Public water quality in surface and groundwater collection systems in Brazil

Abstract

Water is a vital natural resource for the existence of life, maintenance of ecosystems and the development of society. Many cities and communities rely on surface catchment systems, which involve collecting water from rivers, lakes and dams. Others, in turn, use underground collection systems, obtaining water from aquifers and artesian wells. Each of these methods presents specific challenges regarding water quality, as surface water is more exposed to organic and inorganic pollutants, while groundwater may contain minerals and dissolved substances that affect its potability. In general, the quality of water that reaches homes and commercial establishments is determined by the analysis of microbiological indicators, free residual chlorine, turbidity, total coliforms and fluoride. This narrative review seeks to clarify the nuances of water capture systems, their particularities and the factors that affect water quality in Brazil, highlighting the importance of constant monitoring, adequate treatment and effective water management policies in guaranteeing access to fresh water high quality for everyone.