Gear Arrangement Research Articles

Plastic Crushing Machine

Abstract: A plastic crushing machine plays a crucial role in the recycling process by reducing plastic waste into smaller, manageable pieces. These machines are designed to process various types of plastic materials such as PET bottlesHDPE containers and PVC pipes,contributing to the mitigation of environmental pollution and resource conservation. This plastic waste is very difficult to store as it has large volume. Hence breaking down the plastic waste into ery small piece can help the problem of storage. This will reduce the burial and dumping of waste in earth. This project is based on electromechanical system.This project consist of electronic and Mechanical part mainly electric AC geared motor of 80 rpm,crushing drum flange bearing, v belt ,two gears of 130mm, that consist of micro controller. Two crushing drum are will rotate in opposite direction to squeeze the bottle and those two drums are driven by a single motor. In order to perform high thickness plastic material we have to adopt external gear meshing arrangement and a belt driven pulley from the motor. The machine is provided with two opening at the topside to insert the bottle and tin. when we insert the bottle it is detected by IR senSor or Proximity sensor. The bottle will fall on crushing drum the bottle gets squeezed between the two rollers.This crushed bottle will fall on the bin which is placed below the rollers. The main consideration for this design is cost effective and efficient. In conclusion,plastic crushing machines play a vital role in the recycling process,promoting environmental sustainability by transforming plastic waste into valuable raw materials.

Fabrication of Power Weeder Machine

A weeder is a machine used in agricultural fields to remove the weeds, which are unnecessary crops that hinder the growth of crops. The weeder which is operated with the gasoline engine is called a power weeder. The power weeder has the problem of pollution and excess vibration. To overcome these issues the power weeder is to be converted to an electrically operated system. So here the existing gasoline engine is replaced with a motor for drive and batteries for power source. The gearbox has a forward and reverse gear arrangement. The battery source is given to the motor for drive. A lead-acid battery setup with 4numbers each of 12vcapacity is used. The operating life of the battery is around200-300rechargecycles.

Fabrication of Automatic Drilling & Tapping Machine

Abstract: This paper focuses on fabrication aspects of automatic drilling & tapping machine and it describe the various components of the machine. This paper also focusses on working of automatic drilling & tapping. Our machine also suitable with the economical mass production with increased the productivity and accuracy. This is done by reducing the set up cost and manual fatigue. This machine is capable of performing both drilling and tapping operation with the help for speed reduction gear box. As drilling requires high RPM and tapping requires low RPM to perform the drill and internal threads operation. We know that for tapping we need to rotate the spindle in both direction so we use bevel gear arrangement for reversal of the spindle and also worm and worm gear is used for speed reduction as drilling requires high RPM and tapping requires low RPM to perform the drill and internal threads

Design Parameters of Automatic Drilling & Tapping Machine

Abstract: This paper focuses on design of machine which can perform drilling and tapping processes together with the help of automation in order to improves production, reduce time for manufacturing and manufacture economically on a bigger scale. In regular drilling process which is the most common way to put a hole in metal or other materials, for precise hole location, good finish and accurate size automatic drilling machine is required. To cut threads on hole accurately along with the drilling process we using drill cum tapping bit. Tapping operation required to rotate the spindle in both clockwise and counter clockwise direction. So, we have made bevel gear arrangement for reversal of the spindle and also worm and worm gear is used for speed reduction as drilling requires high RPM and tapping requires low RPM to perform the drill and internal threads.

Modeling and Analysis of Differential Gear Box using Ansys

The differential is a component of the rear axles, along with the wheels, bearings, and the inner axle housing assembly. Transmission gears in the differential link the rear wheels to the engine, which in turn powers the propeller. When turning, a car's differential gear arrangement creates a speed difference between the left and right driving axles. Outside wheels have further to travel in a turn than inside wheels. To provide this torque variation, a differential gear system constructed from a variety of materials using a refined 3-D model of the gear system is an option. Additionally, it transmits the power from the propeller shaft to each wheel hub. It takes a differential gear system at each wheel hub for an all-wheel drive system, whereas a rear-wheel drive system only needs one at the back.

Study on Reducing Towing Drag by Varying the Shape and Arrangement of Floats and Gears

Many studies have been conducted with the aim of reducing fuel consumption by the fishing industry. We examined whether drag can be reduced by changing the arrangement of gears without requiring the development of new parts for the conventional float and ground gear. Ten differently shaped floats and ground gears were measured in a water flume tank. The float and ground gear were fixed to a steel rod to measure fluid drag according to attack angle, using a multi-component load cell. To estimate the frictional drag of ground gear on the seabed, five types of large ground gear were towed on flat land while changing attack angle using the load cell to measure tension. The fluid drag of the float and ground gear was highest at an attack angle of 60°, regardless of shape, size, and flow velocity. The resistance coefficients of the float and ground gear varied depending on the attack angle and tended to be lower at small attack angles. The frictional drag of the ground gear was greater when the axis of rotation had a small attack angle in the towing direction compared to other attack angles. We then investigated a method for designing bottom-towed gear that reduces drag while maintaining the size, buoyancy, and sinking force of conventional fishing gear parts. This gear design showed 1.2% drag reduction and an estimated 0.8% improvement in fuel efficiency per haul.

A Study on Traditional Fishing Gears and Fish Capturing Methods Used by The Mising Community of Gohpur Subdivision, Biswanath District, Assam

The implementation of various fishing hing gears is the product of experiences gathered over the course of a significant amount of time. Every water body has its own particular arrangement of gears. The use of fishing equipment also provides insight on the community of fishermen's financial situation. In order to produce substances of technological delight while keeping costs to a minimum, fishermen employ materialmaterials that are readily available in their local area. A research was carried out on the fishermen in the Mising subdivision of the Gohpur district in order to collect data on the various traditional fishing gears and methods of catching fish. It has been discovered vered that Mising fisherman employ a variety of fishing gear, the majority of which they designed on their own. Different fishing gear is utilized during different times of the year and in distinct bodies of water for catching fish of varying sizes. In addition to their participation in community fishing, Mising women also participate in fishing on their own. They fish for enjoyment in addition to commercial reasons. Total 28 types of gears and different methods of fish capturing have have been reported during the survey period. All gears ar are eco-friendly. To raise awareness among fishermen of the long-term effects of their fishing techniques, workshops or training programmes should be organised.

An attachment with the hand pump to lift water without any external source

Without proper irrigation to farm, sustainability on agriculture is not possible; irrigation helps to grow the crop. There are numbers of irrigation methods available to supply water to the crop. Maximum percentages of people in rural areas are depending on agriculture. They are using traditional methods for their irrigation. So it is required to provide them better training towards technology based irrigation. The developed and technology based irrigation method provides maximum output for agriculture, maximum output from the agriculture provides better sustainability to farmers. In this work a new technology based irrigation system has been presented. It is required to attach this system with the hand pump. The system consists of an epicyclic gear train arrangement, simple gear train arrangement, fly wheel and handle. All these arrangements are provided on a frame. The weight and cost of the developed system is very less. So poor farmers can attach this system with their hand pump to lift water for irrigation. The designed system works by the concept of Mechanical Advantage (MA), Velocity Ratio (VR) and energy storage. Irrigation by this designed method does not require any external sources like petrol, diesel and kerosene operated pump, and the designed model is environment friendly. Only a small amount installation cost is required to attach the designed system with the hand pump.

Overview and Exploitation of Haptic Tele-Weight Device in Virtual Shopping Stores

In view of the problem of e-commerce scams and the absence of haptic interaction, this research aims to introduce and create a tele-weight device for e-commerce shopping in smart cities. The objective is to use the proposed prototype to provide a brief overview of the possible technological advancements. When the tele-weight device is affixed over the head-mounted display, it allows the user to feel the item’s weight while shopping in the virtual store. Addressing the problem of having no physical interaction between the user (player) and a series game scene in virtual reality (VR) headsets, this research approach focuses on creating a prototype device that has two parts, a sending part and a receiving part. The sending part measures the weight of the object and transmits it over the cellular network to the receiver side. The virtual store user at the receiving side can thus realize the weight of the ordered object. The findings from this work include a visual display of the item’s weight to the virtual store e-commerce user. By introducing sustainability, this haptic technology-assisted technique can help the customer realize the weight of an object and thus have a better immersive experience. In the device, the load cell measures the weight of the object and amplifies it using the HX711 amplifier. However, some delay in the demonstration of the weight was observed during experimentation, and this indirectly altered the performance of the system. One set of the device is sited at the virtual store user premises while the sending end of the device is positioned at the warehouse. The sending end hardware includes an Arduino Uno device, an HX711 amplifier chip to amplify the weight from the load cell, and a cellular module (Sim900A chip-based) to transmit the weight in the form of an encoded message. The receiving end hardware includes a cellular module and an actuator involving a motor gear arrangement to demonstrate the weight of the object. Combining the fields of e-commerce, embedded systems, VR, and haptic sensing, this research can help create a more secure marketplace to attain a higher level of customer satisfaction.

Real Time Implementation of Increasing Torque using Mechanical Gear in Bldc Motor

In present days, universally air contamination of the atmosphere is predominately increasing in the biosphere; due to toxic emission like CO, NOx and SO2.Internal combustion engines is one of the major sources of air contamination, by this the properties of fossil fuel emissions and address environmental concerns (ECs) should be mitigated. Now a days, E-vehicles are emerging all over the globe and many nations encourage the people to use EVs. Previous studies show that the many of the consumers are anxiety, because of two reasons: one is due to cost of E-vehicle and other is charging stations are not available in India. The vision of the Indian Government in 2030, all the vehicles are replaced by ‘Electric Vehicles’ on Road. In this article, emphasis to increases the motor torque using gear. In this type of gear arrangement will helps to easy carrying the goods smoothly for all the conditions.

Comparative Investigation of Worm Positions for Worm Gear-box Performance under No-Load Condition

The Worm Gear drive is a gear arrangement where the worm shaft meshes with a worm wheel (gear). The worm shaft plays an important role in reduction ratio & efficiency. This worm shaft can be used at the top and the bottom in the gearbox. This technical research paper provides a comprehensive comparative evaluation of Input torque analysis & heating rate of lubricant inside the gearbox for two positions of the worm shaft in the worm gearbox under no-load condition. Worm shaft at the top and worm shaft at the bottom were assessed at variable speed (1000-1400 rpm), the different splashed volume of lubricant (1.5-2.7 liter), and variable temperature of lubricant (30-50 ºC). Input torque was measured with the help of a direct torque measurement technique. Similarly, the heating rate of the lubricant was also measured with a temperature sensor for both orientations of the worm shaft. Full factorial experiments were performed on a specially designed and fabricated worm gear test rig. The experiments showed that the input torque requirement for the worm at the bottom position is 20 -25% higher than the worm at the top position at an average speed. The heating rate remains almost the same for both orientations. This study aimed to find the suitable orientation of the worm shaft which reduces the power losses and increases efficiency.

Diagnosis of an incipient defect in a worm gearbox using minimum entropy deconvolution and local cepstrum

A worm gearbox is a slow speed gear arrangement which can greatly reduce velocity (in some cases 100:1 in a single stage). The early detection of a gear fault in this high reduction gearbox is a challenging task as the fundamental frequencies in the spectrum are close together. The sliding mechanism of its operation and the presence of loud noise further complicate the task. A signal processing technique has been proposed to extract weak fault features in the worm and wheel gearbox signal. In the preprocessing stage, the signal is decimated, and an autoregressive minimum entropy deconvolution (AR-MED) is applied. The decimation process enhances the data handling capability. The AR-MED filter denoises the signal. The signal obtained is further processed for the local cepstrum (LC) to identify the quefrencies. The quefrencies provide information regarding the period of repetition of impulses corresponding to the defect. The results of quefrencies validate the values of fault frequency for the faulty gear. A comparison with the autocorrelation LC and squared envelope spectrum kurtosis is presented to establish the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The accuracy of the results of the proposed method is 99.27%.

A review on how a Perpetual Motion Machine generates electrical power

Electrical energy demand is increasing in accordance with rapid growth of the human population. Since fossil fuels is the most widely used energy source, thus it is depleting very fast. Alternative energy source is urgently needed to replace the use of conventional energy sources. Perpetual Motion Machine (PMM) which can be applied to produce electricity, may be an alternative solution for the problem the world is facing today. The machine is designed to generate power from repulsive forces of permanent magnet without utilizing external sources. Some researches had conducted experiments and Neodymium magnet is most used in the project due to its strong magnetic field. The device is mainly built using a permanent magnet, a rotating wheel and a generator. This paper reviews some aspects on how A Perpetual Motion Machine (PMM) generates electrical power. The aim of the paper is to provide a summary of the topic and its opportunities in further enhancements for better results. The study found that the concept is very effective, ecofriendly and less space needed. However, a larger scale development of the machine along with proper magnet and gear arrangement is currently needed for a better performance and application.

Design of an Efficient System to Harvest Energy from Structural Load

Human has needed and used energy at an increased rate for their various uses. As a result, huge amount of energy is exhausted and lost. Our objective is to harvest energy from the vehicle with or without load using mechanical gear system and to increase the efficiency level of the energy. The gear system will make the generator rotate, thus producing energy. This work is a real-time work as lot of vehicles moving daily will cross over the setup, generating efficient amount of electrical energy. It is an eco-friendly system as it doesn’t harms anything. It is a conventional power generation system when compared to existing systems. The work deals with the design of the model in real-time of the energy harvester using gear arrangements and increase in efficiency level of energy. The most challenging part in this assignment is the material that is to be used as top plate assembly, such that it can absorb heavy loads like buses, trucks with water tanks etc. Below the plate there are springs in which deformation will take place. The gear assembly is connected to the bottom of the spring through its teeth. When the spring gets deformed due to load, the gear assembly will be rotated which in turn will rotate the generator as it is coupled to the gear assembly. So energy will be produced. To increase its efficiency, gear assembly consisting of different sizes of gears, is used to increase the rotation of the generator which will produce more electrical energy. Generally, the output will be AC (alternating current), so AC to DC (direct current) converter is used. Amplifiers can also be used to make the energy more efficient and store it in battery for further application.

Mechanical Concept on Design and Development of Irrigation System to Help Rural Farmers for Their Agriculture Purpose During Unavailability of External Power

Odisha is one of the states in India, where almost 70% families depend on agriculture. Odisha is a common destination for tropical cyclones that generally initiate in the Bay of Bengal. These cyclones destroy the total agriculture system and electricity infrastructure of Odisha every year. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of any state. Economy can be boosted by the adoption of modern technology and advanced irrigation methods. Continuous irrigation is only possible by using pumps which is operated by diesel, petrol, kerosene or electric power connected with tube well. For such type of arrangement farmers generally depend on electricity, petrol or diesel. But due to continuous electric failure for number of days as a result of frequent cyclones, farmers suffer a lot. With continuous increase in the prices of petrol, diesel, kerosene or electricity, poor farmers find it difficult to bear the cost. The aim and purpose of this work is to develop an irrigation system to help farmers for irrigation purpose to obtain better yields in agriculture with minimum expenses. In the present work mechanical concepts such as Mechanical Advantage (MA), Velocity Ratio (VR), Efficiency, energy storage concepts are used. The system consists of gears, flywheel, handle, bearings and other assembly unit. This arrangement is placed on a frame which is made up of mild steel angles having dimension 40 x 40 x 5 mm. A shaft having 25 mm diameter is used with a flywheel and four numbers of bearings. Driver and driven gears having 200 and 40 number of teethes in simple gear train arrangement are taken in this work. The concept is very simple and its manufacturing process is also very easy. There will be no issue for such type of product as it is environmental friendly and the main purpose of this system is to save the environment and reduce pollution. The idea can be easily implemented because here the input materials are easily available. So by using this system there is no need of any electric supply for irrigation purpose. The work presented here is innovative in nature and has not been developed by any other researchers in the past. By using this system even weak and physically disabled persons can lift water for the purpose of agriculture without any difficulty.

Robust Design of Smart Lawn Cutter for Gardening Companion

This work discussed the fabricated model of android based grass cutter in agricultural field by implementing the new innovative concept with simpler construction and easy working. The cutting motor is employed to cut the grass in the field and the same is controlled by smartphone application. The components that are used to control the grass cutting level involve motor and gear arrangement. Below the gear arrangement, the cutting blade is fixed. And this arrangement will be simple and highly efficient for grass height adjustment system with up/down process motor. DC motor up and down motion is made using the rack and pinion gear setup. And then grass cutting motor on off control system will be achieved through android application. This application is connected to the Bluetooth communication for automatic the process. This work is motivated on preparation of the beneficial power basis for grass cutting process which is not reliant on the climates state and also prompt on its work. This setup is completely controlled using smart phone. In future, the automation of the device will play the most important role in world wide. In the meantime, technologies are merging with environmental awareness, consumers are looking for ways to contribute to the relief of their own carbon footprints.

Design and Modeling of Cereal Crop Reaper Machine

Harvesting by using traditional method is time consuming; it needs much labor force and result in much grain loss. For developing nations like Ethiopia, importing combine harvester is too expensive and not affordable for small scale farmers. The aim of this project was to design and model cereal crop reaper machine that is easily available and operated by small scale farm holders. The designed reaper was manually guided and powered with diesel engine for cutting cereal crop stems. With the help of pulley-belt arrangement, drive power is transmitted from engine to gear mounted shafts. A bevel gear arrangement is used to transmit motion at certain angle. One end of bevel gear shaft was connected to slider crank mechanism which converts rotary motion of shaft into reciprocating motion of cutter bar. Reciprocating cutter bar slides over fixed bar and created scissoring action between cutter blades which are responsible for cutting the crop stems. Integrating mechanism consist of flat belt with collecting lugged plates bolted on it. This machine can give a cost saving of 99.89 USD/hectare. This means one farmer can save 99.89 USD/hectare compared to manual harvesting machine.

An Experimental Investigation of Modern Savonius Turbine Equipped with Arm Geared Based Structure for Electric Power Generation

As per latest situation the electricity is the biggest issue therefore whereas taken all the items into thought here effectively created a complicated system i.e. an Experimental investigation of contemporary savonius rotary engine equipped with arm intermeshed based mostly structure for electrical power generation. this is the advanced recurvate formed rotary engine. This rotary engine is essentially a hybrid rotary engine which means this rotary engine will able to work on water, air, etc. This rotary engine is basically a advanced rotary engine will able to work on minimum revolution. According to structure of savonius rotary engine, as its curved dome it covers most air flow, water force etc. therefore utilization of panel is most. this technique is hybrid electricity generation which means it works on air, water grain etc. this system primarily is helpful for home application, faculties and schools, hospitals, shipping malls, auditoriums. Now a day’s power requirement is that the biggest demand within the growing world since last decade. this technique is works as an entire hybrid turbine and connected electricity generation if modification are done consistent with demand and connected output. this system is multi station therefore will able to generate electricity through multiple generators, with single rotary engine with the utilization of gear wheel arrangement and connected gear arrangement. This system is shock resistant, straightforward to store, rev based mostly output, straightforward to place and transfer and attainable to dissemble and assemble simply in order that with the matter.

In Memoriam: Veniamin I. Goldfarb

Veniamin I. Goldfarb, a well-known scholar and educator, passed away on November 12, 2019, at the age of 78. As the Director of the Institute of Mechanics of the Izhevsk State Technical University, Professor Goldfarb was a towering figure in the field of power transmission and gearing, specializing in gear geometry, kinematics, and contact mechanics.Professor Goldfarb's technical contributions included a novel classification and the study of spatial gear arrangements, rational structuring of the process of computer-aided design of worm gears, the development of a “nondifferential” method for defining surfaces formed by enveloping, and the study of a variety of spiroid gears. Professor Goldfarb was the author of more than 400 scientific publications, including seven monographs in the field of research, development, and implementation of gear transmissions. He advised nearly 40 PhD candidates and authored more than 20 patents.Professor Goldfarb was the laureate of the State Prize in the field of science and technology from the Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation. He was awarded the Medal of Academician V.I. Vernadsky and the Medal of Academician S.P. Kapitsa by the St. George Cross of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences for his contributions in science. He took several leadership roles in the International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science (IFToMM) as the chair of the Gearing Technical Committee (1998–2005), a member of the Executive Council (2007–2011), and the Vice President (2011–2015). He was a member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For three decades, he was the face of the gearing and power transmission research community in Russia.Professor Goldfarb will be remembered as a very kind and compassionate person who valued his friendship greatly. While he will be missed dearly, his legacy of mentorship, inventions, and scholarly contributions to our field will live on for many decades to come.

Tribological studies of high surface finish ceramic coatings for low friction and adhesive wear resistant applications

Adhesive wear is a significant material loss mechanism that leads to wide scale surface degradation of functional components especially in engineering industries like wind turbine roller bearings. This paper deals with improving the tribological properties of surfaces where adhesive wear is prominent. Adhesive wear is a common problem in gears, bearings, cutting tools, fittings, valves and earth moving equipment. For instance in a planetary gear arrangement, worn out debris from gears cause adhesive wear on the surface of roller bearings. Ceramic coatings are significant for protecting components and to improve the performance of surfaces subjected to adhesive wear over longer periods. Most of the ceramic coatings have high surface roughness owing to which they contribute to further adhesive wear of fine surfaces. In this paper, focus is on studying the performance of ion plated titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbide (TiC) PVD coatings against adhesive wear on EN 31 steel (substrate). Surfaces of samples coated with TiN, TiC and uncoated substrate of EN 31 steel are comparatively studied for adhesive wear behavior using wear tests as per ASTM standards. EN 31 steel is composed of 95% Fe, 0.9–1.1% C, 0.35% Mn, and 0.2% Si. Surface morphology and compositional analysis is inferred from Electron Microscopy (SEM and EDS) and surface roughness is estimated using 3-D confocal microscopy and surface profile measurement. The bond strength of coating is analysed from nanoscratch test; the coefficient of friction, material removal rate and hardness of surface is obtained from nano indentation Test. On experimental investigation, it is found that TiN and TiC ceramic coatings have excellent wear resistance, a low coefficient of friction and fine surface finish which are suitable for adhesive wear resistant applications.