Asiaticoside Content Research Articles

병풀주정추출분말의 항염증 효능 검색

Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) is currently widely used in wound healing and has recently been reported to have immune suppressive properties. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect with ethanol-extract of C. asiatica cultivated in a smart farm. Analysis of asiaticoside in C. asiatica extract was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and as a result, the asiaticoside content of C. asiatica extract was 23.17 mg/g. The effect of C. asiatica extract on the expression of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) was examined in murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 using ELISA method. C. asiatica extract inhibited the production of NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose dependent manner. C. asiatica extract also suppressed the expression of IL-6 and IL- 8 in HaCaT cells, a human keratinocytes, stimulated with TNF-α/IFN-. These results suggest that C. asiatica cultivated in a smart farm can be effectively utilized as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory disease.

Quantitative Estimation of Variability in Content of Asiaticoside in Centella asiatica Linn Collected from Different Geographical Regions of India by HPLC

Centella asiatica Linn is a significant and highly valued medicinal plant in various indigenous system of medicine Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Indian system of medicines and Chinese medicines. It is one of the chief herbs for treating skin disorder, wounds healing, gastrointestinal disorders, asthma, ulcers, leprosy, vein diseases and memory improvement. In the present study an attempt is made to develop HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative estimation of an important bio active marker Asiaticoside in Centella asiatica collected from different geographical regions of India. Three samples were collected from different geographical regions of India and analyzed by HPLC. The compound separation was achieved on C18 Eclipse, XDB, 4.6mm × 150mm, 5μm particle size column using mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile: Buffer (25:75v/v) in isocratic elution with flow rate 1.8ml/min. The detection of analytes at 210nm was carried out by using Diode Array Detector (DAD). The comparative study was carried out for variations of Asiaticoside content in Centella Asiatica Linn Collected from different geographical regions of India i.e. Chennai (Tamilnadu), Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) and Raniketh (Uttarakhand). The studies reveal that the maximum amount of the marker compounds Asiaticoside (0.6157%) is present in the sample collected from Chennai compare to the other regions samples.

The Electrical Conductivity of Nutrient Solution Influenced the Growth, Centellosides Content and Gene Expression of Centella asiatica in a Hydroponic System

Centella asiatica is a herbaceous plant containing medicinal and cosmetic properties: anti-bacterial, anti-aging, memory enhancing and wound healing. The lack of information impedes the development of suitable growth conditions for C. asiatica in the hydroponic system. Maintaining proper electrical conductivity (EC) of a nutrient solution is considered crucial for plant growth and the accumulation of bioactive compounds in a plant grown in hydroponics. This study aimed to investigate an optimal EC that enhances the growth of C. asiatica and its centellosides content. Seedlings were grown in commercial nutrient solution and treated with four different strengths of EC (0.6, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 indicated T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively) under controlled environment conditions. Our results demonstrate that the number of leaves, leaf area, number of runners, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight were significantly increased in T2 among the treatments. However, these growth parameters were lowest in T4. Furthermore, the content of asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid and madecassic acid was the highest in plants that were treated with T2. The expression of centelloside biosynthesis-related genes is also affected by the strength of the nutrient solution. A positive correlation was observed between the number of leaves, leaf area and centellosides content. This study provides valuable background on optimal EC content in the nutrient solution in a hydroponic system with enhanced centellosides content to leverage the C. asiatica production.

Utilization of triethylammonium hydrogen sulphate-mediated solvent for optimization of asiaticoside extraction and antioxidant capacity of Centella asiatica (L.)

Asiaticoside, a pentacyclic triterpene of Centella asiatica with broad pharmacological actions. Higher asiaticoside content of Centella extracts in food products increases their nutritional and medicinal values. Protic ionic liquids (PIL) were utilized as bioactive extraction additives. The research focuses on obtaining the optimum extraction parameters for higher asiaticoside yield, and Centella extract antioxidant capacity. Optimization of all responses (asiaticoside yield, TPC, TEAC) achieved through faced-centered composite design (FCCD) involving three factors (temperature, extraction time, and triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, [TEA][HSO4] %). The optimal conditions were 66 °C, 12 h duration, and 20% [TEA][HSO4], which resulted in 4.44 ± 0.05% (w/w) asiaticoside, TPC of 114.11 ± 12.58 mg GAE /g and TEAC of 70.01 ± 5.74 µmol TE/g respectively. All responses fit the quadratic model with proximity between predicted and experimented values. Procurement of higher asiaticoside yield, TPC, and TEAC verified the pertinent of the optimal conditions. In addition, the outcomes give an overview of PILs potential for higher bioactive extractions. Research expansion by utilizing other PILs for plant extraction in addition to solute–solvent interaction study will be beneficial for the designation of an efficient plant extraction process that maximizes the plant-based product market.

Efforts to increase asiaticoside content of Centella asiatica in Inceptisol Ngipiksari, Yogyakarta

Asiaticoside is an active constituent for anti-leprosy, wound healing, increasing vitality, and memory in overcoming dementia. Centella asiatica contains asiaticoside, that is widely used as a medicinal simplicia. Inceptisol Ngipiksari is a type of soil on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi which rich in weathered minerals and nutrients K, Ca, Na and Mg which are necessary for the growth and continuity of Centella asiatica cultivation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SP-36 fertilizer dose and soil moisture conditions on the contents and production of asiaticoside. The experiment used a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. The factors tested were the dose of SP-36 fertilizer (4 levels: 0, 75, 150 and 225 kg SP-36 ha−1), and soil moisture conditions (2 levels: 50% of field capacity conditions and field capacity conditions). The results showed that the soil CEC significantly positively correlated with asiaticoside contents. The number of leaves, secondary vines, tillers, fresh and dry shoots weight, fresh and dry root weight, available P after fertilization, P absorption by plant, and asiaticoside contents were significantly positively correlated with the asiaticoside production with a moderate to very strong relationship. Watering at field capacity can increase asiaticoside production as 276.6%. The application of SP-36 fertilizer was able to increase asiaticoside contents as 39.1–101.6%. This shows that SP-36 fertilization can increase the asiaticoside content, and control of soil moisture at field capacity can increase the asiaticoside production of Centella asiatica as medicinal simplicia.

A systematic review and meta-analysis extraction techniques to reach the optimum asiaticoside content from the edible plant of Centella asiatica

A systematic review and meta-analysis extraction techniques to reach the optimum asiaticoside content from the edible plant of Centella asiatica

Study of Triterpene Saponin Compounds from Centella asitica as Renin Inhibitor with Pharmacophore Modeling, Molecular Docking and In-vitro Evaluation

Hypertension is a silent killer that causes kidney, heart, and stroke damage if not handled properly. In Indonesia, the prevalence of the population with high blood pressure is 34.11% with women 36.85% higher than men 31.34%, this shows a fairly high value so that special attention is needed on hypertension therapy. It is known that currently there are 6 types of pharmacological therapy for hypertension and one of the newest is the renin inhibitor class (Aliskiren). Indonesia has diverse natural wealth in the form of flora and fauna, with a wealth of more than 30,000 types of medicinal plants with 9500 potential herbal medicines that have not been utilized optimally, with the largest exporter of herbal medicines in the world. Centella asiatica plants containing triterpenoid saponins have high renin inhibitor activity, namely the content of Asiaticoside and Madecasoside. The research method was carried out in silico using molecular simulation and in vitro with fluorometry (328/552 nm) to test the activity of asiaticoside and madecasoside compounds as well as a mixture of asiaticoside and madecasoside in Centella asiatica plants. This is supported by the docking outcome. The docking results show that madecososide compounds have a gibbs energy close to the positive control aleskiren (-8.356 kcal/mol) and aleskiren (-9.44 kcal/mol). The experiment results showed that the triterpenoid saponin compound (madecassoside) contained an IC value of 0.71, at a concentration of 5 μg/μl, and absorbance of 1.35 A in the first minute. The strongest renin inhibition was Madecasoside compound with a concentration of 5 μg/μl with an average value of fluorescent adsorption and an average percent inhibition of 135% with the best renin inhibition at Madecasoside 5 ug/ul the first minute with absorbance values 1.19 A. Finally, the in silico result corresponded to the in vitro experiment. Centella asiatica plants have renin inhibitor activity as antihypertensive, especially in secondary metabolites of triterpene saponins with pure madecasoside compounds compared with aliskiren as a renin inhibitor. So that the compound madecasoside has renin inhibitor activity as an antihypertensive.

VI BAO ASIATICOSIDE TỪ DỊCH CHIẾT RAU MÁ BẰNG KỸ THUẬT SẤY PHUN

Asiaticoside is a triterpene found in gotu kola. Numerous studies have demonstrated the medicinal properties of asiaticoside in wound healing, memory improvement, and skin improvement. However, poor solubility limits its applicability in agricultural products. To improve the solubility, we conducted the microencapsulation process by spray drying. The results show that a cyclodextrin/maltodextrin 1:8 wall, a dry mass content of 21%, and a drying temperature of 190 °C provide the capsules with the highest asiaticoside content (1.0634 mg·g–1). The microcapsules have stable moisture, solubility, colour and the asiaticoside content after six months of storage at ambient temperature.

Seasonal assessment of asiaticoside content in Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. by HPLC and pharmacognostical studies to establish its best procurement time

Seasonal assessment of asiaticoside content in Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. by HPLC and pharmacognostical studies to establish its best procurement time

The Effect of P2O5 Fertilizer, Zeolite, and Volcanic Soil Media from Different Altitudes on the Soil Mineral, Growth, Yield, and Asiaticoside Content of Centella asiatica L.

Centella asiatica is an herbal plant with many health benefits due to the content of asiaticoside compounds. Factors affecting asiaticoside content are altitude, soil texture, and soil nutrient status. This research aimed to identify the effect of zeolite, P2O5 fertilizer, and soil media from different altitudes on C. asiatica. The research was conducted in a greenhouse from August 2017–June 2018. The experimental design was a factorial, completely randomized design with three factors and four replications. The first factor was soil media that originated from 100, 450, and 900 m above sea level (asl), the second factor was the dose of P2O5 fertilizer (0, 27, 54, and 81 kg ha−1), and the third was the dose of zeolite (0, 3, and 6 t ha−1). The results showed that applying zeolite minerals at all altitudes increased nutrient availability and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) by up to 70%. The novelty of this study is that the soil from an altitude of 900 m asl, with a P2O5 fertilizer dose of 54 kg ha−1, has a loamy sand soil texture and produces the highest asiaticoside content (3.61%) and the largest plant dry weight (19.24 g). These results did not significantly differ from those obtained from the soil 450 m asl with a sandy loam soil texture (the most suitable soil texture for C. asiatica), that is 3.37% asiaticoside and 19.87 g plant dry weight. This study concluded that C. asiatica could develop in loamy sand soil by giving it 54 kg ha−1 P2O5 fertilizer.

Madecassoside and Asiaticoside-Loaded Film-Forming Polymeric Solutions Based on Hypromellose E5 and Eudragit® NE 30D

The aim of this work was to prepare and evaluate the physicochemical properties of film-forming polymeric solutions containing madecassoside and asiaticoside. The stability and in vitro release were also investigated. Hypromellose E5 and Eudragit® NE 30D were used as film-forming agents. Glycerin was used as a plasticizer. Ethanol is used as a solvent and for shortening film drying. The best formulations composed of 5 % hypromellose E5, glycerin, ethanol, and Centella asiatica Cosmélène® in the ratio of 60:20:20:10 (Formulation 11) or 60:20:10:10 (Formulation 12) w/w. It could form a complete film after being applied to the skin within 10 - 15 min. The pH, viscosity, and spreadability values were 7.9, 23.7 cP, 25.1 g·cm2/s, for Formulation 11, and 7.9, 27.1 cP, and 23.4 g·cm2/s, for Formulation 12, respectively. They were stable for at least 6 months. Both formulations released only 13 % of madecassoside and 14 -15 % of asiaticoside to the phosphate buffer pH 7.4. In conclusion, the developed FFPS could be used as the delivery system for madecassoside and asiaticoside for skin application. HIGHLIGHTS The best film-forming polymeric solution formulation composed of 5 % hypromellose E5, glycerin, ethanol, and Centella asiatica Cosmélène® in the mass ratio of 60: 20: 20 (or 10): 10, respectively The developed film-forming polymeric solution was stable for at least six months at various temperatures The low content of madecassoside and asiaticoside released from the formulation was observed GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Characterization of asiaticoside concentration, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of different varieties of Centella asiatica (L.) and essential oil extraction using hydro-distillation with enzyme assisted

Centella asiatica (L.) or known locally as Pegaga has been recognized by Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) Malaysia as one of the top 10 the best herbs in Malaysia. Considering its beneficial advantages, the varieties of C. asiatica in Malaysia have been compared and further investigated for its potential to produce essential oil. In this study, the bioactive compounds, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidants activity from different varieties of Centella asiatica (L.) known as Pegaga Kampung, Pegaga Nyonya and Pegaga Salad from Malaysia and Pegaga Thailand have been determined followed by the extraction of essential oil using hydro-distillation (HD) and hydro-distillation with enzyme assisted (HDEA). Findings showed that Pegaga Kampung had the highest asiaticoside content of 0.259 mg/g, TPC of 9.22 mg GAE/g and DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH*) of 76.88% in leaf, 67.77% in petiole, and 60.37% in root as compared to other varieties of C. asiatica. Extraction of essential oils from Pegaga Kampung using HDEA with 40 FPU/gsubstrate of cellulase produced the highest yield of 1.01%. A higher TPC of 107.05 mg GAE/100 g was detected in essential oils extracted using HDEA with 10 FPU/gsubstrate of cellulase, whereas the highest DPPH* of 19.02% was found in essential oil using HD.

Analyses of Bioactive Compounds of Pegagan (Centella Asiatica (L.) Urb) from Samosir – Indonesia Accession

Centella Asiatica or Pegagan is classified as one of the wild plants that has not been domesticated. The excessive usage of this plant in traditional and modern medicinal applications threatens its population and sustainability. Thus, to preserve the plant and supply the high request of this plant in agromedicinal industry, studies concerned with the growth and bioactive compounds of Pegagan cultivated under commercial field conditions are urgently needed. This study purposed to examine the bioactive components of Pegagan (especially in leaves and roots) under field conditions, including asiaticoside, madeccasoside, and Asiatic acid. The Pegagan was harvested weeks after planting (WAP). The wet and dry weights of the leaves and roots were weighted and subsequently measured for their centelloside compounds by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) procedure. The results revealed that the resulting asiaticoside content in the roots (1.25%) was higher than in the leaves (0.88%). The same results were achieved for the madecassoside content where the madecasosside content in the roots was 2.23%, while the content in the leaves was 2.11%. However, contrarily, the Asiatic acid compound in the leaves was 1.10% higher than the content in the roots (0.60%). It might be attributed to a longer period of field cultivation of Pegagan that delivered adequate time for the plant to alter Asiatic acid to asiaticoside and madecasosside at a later developmental growth. Moreover, these discoveries are advantageous in defining the most proper harvest time for commercial field cultivation of Pegagan to yield the highest amount of certain centelloside compounds.

Quantitative HPLC and FTIR-based Metabolomics for Clustering Centella asiatica Cultivation Ages and Evaluation of Their Radical Scavenging Activity

Centella asiatica is a medicinal plant used to treat stomachache, cough, sore throat, blood booster, and skin diseases. The difference in harvesting time is among the factors that can significantly affect the chemical composition of C. asiatica. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference of C. asiatica cultivation ages through a metabolomics (targeted and untargeted) analysis using FTIR spectra, HPLC analysis of four main components, and evaluation of its radical scavenging activity. The results showed that differences in cultivation ages affected the chemical composition of C. asiatica. It was shown by the FTIR spectrum indicating the vibration of several functional groups such as OH, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-O, C-N, C-O phenol, and alkyl halides with differences in their intensities. The results of the HPLC showed that C. asiatica harvested after four months post-planting (MPP) had the highest content of madecassoside, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and asiatic acid, respectively. A principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to clustering C. asiatica based on its cultivation ages. The PCA results showed that each sample could be grouped with a total variance of the first two principal components (PC) using peak are of the four main components analyzed by HPLC and absorbance at wavenumber 400-4000 cm-1 from FTIR spectra were 98% and 95%, respectively. The radical scavenging activity demonstrated that the 4 MPP had the highest inhibition of about 53.81±0.92 %. So, C. asiatica at 4 MPP gave optimum level four main metabolite content and radical scavenging activity.

THE FORMULATION OF NANOEMULSION SERUM-CONTAINING GOTU KOLA EXTRACT (CENTELLA ASIATICA L. URBAN) AND CHIA SEED OIL (SALVIA HISPANICA) FOR SKIN HYDRATION EFFECT

Objective: The aims of this study of nano serum formulation from C. asiatica and chia seed to skin hydration effect.
 Methods: C. asiatica extraction was macerated by 70% ethanol and evaporated by a rotary evaporator to produce high viscosity of extract yields. Four different formulas were obtained from nanoemulsion serum production with different concentrations of chia seed oil (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%). Two formulas F1 (1% chia seed oil) and F4 (4% chia seed oil) were selected for further clinical testing, which were applied at face skin for 7 d, then were measured using a skin analyzer looking for the best and most effective.
 Results: Optimation result of extraction method of C. asiatica herb as high as 28.74% extract yields and 3.12% asiaticoside content. The result value of formulation based on the effect of moisturizing/hydration then can be analyzed with the Minitab program using the One-way ANOVA method. The result indicated that the product can increase face skin moistness at 20 respondents, where 13.36% increase from F1 formula and 13.88% increase from F4 formula.
 Conclusion: The nanoemulsion serum-containing combination of C. asiatica extract and chia seed oil enables to increase in the moisturizing effect on dry skin or normal tend to dry skin.

Assessment of major centelloside ratios in Centella asiatica accessions grown under identical ecological conditions, bioconversion clues and identification of elite lines

Centellosides viz., asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside, madecassoside, are the major bioactive molecules in Centella asiatica. In this study madecassic acid:asiatic acid, madecassoside:asiaticoside (C6-hydroxylation versus non-hydroxylation) and asiaticoside:asiatic acid, madecassoside:madecassic acid (C28-glycoside versus aglycone) ratios in 50 C. asiatica accessions originally collected from their natural habitats in south India and grown under identical ecological conditions for six generations were determined using validated HPTLC-densitometry protocols. Asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside contents ranged from 0.00–0.29% (average 0.03 ± 0.06%; 28 accessions recorded asiatic acid content as zero), 0.02–0.72% (0.12 ± 0.13%), 0.04–2.41% (0.44 ± 0.52%) and 0.15–5.27% (1.59 ± 1.26%), respectively. Distinctly, C6-hydroxylated (madecassic acid:asiatic acid 4.00, madecassoside:asiaticoside 3.61) and C28-glycosylated (asiaticoside:asiatic acid 14.67, madecassoside: madecassic acid 13.25) centellosides dominated over the respective non-derivatized entities. Our results infer that both C6-hydroxylation by CYP450-dependent monooxygenases and C28-glycosylation by UDP-Glc glucosyltransferases are dominant bioconversion steps in C. asiatica. Besides, this study discovered six elite lines of C. asiatica, with their (asiaticoside + madecassoside) contents above the industrial benchmark (≥ 4%) from south India. Two elite clones with asiaticoside contents ≥ 2% were also identified. Standardization of the agrotechniques of these elite lines could lead to their industrial applications. Further, this study emphasizes the need for standardizing all four centellosides as biomarkers in C. asiatica raw drugs, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.

Impact of mannitol and poly ethylene glycol 6000 induced water deficit on plant biomass and major secondary metabolites in Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in vitro

Low water potential related stresses are regulated by modifying water uptake and loss to avoid low water potential, accumulating solutes which in turn enhance active principles and its gene expressions. Present study examined effect of in vitro induced absorption of mannitol and PEG (poly ethelene glycol) 6000 in Indian pennywort, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., neutraceutical plant, evidenced by phenotypic, molecular and phytochemical analyses. Both mannitol and PEG 6000 induce water deficit conditions in plants and retarded normal plant biomass in terms of fresh and dry weights. These effects were significantly less severe in plants subjected to mannitol, compared to PEG. PEG and mannitol imposed water deficit, resulted in decline in major active compound, asiaticoside evidenced by HPTLC of asiaticoside content. Differential expression of some selected key genes in the asiaticoside pathway including squalene synthase and β amyrin synthase by qPCR, confirmed decrease in transcript level expression of asiaticoside, whereas upregulated transcript level expression was observed in cycloartenol synthase for synthesis of phytosterols. Estimation of total flavonoids and phenolics under different water deficit conditions were found declined. In conclusion, water deficit by mannitol and PEG 6000 can significantly affects processes associated with biomass growth and ability to synthesize secondary metabolites in C. asiatica.

Studying the effect of morphotype and harvest season on yield and quality of Indian genotypes of Centella asiatica: A potential medicinal herb cum underutilized green leafy vegetable

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban commonly known as Gotukola is an important medicinal herb cum nutrient rich green leafy vegetable. The present investigation was undertaken at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru to evaluate thirteen accessions of Centella asiatica collected from different agroclimatic zones of India viz., Northern, North eastern and Southern India for studying the effect of morphotype and harvest season on biomass yield and secondary metabolite content. The study was conducted for two consecutive years (2019 and 2020) for two seasons (March and July). Observations for mature leaf size (4 and 8 month after planting) in the studied genotypes depicted the presence of small leaved (1–20 cm2) and broad-leaved accessions (>20 cm2) which differed significantly with respect to fresh biomass yield and secondary metabolite content. Accessions, IIHR-CA-17 and IIHR-CA-18 recorded highest mean fresh biomass yield of 13.95 t and 13.11 t ha−1year−1 and were on par with each other. Both these accessions can be recommended for the leafy vegetable type, whereas accessions, IIHR-CA-13 and IIHR-CA-23 recorded the highest mean total triterpenoid content of 5.07% and 5.03% during 2019 and 6.88% and 6.69% during 2020, respectively showing their promising potential as medicinal types. Pearson's correlation studies showed that the leaf size and asiaticoside content is significantly negatively correlated inferring that the small leaved accessions reported higher secondary metabolite content as compared to the broad-leaved accessions. The study also showed that coinciding harvest with the summer season (March) under Bengaluru conditions (temperature and relative humidity ranges from 33 to 35 °C and 35–38%, respectively) recorded higher biomass yield and high retention of bioactive content. Thus, the study concluded that under Indian conditions, the selection of small leaved genotypes and harvesting during summer months will be beneficial for the farmers as well as herbal industries for obtaining higher yield.

The The Effects of Centella asiatica Extract (CAE) on Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity via Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line

Methamphetamine (METH) was reported to caused neurotoxicity and cell death, in vitro. Centella asiatica or ‘pegaga’ is a native tropical herb with antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Although the effects of Centella asiatica against oxidative stress and neuronal cell death have been reported in previous studies, however, the potential effects of Centella asiatica against psychostimulant methamphetamine (METH) are limited. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Centella asiatica extract (CAE) against METH on all-trans retinoic acid, RA-differentiated human neuroblastoma, SH-SY5Y cells. The RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells were used to resemble dopaminergic neuronal-like cells. Cell viability was quantitatively assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2 tetrazolium bromide, MTS assay. CAE at varying concentrations from 1pg/mL to 1mg/mL significantly decreased the viability of the undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells in a concentration-dependent manner. At 1mg/mL of CAE, significantly increased the viability of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, CAE at 100µg/mL and 1mg/mL significantly reversed the METH-induced neuronal cell death. The results revealed that promising treatment of CAE on METH-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by its high content of asiaticoside, asiatic acid, madecassoside and madecassic acid. Taken together, this study may suggest CAE as a potential therapeutic treatment for METH-induced neurotoxicity, in vitro.

PENGARUH KOMBINASI PUPUK ORGANIK DAN PUPUK HAYATI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI DAN MUTU PEGAGAN

<em>Gotu kola is one of the medicinal plants that has begun to be cultivated by the Indonesian people. It’s cultivation needs to follow the GAP to produce the qualified yield, including the use of fertilizers. Biofertilizers have been widely developed to reduce adverse effects of chemical fertilizers to the environment, thus an organic cultivation method can be an alternative. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of biofertilizer on growth and yield of gotu kola. This research was an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) using 8</em> <em>planting media treatments consisting of (a) Soil + manure + dolomite; (b) Soil manure + 1 g biofertilizer; (c) Soil + dolomite + 1g biofertilizer; (d) Soil + manure + 3 biofertilizer; (e) Soil + dolomite + 3 biofertilizer; (f) Soil + manure + 5 g biofertilizer; (g) Soil + dolomite + 5 g biofertilizer; and (h) Soil + 3 g</em> <em>biofertilizer. Parameters observed were leaf area, stem length, number of leaves, number of tillers, fresh weight, dry weight and asiaticoside content. The results showed that combination treatment of biofertilizer (1 g) with dolomite (30 g) gives better effect in increasing the number of tillers and number of leaves, while the combination of biofertilizer (5 g) and dolomite (30 g) is the best for asiaticoside levels in gotu cola.</em>