Artesian Wells Research Articles

Drinking water is the urolithiasis development factor among the rural population of a single region

BACKGROUND: The urolithiasis incidence in the Nizhny Novgorod Region exceeds the national average that determines the importance of analyzing the causes of its development and creating preventive measures. AIM: To evaluate the relationship between the urolithiasis incidence and drinking water composition consumed by the rural population of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A chemical analysis of drinking water was performed in 50 rural districts of the Nizhny Novgorod Region (a total of 61 samples). Water was taken from centralized water supply sources, artesian wells and boreholes, and springs. The relationship between the urolithiasis incidence and chemical composition measures of drinking water was assessed. RESULTS: Differences in the impurity content of drinking water were found between districts with different values of urolithiasis incidence. Exceeding the standard values for impurities specified in the Sanitary regulations and standards (SanPin) was most commonly detected in water from districts with the highest incidence of urolithiasis. An increase in the calcium/magnesium ratio was the most commonly noted in drinking water from these districts. In 41 (67.2%) of 61 samples, an increase of calcium level was detected. The hardness of drinking water was higher than the standard in 33.3–38.8% of samples depending on the water intake source. CONCLUSIONS: Drinking water with a high level of hardness and mineralization is one of the etiological factors for the development of urolithiasis in Nizhny Novgorod Region. In rural areas of this region with a high incidence of urolithiasis, the monitoring of the state of central water supply sources and the impurity content in drinking water should be intensified.

The condition status index for doline lakes in urban areas

Karst represents approximately 15% of the planet’s surface, hundreds of millions of people live on and rely on these aquifers for water supply and agricultural irrigation. In karstic landscapes, groundwater is exposed in sinkholes, inundated caves, and artesian wells, which are two-way communication spots. When the phreatic level is exposed, the groundwater can change substantially as a result of anthropogenic impacts, modifying the water quality and the environmental integrity by incoming excess nutrients, contaminants, pathogens, and other hazardous substances such as metals and microplastics. In this paper, we develop and test a multimetric index to evaluate the condition status of dolines located within urban areas, including seven indicators: trophic index, fecal bacteria, fecal viruses, microplastics, heavy metals, zooplankton biodiversity, and fish biodiversity. Lastly, we made a proof of concept for the index in the dolines on the island of Cozumel (Mexico), resulting in evaluations from fair to good. The index is powerful due to its sensitivity to pathogens and exotic invasive species. This additive weighted index allows to assess the condition status of dolines in urban areas anywhere in the world; if required, modifications are possible.

The Artesian Wells of Batavia, Dutch East-Indies 1872 to 1878.

The Artesian Wells of Batavia, Dutch East-Indies 1872 to 1878.

АНАЛИЗ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КАЧЕСТВА АРТЕЗИАНСКОЙ ВОДЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ГЛУБИНЫ ВОДОНОСНОГО ПЛАСТА

The analysis of water samples from artesian well No. 451/D-15 in Turov town (well depth – 333.5 meters) and a well from the agrotown Raduga, Vetkovsky district, Gomel region (well depth – 18 meters) was carried out. The dependence of water quality indicators on the depth of the aquifer was de-tected. The most important quality indicators were established for comparison of experimental samples with the standards of SanPiN 2.1.4.12-23–2006 for consumption in food and with the standards of TPP-1 (thermal power plant) for analysis of possible use of water from wells as a body of the cycle. Based on the obtained data, a comparison of water quality indicators was made and an optimal water treatment plant was selected for further satisfactory use of the well as a source of drinking water, relative to the exceeding parameters.

Intensive agriculture, a pesticide pathway to >100 m deep groundwater below dryland agriculture, Cordoba Pampas, Argentina

Groundwater pesticide pollution in shallow groundwater is a well-established global phenomenon. However, deep aquifers are widely thought to be naturally protected from such modern contaminants, by confining geological barriers and upwards hydraulic gradients. Here we document pervasive pesticide pollution in >100 m deep artesian wells in a sedimentary aquifer below dryland agriculture. The vertical distribution of key groundwater markers, including numbers and concentrations of pesticides, stable (δ18O & δ2H) and radioactive (3H &14C) isotopes and ion concentrations were used to develop a conceptual model of pollutant transport to deep groundwater. Tritium, stable isotope and pesticide distributions in unconfined groundwater indicate that water table rise to <1 m below the surface (due to anthropogenic landscape modification and periodic flooding), has created a rapid pollutant ‘doorway’ to groundwater. Despite a lack of deep borehole pumping for irrigation, these rising water tables have permanently inverted previously upward hydraulic gradients towards the underlying semi-confined aquifer in some areas. Physical heterogeneities and/or leaky domestic boreholes then act as preferential transport avenues for surface pollutants to both unconfined and semi-confined groundwater. These pathways allow small aliquots of highly contaminated surface water and modern unconfined groundwater to mix with the pre-existing pre-modern deep groundwater, resulting in mixed isotopic signatures in deep wells (e.g., radiocarbon <5 pMC but detectable tritium) and detections of multiple synthetic pesticides in the deep aquifer, including AMPA at concentrations up to 4.93 µg/L and Metolachlor up to 0.015 µg/L. Our results demonstrate how semi-confined deep groundwaters may be contaminated by current agricultural techniques even where deep groundwater exploitation is limited. We urge measures to eliminate these pollutant pathways.

Environmental management of the green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) supply chain: a carbon footprint assessment in Southern Italy

PurposeThe objective of the research is to evaluate the carbon footprint of the green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) supply chain, encompassing the agricultural production to the packaging stage in Italy, as it is the sixth largest producer and the second largest in Europe. It provides an assessment in the province of Foggia and highlights the global perspective of the carbon footprint application in agro-food systems.Design/methodology/approachThe carbon footprint (ISO 14067:2018) considers 1 t of packaged fresh asparagus as a functional unit in the agricultural production and packaging stage and is based on primary data collected in one of the leading companies of asparagus production in the province of Foggia, which markets about 0.21 kt of asparagus per year produced in about 31 ha. Data were integrated with face-to-face in-depth interviews and pre-filled checklists.FindingsFindings show that the carbon footprint of 1 t of packaged fresh asparagus is equivalent to 335.31 kgCO2eq, of which 61% in the agricultural stage and 39% in the packaging one. The majority of the emissions are associated with the fertigation and the diesel consumption for the transportation of workers. Farmers should adopt green electricity so as to reduce the emissions associated with the electric pump for the extraction of water from artesian wells. Moreover, it would be desirable to replace mineral urea phosphate with organic fertilizers.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, scholars have not yet investigated the environmental impacts of the green asparagus supply chain, even if it represents one of the most cultivated vegetables worldwide, with a global production that amounts to 8.5 Mt per year.

Public health and water scarcity: the spatial distribution of quarter-disease patterns and access to clean water and safe drinking water in the water-scarce region of Makassar, Indonesia

Abstract The scarcity and insufficient or poorly regulated water and sanitation will lead individuals to become vulnerable to different preventable health risks. When people lack even a basic drinking water solution, they rely on surface water and/or wastewater that is not risk-free. Furthermore, WHO (2019) stated that at least 2 billion individuals around the globe are using drinking water sources that are infected with feces. Tallo is one of the sub-districts in Makassar that is experiencing water scarcity, forcingly encouraging the community to use the available water sources, such as dug wells and rainwater. This study aimed to describe the spatial distribution of three-month disease patterns and access to clean water and safe drinking water in Tallo. Primary data was obtained from a face-to-face survey of 98 beneficiaries of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) Tametotto and water clay filter in Tallo, while the spatial data was obtained from the spatially analyzed data by ArcGIS 8.0. The results revealed that the distribution of three-month diseases highly presented in diarrhea (8%) spatially shown around the river area, dermatitis (5%), and typhoid (3%). In addition, the most consumed drinking water is gallon mineral water, while the highest clean water accessed was from the artesian well in the entire research area. It concluded that the spatially distributed of the quarter diseases was diarrhea in the river area of Tallo (RT 3 and RT 4), and respondents mostly consumed gallons of mineral water for drinking and used artesian wells for Water, Hygiene, and Sanitation (WASH) in the whole area. It encouraged the government sectors to provide an appropriate water supply for Tallo as one of the water-scarce regions in Makassar and deliver education to people regarding WASH and the importance of safe water to avoid the occurrence of waterborne diseases.

ОБЛАДНАННЯ ВХІДНОЇ МАГНІТНО-КАВІТАЦІЙНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ВОДИ ДЛЯ ТЕПЛОМЕРЕЖ

If high-quality water treatment for boilers is not organized, the impurities present in untreated water lead to a number of problems: large colloidal and mechanical impurities in the form of scale, rust, clay or sand quickly clog the pipes, significantly reducing their internal diameter. This causes the failure of shut-off valves and pumping equipment: hardness salts and other poorly soluble salts (carbonates, magnesium and calcium sulfates, silicates, various compounds of copper and manganese) settle, creating a crust on the metal walls of the equipment, which reduces its heat output. This contributes to a reduction in boiler power, increases energy costs, and significantly shortens the life of the equipment. Based on the analysis of the latest research, it is proposed to improve the quality and composition of water that comes from municipal water supply, artesian wells and reservoirs, before filtering and deaerating water, it is proposed to pre-treat it with hydrocavitation and a magnetic field in order to soften and change its properties. The essence of the operation of the proposed equipment is that the effect of sound hydrocavitation and a variable magnetic field on water is reduced to a single process - the splitting of water molecules in the cavitation cavity into active radicals. The essence of various processes, namely hydrocavitation and magnetic influence on the passage of chemical reactions, breaking of hydrogen bonds in water molecules, is considered. The design of the equipment for the incoming magnetic cavitation preparation of water with an additional hydrocavitation effect on water during the reciprocating movement of the liquid through the nozzle is proposed, which combines the effects of breaking hydrogen bonds in water molecules, oxidation of iron and calcium ions, increasing the Рn indicator, and after its after settling, it is fed to the ion exchange and deaeration units, and later to the heating mains.

Water supply infrastructure for human consumption in the Brazilian semiarid region

In Santo Estevão, the public water supply system is operated by the Infrastructure Directorate of the entire Baiana Water and Sanitation Company (EMBASA) and accounts for around 85% of the water supply. of the Bahian population. The rest of the population is supplied by cisterns, pipes, or artesian wells. The objective of this research was to identify the regions with the greatest deficiencies in the distribution of water supply in the urban area of ​​the city of Santo Estevão and the consequences of this problem for the population. The field of study covered three neighborhoods in the city of Santo Estevão (Alto do Porrão, Mutirão, and Pau de Vela). GPS, Cartography, and Geographic Information Systems were used to demarcate points relating to the spatial distribution of water and create thematic maps. Data and information related to water supply were collected in institutions and public bodies, such as the City Hall of Santo Estevão, EMBASA, Superintendency of Statistics and Information, and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, in addition to the application of forms. It was found that some residents do not store water in water tanks correctly, which can cause the proliferation of disease vectors, such as the Aedes Aegypti mosquito.

Reduction of Metal Density of Iron (Fe) and Natrium Minerals (Na) in Boring Water Using Rubber Fruit Sheets Active Archoic

Activated carbon is a highly popular adsorbent for the absorption of metal ions. Lignocellulosic materials can be used to produce activated carbon, which is both renewable and abundant, as well as being cost-effective. The objective of this research is to investigate the reduction of iron (Fe) and sodium (Na) levels in the artesian well by utilizing activated carbon made from rubber shells. The materials utilized include rubber shells, a solution containing 10% H3PO4 (phosphoric acid), water from an artesian well, and distilled water (aquadest). The carbonization process was conducted at 300º C for 1 h, using an adsorbent size of 120 mesh. In addition, chemical activation was performed using a 10% H3PO4 solution for 24 h, followed by physical activation through heating in a furnace at a temperature of 500ºC for 1 hour. The acquired activated carbon is utilized for the absorption of Fe and Na. The activated carbon was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the concentration of Fe and Na minerals was determined using an Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results indicated a reduction of 97.9% in the concentration of iron (Fe) and a decrease of 90.01% in sodium (Na) levels.

Seasonal dynamics and typology of microplastic pollution in Huixian karst wetland groundwater: Implications for ecosystem health

This study offers an insightful and detailed examination of microplastic pollution in the Huixian karst wetland's groundwater, providing novel insights into the complex interplay of microplastic characteristics and their seasonal dynamics. We meticulously quantified microplastic concentrations, observing significant seasonal variation with values ranging from 4.9 to 13.4 n·L−1 in the wet season and 0.53–49.4 n·L−1 in the dry season. Our analysis pinpoints human activities and atmospheric deposition as key contributors to this contamination. A critical finding of our research is the pronounced disparity in microplastic levels between open wells and covered artesian wells, highlighting the vulnerability of open wells to higher pollution levels. Through correlation analysis, we unearthed the crucial influence of the karst region's unique hydrogeological characteristics on microplastic migration, distinctively different from non-karst areas. The karst terrain, characterized by its caves and subterranean rivers, facilitates the downward movement of microplastics from surface to groundwater, exacerbating pollution levels. Our investigation identifies agricultural runoff and domestic wastewater as primary pollution sources. These findings not only underscore the urgent need for environmental stewardship in karst regions but also provide a crucial foundation for formulating effective strategies to mitigate microplastic pollution in karst groundwater. The implications of this study extend beyond the Huixian karst wetland, offering a template for addressing microplastic pollution in similar ecosystems globally.

Hydrogeochemical changes with emphasis on trace elements in an artesian well before and after the September 8, 2018 Ms 5.9 Mojiang Earthquake in Yunnan, southwest China

Most groundwater geochemical studies associated with earthquakes have focused on changes in major ions and radon concentration. However, trace elements have also shown a dramatic response to earthquakes and attracted increasing attention. In this study, hydrochemical and water level changes were detected by an artesian well (DZ well) in Yunnan, China, during the 2018 Ms 5.9 Mojiang earthquake. The results show that the major and trace element concentrations changed considerably before and after the earthquake, which were attributed to the mixing of water from different aquifers due to the earthquake-induced alteration of permeability through wavelet analysis of continuous monitoring data and coseismic static strain. In addition, Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and K-means clustering algorithms were used to classify all water samples with 10 trace elements as variables, and the results showed that samples collected in pre- and post-earthquake can be categorized as two groups, showing a significant difference. We argue that the response of trace elements remains unaffected by their initial concentration levels. Notably, both high- and low-concentration trace elements (e.g., Cs, Rb, V, etc.) exhibit discernible changes in response to the Ms 5.9 Mojiang earthquake. These observations corroborate the efficacy of clustering methodologies in delineating seismic-induced concentration shifts and furnish fresh insights into the anomalous behavior of trace elements during the earthquake.

Racism and food insecurity: misfortunes of a Quilombola community in the Brazilian Legal Amazon.

This study examined food insecurity in the Quilombola community of Imbiral Cabeça-Branca, in Maranhão, Brazil, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the last quarter of 2021 with 25 household heads from the community. Most participants were women (52.0%) with low schooling and were unemployed (68.0%), and 76.0% received a Federal Emergency Aid. The mean household density was four people, and houses were predominantly made of rammed earth, lacking basic sanitation. The consumed water came from artesian wells, and most houses had electricity. Food insecurity was identified in all households, with 12.0% classified as mild, 24.0% as moderate, and 64.0% as severe. The severe form was more common in households headed by single men (75%), older adults, less-educated individuals (78.7%), and the unemployed (64.7%). Food insecurity in the Quilombola community and other similar communities in the country results from substandard living conditions, unemployment, food deprivation, and lack of land titling. These factors also contribute to the perpetuation of institutional and environmental racism faced by these communities.

Coastal flowing artesian wells and submarine groundwater discharge driven by tidal variation at TaiCOAST site in Taoyuan, Taiwan

Study regionThis study was conducted at the TaiCOAST site, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Study focusThree coastal flowing artesian wells (FAWs) were observed at the TaiCOAST site that do not match the well-known driving mechanisms of geological or topographical control. The observed phenomenon has not been discussed in the literature. This study collected hydraulic head data for the three coastal FAWs and one onshore well at the TaiCOAST site. A multi-phase (freshwater and seawater) model of groundwater in porous media was constructed to investigate the mechanism of the coastal FAWs and quantify submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). New hydrological insights for the regionThe rare observations of coastal FAWs at the TaiCOAST site were found to be neither geologically, topographically, nor recharge controlled. The constructed numerical model indicates that the coastal FAWs are driven by an upward flow due to the sharp interface between freshwater and seawater, which acts as a barrier. The depth profile of Darcy’s velocity was obtained from the calibrated model. The average Darcy’s velocity of SGD is (2.96 ± 0.61) × 10−6 m/s, which is similar to value reported in the literature. This study provides new insight into the mechanism of FAWs in coastal areas. The results can serve as an important reference for investigations of SGD.

Water quality for human consumption in semi artesian wells in the city of Lábrea/AM

The disorderly urban growth of cities results in the contamination of surface water and groundwater. In Brazil, one of the main sanitation challenges is to make drinking water available to the population. In view of the above, the aim of this study was to assess the quality of water for human consumption in the municipality of Labrea/AM. Six (6) sampling points were selected in different locations in the urban area of the municipality of Labrea, including two (2) municipal water distribution wells and four (4) household wells. After the physical-chemical and microbiological analyses, the following parameters were determined: temperature, turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, total phosphorus, total and thermotolerant coliforms. The data was compared with current legislation, including Ministry of Health Ordinance No. 888/2021. The variables total dissolved solids, total phosphorus and temperature were all within the legal limits. On the other hand, it is worth noting that of the six points sampled, four indicated the presence of coliforms, and house 4 showed the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms. The presence of pathogens in the water requires urgent control measures, whether it's raising awareness among the population, continuous cleaning of household reservoirs or water distribution pipes, since one of the possible consequences of drinking unsafe water will be high numbers of water-borne diseases.

Removal of the veterinary antibiotics oxitetracycline from contaminated water by solar distillation

Veterinary oxytetracycline (OTC) is a persistent contaminant to conventional water treatments. The present study aims to remove OTC from contaminated water through an alternative technology that is distillation via solar energy, being a promising solution in regions with a high incidence of solar radiation. The experimental research was carried out at the State University of Paraíba (UEPB). A cascade-type solar distiller was used to treat the contaminated water, which was collected in an artesian well and combined with the antibiotic at a concentration of 30.0 mg.L−1. Meteorological parameters were evaluated, and temperature profiles obtained. The heat transfer coefficients were determined. After the distillation process, the presence of the OTC substance was no longer detected, which indicates removal of at least 99.67 % and the distilled water productivity reached 2282.05 mL.m−2.day−1. Moreover, considering the physical chemical analyzes of the contaminated and distilled waters, reductions were achieved for pH values, electrical conductivity, turbidity, apparent color and chlorides, and a maximum reduction level of 100.0 % for total hardness, sodium and potassium in distilled water. This shows that the solar distillation process is suitable for obtaining quality water that meets current legislation in Brazil and the world. It is concluded that the solar distillation system used has a real capacity for veterinary OTC removal and water production.

Afforestation as an Option to Reduce Desertification in Salah al-Din Governorate Challenges and Solutions

Afforestation is one of the most important factors that contribute to combating desertification. It is the first link in destroying or building the ecosystem. The presence of trees is able to enhance the biological capacity of the land. Reduce dust storms. And the determinant in the climate changes that worry the world. Therefore, the enactment of laws that prevent unauthorized cutting of trees, and the holding of conferences and seminars on a global scale began with the necessity of rapid action in the face of the great shortage in numbers of trees. Countries began to establish campaigns to plant millions of trees annually.&#x0D; And in implementation of the requirements of the United Nations Convention on Desertification, to which Iraq joined in the year 2009, the National Action Program was established in Iraq to draw up the ten-year strategic plan 2008-2018, and it showed great seriousness in finding ways to reduce desertification, as well as to fulfill its obligations towards international environmental agreements. The program concluded that: 92% of the area of Iraq is threatened by desertification, which is considered a warning bell that calls for effective and rapid action to curb this environmental problem.&#x0D; Salah al-Din governorate, like the rest of Iraq, suffers from the spread of desertification in a large way, as it is among the central governorates north of the capital, Baghdad. It is astronomically located at 43.35 longitude and 34.27 latitude. Its population is about 1,500,000 according to the 2014 census, and its area is approximately 11,000,000 dunums. This is due to the joining of some areas from the neighboring governorates administratively, and sometimes their exit as well. The arable area is 6,085,932 dunums. As for the lands that are desertified and threatened with desertification, they amount to 5,372,334 dunums, and there is a significant deterioration in the natural pastures, which have an area of 1,782,239 acres.&#x0D; Therefore, this study was to find out the number of trees that should be planted by knowing the area of lands threatened with desertification in the governorate. It was estimated according to the minimum number of trees in each dunum, which was agreed upon by a scientist. It was 58,000,000 trees. When starting to draw up a plan to plant this number of trees, there were three problems. Major, which is that it needs allocations of up to 800 billion and large numbers of human resources. If a million trees are planted, which is what all of Iraq aspires to plant in the field of desertification, we need 58 years to reach the goal. This is if the project was adopted by the government sector&#x0D; Therefore, there was an option to involve the landowners in the afforestation program, where the state imposes the planting of a certain number of trees annually on each agricultural holding within the areas threatened with desertification, provided that the state supplies the seedlings free of charge with an irrigation system. When studying it, it was found that there are about 40,000 artesian wells distributed throughout the region, and if only 500 trees are planted for each well, it means that we can plant 20 million trees without large financial allocations. The government sector adopted the implementation of planting the same number of trees&#x0D; This requires developing a program to implement this project with the participation of all ministries and agencies in order to reach a mechanism for implementing this study, and among its procedures is to stop all administrative transactions for the farmer unless the owner of the holding is committed to implementing the planting of the required number of trees.

Groundwater Assessment in Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques, WQI, and HPI

We conducted a study to assess the variations in groundwater quality and metal pollution and identify the sources in the U S Nagar district of Uttarakhand state of India using multivariate statistical techniques. The two essential indicators of any developed society are Safe drinking water and decontamination. This research aims to undertake drinking water quality analyses of the groundwater and the sources of contamination in Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand. We produced results of 250 samples collected from hand pumps (Govt. and Private) and artesian wells. We measured 19 parameters which nine physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, oxidation and reduction potential, salinity, fluoride, chloride, nitrate), 7 Heavy metals (Lead, nickel, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc) along with three metals (potassium, magnesium, sodium). Water quality index, Heavy metal pollution index, PCA (Principal component analysis)/FA (factor analysis), and CA (Cluster analysis) methods were applied. WQI index shows five samples (2 %) comes under the excellent, 211 samples (84.4 %) fall under good quality, and 34 samples (13.6 %) have poor water quality wqi status as per Yadav index. Further, referring to the Ramakrishnaiah index, 216 samples (86.4 %) fall under excellent quality and only 13 samples (13.6 %) come under good water quality. For HPI, as per Indian Standard, nearly 40.4% of samples show a low degree of pollution, 33.2% of samples show a medium degree of pollution, and 26.4% show a High degree of pollution. According to the International HPI standard, 46% of samples show a low degree of pollution, 38% have a medium degree, and 16% show a high-grade degree of pollution. The results of PCA show that groundwater has mainly geogenic (geochemical alteration and weathering of source rock like carbonate, dolomite, quartzite, etc.) followed by anthropogenic sources (agrogenic, domestic sewage and industrial wastes etc.). The results obtained through the PCA are also moderately supported by Cluster analysis. The cations which were over the limit in groundwater samples are presented in chronological order Fe &gt; Pb &gt; Ni &gt; Mg &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Cu, and significant anions were over the limit F¯ &gt; Cl¯, and the rest was under the limit. The highly heavy metal-contaminated drinking groundwater sample, being used for drinking purpose, is deteriorating and need a proper treatment strategy before domestic water supply.

Public water quality in surface and groundwater collection systems in Brazil

Water is a vital natural resource for the existence of life, maintenance of ecosystems and the development of society. Many cities and communities rely on surface catchment systems, which involve collecting water from rivers, lakes and dams. Others, in turn, use underground collection systems, obtaining water from aquifers and artesian wells. Each of these methods presents specific challenges regarding water quality, as surface water is more exposed to organic and inorganic pollutants, while groundwater may contain minerals and dissolved substances that affect its potability. In general, the quality of water that reaches homes and commercial establishments is determined by the analysis of microbiological indicators, free residual chlorine, turbidity, total coliforms and fluoride. This narrative review seeks to clarify the nuances of water capture systems, their particularities and the factors that affect water quality in Brazil, highlighting the importance of constant monitoring, adequate treatment and effective water management policies in guaranteeing access to fresh water high quality for everyone.

Boundaries of sanitary protection zones for “Elizavetinsky” and “Novo-zapadny” water intakes

The Elizavetinsky water intake is the primary source of water for the city of Krasnodar, responsible for its extraction and purification. The system consists of several wells located in the microdistrict of Elizavetinskaya Sloboda. The water from the wells is purified in a system that filters it, removes harmful impurities, and disinfects it. We will develop and implement a set of measures to reconstruct this water intake. The reconstruction will include the construction of new facilities and the repair of existing ones to provide for future development in the area of the Western Bypass. This article presents a definitive approach to determining sanitary protection zones using the “circle” formula. This is the simplest method of calculation. The second method is the analytical method of sanitary protection zone calculation. This is the most accurate method because it takes into account the water flow. It is essential to comply with environmental protection measures to ensure the environmentally friendly operation of the water intake during the extraction of water from artesian wells. These measures are regulated by the norms of sanitary regulations and standards. It was therefore decided that regular inspections and testing of wells for leaks or other problems were necessary. If unsafe wells are found, they must be abandoned or rehabilitated immediately, in accordance with environmental safety requirements. To prevent new groundwater problems from occurring, new wells must be closely monitored and all groundwater safety and protection regulations and requirements must be strictly enforced. Facility planning and design will prevent potential threats to aquifers. Zones 2 and 3 were defined by clearly delineating the sanitary protection zone boundaries using both volumetric and analytical methods. We developed a remediation plan that includes protective measures to eliminate and prevent the possibility of groundwater contamination.