Under the influence of the works of O. O. Potebnya, D. M. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky developed a persistent desire to approach any phenomenon of language and literature in order to reveal its psychological essence. The psychological method with a sociological orientation becomes the main one in the literary activity of D. M. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky. «Cultural-historical theory», developed by L. S. Vygotsky, became one of the most important theories formed in the 1920s and 1930s. L. S. Vygotsky reflects on the specifics of the inner, mental world of a person, defines the mechanisms of its formation, distinguishes two levels of mental functions – natural and higher. Natural functions characterize a person as a natural being, and higher mental functions are mediated – this is imagination, purposeful thinking, etc. Conclusions. The psychological school is of inescapable importance for the development of modern literary studies and language. It is indisputable that turning to the problems of language and thinking, to the theory of artistic imagery, to the psychology of creativity and the perception of artistic works in the study of the historical-literary process contributed to the development of philological science.

Multicultural Politics of Recognition and Postcolonial Citizenship

One of the current debates in the social sciences is related to the linkage between aspects of ethnicity, race and cultural diversity, related to citizenship, the issue of inclusiveness and political community. This debate is inseparable from the tendency of the liberal democratic system today which currently dominates the dynamics of social science thinking. This debate is related to fact that these various aspects are often encountered in an understanding that seems to tend to be dichotomous. This condition makes discussion about these aspects encourage desire to examine them in various theories and various frameworks of thought. One perspective that is offered to examine the debate is structuralism which is then linked to normative theories of multiculturalism and is accompanied by the presence of postcolonial criticism of ethnic and racial hierarchies in politics as discussed very well in this book by Rachel Busbridge.

Postcolonial control of Fiji soccer and the return of subjugated knowledges: From the 1970s to the 2010s.

The primary aim of this article is to use Foucault's idea of subjugated knowledges to search out areas and viewpoints within Fiji soccer which are suppressed by the governing authorities. To fulfill this aim, we explore and assess, via ethnographic research, the racial and ethnic aspects of Fiji soccer, from the 1970s to the 2010s, and how cultural hegemony facilitates continued Fiji Indian control and dominance within the sport. Next, and although we note the positive dimension of Fiji Football Association's 2014 Veterans' Dinner, we suggest that some ex-Ba players were apparently discriminated against by, puzzlingly, not being invited. The regulator was also unaware of, or insensitive to, ex-players' transportation needs as some were poor or invalid. We then look at the cases of Sweats Soccer Club (SSC) and Nadi Legends Football Club (NLFC) to show how, in the face of the regulator's indifference to the financial plight of an Indigenous village club (SSC), the ex-Nadi players set up instead a self-help organization (NLFC) to assist and encourage ex-players going through hard times. The latter was a cross-ethnic group/cross-class collaboration between ex-officials and ex-players and was largely outside the regulator's sphere of interest or intent.

Health literacy of organisations – a cornerstone for fair health outcome

Abstract Unhealthy food habits are included in the factors behind several severe health conditions. Their unequal distribution in the population has a complex background. Putting the problem “How can we make our resources more reachable?” instead of “How can we reach these groups?” changes focus from individual to organisational health literacy which opens windows of opportunity. A public health unit with commission to contribute to close health gaps identified a need to systematically develop its own health literacy. Critical examining was conducted by the quan/qual tool Health equlibrium methodology. Reflections on accessability and acceptability of resources offered by the unit were documented and used for methodolocigal development. Aims were to develop professional judgment on how to contribute to fair health outcome and to improve support for healthy habits. Data used were collected 2019-2021.What hinders people from healthier food habits? How can we adjust our practice? Documentation included organised breakfast-talks, food-talk with cultural interpreters, lectures with sports-club health ambassadors, health groups with people of different maternal language, meetings with parents at open pre-school, staff in health promotion commissions and elderly. Problems identified were high costs on healthy food and on travels to vending points, traditional large sugar-intake, marketing of unhealthy food to children, failure to understand information from Swedish Food Agency (except the Keyhole food labelling which was much appreciated). A model for shop-walks with cultural interpreters, more accessible versions of leaflet-materials and dialogue-meetings about food in different settings were developed. Reflections on the unit's communication lead to change of settings for meetings and refined ways to talk about parenthood, women's role and aspects of ethnicity. Systematic self-reflection strenghtens organisational health literacy and may contribute to fair health outcomes Key messages

Negative Aspects of Using the Concept of "Empire" to Determine the Geopolitical Nature of the Russian State

The purpose of the article is to reveal the negative aspects of using the term "empire" to characterize the Russian state and determine its geopolitical nature. The research is based on the achievements of a linguistic turn in socio-humanitarian studies, which have not yet been adequately taken into account in legal science. Leximes, as units of a particular language, do not simply denote certain phenomena of the surrounding world, but function as peculiar entities that determine the horizons of a native speaker, a particular picture of the world including value preferences and attitudes. It is recognized that in social communication don’t function abstract definitions, but rather concepts that predetermine the real content of discourse. Attention is drawn to the fact that in modern scientific and public discourse there is a process of revival of the term "empire" in the positive sense of the word. But the foreign term "empire" and the corresponding concept "empire" are not relevant to Russia, because they do not reflect the actual history of the emergence and formation of the Russian state. In the chronological framework of the New Age and Modern History, it is proposed to introduce a fundamental difference between colonial empires and territorial powers. On the one hand, it will be objective to say about the British and Russian empires that they used to have a vast territory with a populations that were diverse in ethnic, religious and cultural aspects. But, on the other hand, in form and essence, these were different territorial and political entities. In the course of deliberately obscuring this difference, a political myth was created about Russia as a "prison of peoples", which, unfortunately, was accepted by the majority of the domestic intelligentsia. In relation to the issue of ratio between the concepts of "empire" and "state" the conclusion has been made about the need to overcome the compiling-imitative style of Russia's development, which should be manifested in a more careful attitude to the development of a system of scientific and legislative terms that define the nature of Russian society and the state.

The Ethnicization of Peace Building Instruments in Bosnia and Herzegovina

"The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina was conceived with one main purpose, creating a stable, democratic and safe multi ethnic BiH for all its citizens. In order to understand why this objective was not achieved more than 25 years after its implementation, it is important to analyze two main factors: the instruments used in the peace building process and the way they were implemented. The main purpose of this article is looking at certain instruments of peace building used in BiH, which were inefficiently implemented so it further amplified the ethnic aspects instead of alleviating them. In this case, the peace building instruments that will be analyzed are the governmental structure, the election process and its implementation in post-war BiH, and finally, aspects related to human rights such as refugee return and the development of the civil society. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, peace building, instruments, implementation, ethnicization. "

Risk factors for the development of complications in the surgical treatment of urolithiasis

The prevalence of urolithiasis in the adult population worldwide ranges from 2% to 20% depending on economic, geographical, ethnic, metabolic and genetic aspects. Modern technologies, improvement of medical equipment, and development of surgical methods expand the choice of methods for the treatment of upper urinary tract calculi. However, an increase in treatment options for this pathology may be accompanied by a rise in the number of complications. The article presents an overview of the existing surgical methods for the urolithiasis treatment and complications risk factors. The “gold standard” for removing kidney stones larger than 2 cm in diameter is percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL). Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is recommended for stones less than 2 cm. The methods of choice for surgical treatment of urolithiasis are extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and laparoscopic pyelolithotomy. The choice of the method of surgical intervention depends on concomitant diseases, risk factors, as well as the size and location of the calculus.