Army In War Research Articles

Wizerunek Waltera Pelzhausena, komendanta więzienia w Radogoszczu w zeznaniach i wspomnieniach byłych więźniów

Więzienie Radogoszcz należało do niemieckiej policji i znajdowało się we wsi niedaleko Łodzi. Jego komendantem był Walter Pelzhausen, urodzony w 1891 r. w Arnstadt. W trakcie pierwszej wojny światowej służył w armii niemieckiej. Po zakończeniu działań wojennych pracował w policji. Niedługo po wybuchu drugiej wojny światowej został przeniesiony do Litzmanstadt-Łódź, służąc od października 1939 r. do lipca 1940 r. w Schutzpolizei Litzmanstadt, otrzymując stopień służbowy „Maister of Schutzpolizei”. W lipcu 1940 r. objął zarząd nad więzieniem w Radogoszczu. Komendant był zdegenerowanym psychopatą. Bił każdego napotkanego na swojej drodze więźnia. Osobiście zastrzelił dziewięciu osadzonych, którzy ukradli chleb z więziennego magazynu. W 1945 r. komendant wraz z personelem więzienia dokonał masowego mordu, zabijając ponad 1000 więźniów. Po drugiej wojnie światowej były komendant został schwytany we Frankfurcie (strefa amerykańska). Wydany został polskiemu wymiarowi sprawiedliwości, który w 1947 r. skazał go na śmierć. Stracono go w więzieniu na ul. Sterlinga w 1948 r. W trakcie procesu karnego więźniowie stwierdzili jednogłośnie, że był najbrutalniejszy wśród całej załogi więzienia.

Fauzi al-Kawukdżi i Abd al-Kadir al-Husajni w walce o niepodległość Palestyny

Artykuł omawia działania podejmowane przez Fauziego al-Kawukdżiego i Abd al-Kadira al-Husajniego w czasie tzw. wojny domowej w brytyjskim Mandacie Palestyny. Pierwszy stał na czele Arabskiej Armii Wyzwolenia, stworzonej przez Ligę Państw Arabskich. Jego siły miały charakter ochotniczy, były nieliczne i słabo uzbrojone. Drugi powołał Armię Świętej Wojny, która składała się z ochotników palestyńskich, stanowiła siły podporządkowane rodzinie Husajnich. Obaj dowódcy mieli za zadanie nie dopuścić do wejścia w życie rezolucji Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych dotyczącej podziału Palestyny na dwa państwa oraz chronić arabską ludność cywilną. Prowadzili działania bez współpracy ze sobą i nie udało im się powstrzymać działań osadników i sił żydowskich.

Velayet, Hicret ve Nifak Bağlamında İrtidat

Kur’ân’la ilgili yapılan bazı çalışmalarda konular ya belli kökten türeyen kelimeler veya konunun bir kısmına işaret eden sadece bir kelime ile sınırlı, parçacı bir şekilde yapılmaktadır. Arıca bazı araştırmalarda nüzul süreci, ortamı ve siyer kaynaklarında aktarılan bilgiler de ihmal edilebilmektedir. Konular eksik çalışıldığı için ulaşılan sonuçlarda doğal olarak eksik olmaktadır. İrtidat konusu da bu tür konulardan biridir. Konunun hicret, nifak, velâyet gibi Kur’ân’ın önemli konularıyla çok ciddi bağlantısı olduğu halde ilgili çalışmalar sınırlı sayıda âyet üzerinden yapılmıştır. Bundan dolayı bazı naslardan hareketle mürtedin öldürülmesi ve öldürülmemesi konusu yeteri kadar ikna edici bir tarzda izah edilememiştir. Eksik yaklaşımdan dolayı bu konuda Kur’ân ile hadisler arasında çelişki varmış gibi bir algı da oluşabilmektedir.İrtidat konusu hicret, velâyet ve nifak bağlamında ele alındığında irtidat eden ve fiili olarak İslâm düşmanlarının safına geçenlerin, Müslümanları aldatmak isteyenlerin nerede olursa olsun öldürülmesinin emredildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Bedir savaşında müşrik ordusunda bulunanlar da öldürülmüşlerdi. Aynı şekilde İslâm düşmanlarının safına geçmeyen ve hem Müslümanlar hem de düşmanlarla savaşmak istemeyen mürtetlere de dokunulmasının yasaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Günümüzde tefsir ilmi bazılarınca rivâyetlere başvurmadan da yapılabilecek bir ilmî faaliyet olarak algılanıp, savunulsa da aslında geleneğimizde de izah edildiği gibi bu ilim dil ve tarih/rivâyetler üzerine kuruludur. Kur’ân’ı anlamak için yola çıkanların rivâyetlerle yüzleşmesi, ihtilaflı nakiller arasında nüzul-siret temelli tercihlerde bulunması gerekmektedir.

The War for the Common Soldier

Review of: The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies, by Peter S. Carmichael.

The Brazilian Army nurses' uniforms: visual identity in World War II.

To analyze the symbolic effects of the official military uniform of the nurses from Brazilian Army in World War II. This research was developed using the historical method, with iconographic sources. The data were discussed based on the concepts of the social world theory, by Pierre Bourdieu. The images selected demonstrate the own meaning of the uniforms, evidencing the functions and the social position of those who wear it, being private and obligatory to use it in the military field. In the case of the nurses from the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, the appropriation of uniforms promoted the visual communication representing military nurse in the context of war, at the same time it served for distinction purposes in the army, but not necessarily in the nursing field. Symbolically, they remained amongst the walls of the barracks even after the end of the war and, thus, they remained unknown and marked by the symbols of forgetfulness.

Brandon M. Schechter, The Stuff of Soldiers: A History of the Red Army in World War II Through Objects

Since time immemorial, common people, philosophers, biologists and other scientists have mused about the materiality of the human being and its relationship to the inner world of men and women. Few, if any, thinkers have sought to view this issue through the prism of an army, its weaponry, the environment it shaped and the objects its soldiers used, cherished or robbed. Brandon M. Schechter is the first to embark upon this intellectual adventure. He explores the materiality of the Red Army at...

Radical potentials, conservative realities: African veterans of the German colonial army in post-World War I Tanganyika

ABSTRACTDuring World War I, African colonial soldiers (askari) of the Schutztruppe für Deutsch Ostafrika fought a difficult campaign in German East Africa. In November 1918, they surrendered to the British alongside their commander, General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. Within a few months, their German officers had left East Africa to return to Germany. Most of the ex-askari found it difficult to make new lives for themselves in Tanganyika, as the former Germany colony came to be known in 1920. In British Mandate Tanganyika, the ex-askari had limited options for making a living commensurate with the status they had occupied before the war. Their paths through British colonial rule from 1918 to 1961, when Tanganyika became independent, took different forms. This article charts some of these paths in order to place the African veterans of the Schutztruppe alongside the experiences of other Black veterans of the First World War, whose responses to postwar indignities led them to radicalize. That African Schutztruppe veterans did not become radicals raises intriguing questions about the factors that shaped military veterans’ politics after the First World War, and through the next five decades of the twentieth century.

A Russian Poetics of Trauma: Encounters with Death and the Literary Reclamation of the Individual

A Russian Poetics of TraumaEncounters with Death and the Literary Reclamation of the Individual Laurie Vickroy (bio) Recent Russian literary works illustrate a keen understanding of lingering transgenerational traumas experienced both collectively and individually. Twentieth-century totalitarian regimes' terror tactics and attempts to destroy individual personality created cultures of trauma that left their traces across generations through practices of dominance and mistrust reiterated in private lives. These tactics also fomented lingering internalized and symbolized residues of death anxiety. Soviet Russia is a case in point. Even as totalism receded in the post-Soviet era, premature death has persisted, particularly among men, and it has brought long-term psychological and cognitive stases that have prevented social and relational dynamism necessary for healing and change. Two contemporary Russian women writers, Svetlana Alexievich and Ludmilla Petrushevskaya, represent in their testimonial narratives gender-specific traumas and death anxieties lingering for two postwar generations. They create a particularly Russian poetics of trauma in response to human diminishment and denied recognition that symbolizes confrontations with death and narratively represents the nature and value of personal struggles to survive, and to break free of regenerative self-defeating mentalities. To analyze the nature of this poetics, I employ trauma and narrative- and recognition-based theories. Russian experience exemplifies the enormous psychological costs of authoritarian practices and nation-defining militarism that objectify [End Page 103] citizens and provide few outlets for healing. The Soviet people endured massive death and hardship during the twentieth century due to world wars, revolution, civil war, atrocities by German invaders, and Stalinist genocide, starvation, and political oppression.1 The "Great Patriotic War," Russia's costly defeat of the German army in World War II, alone resulted in 26 million dead, of whom two-thirds were civilians. The war in Afghanistan (1979–89) had enormous consequences on the Soviet economy, contributed to national collapse, and created a new generation of war dead and traumatized veterans. The long-term effects of all this to the nation included shortages of men and housing, militaristic and survivalist mentalities, and a symbolic focus on victory and ideology in lieu of more pressing human needs.2 A history of perpetual wars and a failure to address social and psychological problems has produced high percentages of male alcoholics and suicides,3 dysfunctional families, and impoverished elders. New social and economic crises after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s and 2000s brought many new social problems. It could be fairly characterized as a culture of trauma.4 It is not my intention to indict Russia or totalist societies as the sole creators of trauma and identity crises. US culture overemphasizes individual pleasure and materialism, and capitalism can lead to soul-deadening objectification of workers and consumers too—but we can learn from what Russians endured when ideological priorities ignore human well-being. This study will examine literature's unique testimonial value in this context, that it provides otherwise unavailable, suppressed facts and perspectives of individualized historical traumas. My analysis will employ psychoanalyst Robert J. Lifton's conceptions of survivor themes or symptoms and the symbolization of death imagery that illustrate traumatized victims' ways of coping with and representing their exposure to death. These survivor themes are the death imprint, death guilt, psychic numbing, conflicts around nurturing, and struggles with meaning.5 These conceptions will help me analyze the trauma symptoms, symbolization, and survival strategies depicted in the literary texts. Also important to examination of long-term traumatic effects are psychoanalyst Jessica Benjamin's and ethical philosopher Axel Honneth's explanations of how failed recognition, that is, nullifying or denigrating the unique qualities and experiences of individuals, is another repercussion of oppression—creating [End Page 104] sociopsychological disconnections precluding intersubjective recognition crucial to healthy human development and interactions. My methods endeavor to illuminate how Alexievich's and Petrushevskaya's writings undermine the valuing of destructive ideologies and policies that have wounded generations by several means: by raising ethical questions regarding effects of injustice on individual psyches; by illustrating emotionally impaired thought processes and defenses common to trauma that help survival but are relational liabilities; but also offering resilience in the face of death anxiety. Their narrative strategies, like focalization...

The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies by Peter S. Carmichael

The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies by Peter S. Carmichael

The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies by Peter S. Carmichael

The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies by Peter S. Carmichael

Życie codzienne w garnizonie kaliskim w latach 1921–1939

Artykuł opisuje życie codzienne wojska w garnizonie kaliskim w okresie międzywojennym. W garnizonie tym stacjonowały w tym czasie oddziały 25 Dywizji Piechoty, w tym dowództwo dywizji, 29 pułk piechoty i 25 pułk artylerii lekkiej oraz kilka mniejszych instytucji wojskowych. Głównym zadaniem wojska w czasie pokoju było szkolenie bojowe, mające przygotować armię do potencjalnej wojny. W trakcie szkolenia uczono żołnierzy podstawowych wiadomości o kraju i wojsku, regulaminów wojskowych, musztry oraz obsługi broni. Szkolenie garnizonowe i poligonowe zajmowało zasadniczą część dnia żołnierskiego, ale oprócz tego – tzw. życie codzienne obejmowało szereg innych elementów. Ważną rolę pełniła także działalność kulturalna i oświatowa oraz obchody świat wojskowych, państwowych i kościelnych. Dużą rolę w życiu codziennym żołnierzy odgrywał sport, który służył podnoszeniu tężyzny fizycznej i ogólnej sprawności. Nie mniej ważnym elementem były stałe kontakty wojska z lokalnymi władzami Kalisza oraz jego mieszkańcami. Wszystkie te elementy miały ogromne znaczenie dla wychowania obywatelskiego i patriotycznego żołnierzy, gdyż przypominały im doniosłe fakty z historii własnej jednostki oraz historii Polski, uczyły szacunku dla symboli wojskowych oraz pomagały przełamać pewne stereotypy o służbie wojskowej i zbliżyć żołnierzy do własnego społeczeństwa.

The Transnistrian Conflict in 1992 and Russian Aggression Against Ukraine: Comparative Analysis

The article presents a comparative analysis of the Transnistrian conflict of 1990-1992 and the Ukrainian-Russian conflict in 2014-2018. The similarities and differences between the two conflicts are analyzed. It is proved that the scenario under which events in the Donbas are developing is very similar to the events in Transnistria in 1990-1992, in particular, through the use of linguistic issues for the emergence of confrontation, the provision of military and political support, including through the involvement of irregular formations , direct intervention of armed units of the regular Russian army in war.
 Particular attention is paid to the methods of information warfare against Moldova in the early 90's. The similarity of these methods with those used by Russia in the information war against Ukraine is shown, in particular: 1) dehumanization of the enemy, dissemination of information about its cruelty and inhumanity; 2) manipulation of historical facts; 3) representation of the struggle against separatism as the aggression of one state against the other; 4) appeal. to the events of the Second World War; 5) the statement that foreign troops are fighting on the side of government forces; 6) attempts to present separatist movements as "popular".
 The conclusions state that the Transnistrian conflict of 1990-1992, as well as the occupation of Crimea and the conflict in the East of Ukraine in 2014-2018, are part of Russia's overall strategy to preserve the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine in its sphere of influence. The ultimate goal of this strategy is the reintegration of separatist enclaves under conditions favorable to Russia, namely: the ability to influence foreign policy, change foreign policy priorities (rejection of the course on European and Euro-Atlantic integration), preservation of dependence on supplies of Russian energy carriers.
 Key words: Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Transnistria, Transnistria conflict, Ukrainian-Russian conflict, Donbass

НАУКОВО-МЕМУАРНІ ПУБЛІКАЦІЇ ДМИТРА ПАЛІЄВА

In the article D. Paliiv’s scientific studies on the military history of Ukraine of the ХХ century, first of all, the history of the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen, November revolution of 1918 on the West Ukrainian lands, participations of Galician army in the Ukrainian-Polish war of 1918 – 1919, and the Ukrainian national-liberation movement in Poland in 1921 – 1939 are subjected to a due consideration. The value of a creative work of D. Paliiv for the development of the domestic military history is shown.

The legends of topographical men: the American army and mapmaking in World War I

ABSTRACTThe skill level of American army mapmakers and draftsmen varied considerably when the United States entered World War I in 1917. Desperate to fill the ranks with qualified personnel, the army turned to civilians who had honed their craft with the U.S. Geological Survey and other professional mapmaking entities. Since the men had but a short period of time to prepare for mapping in wartime conditions, the Americans wisely deferred to the methodologies employed by their allies. The Americans adopted the French system of coordinates, the metric system, and most importantly, they utilized French military survey maps to overlay the latest intelligence, which hastened the creation of maps that were needed for military operations. It would be a mistake, however, to cast the American mappers as mere imitators; rather, they innovated methods of printing, distribution, and intelligence gathering that resulted in accurate maps that were widely and quickly distributed to troops at the front, where detailed and current information held sway over life and death. By the end of the war, the American mapmakers produced more than five million maps, primarily during the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives, which contributed significantly to the defeat of Germany and the other Central Powers.

Motta, Giuseppe The Great War against Eastern European Jewry, 1914–1920 (review)

REVIEWS 581 war did not have sufficiently deep roots to sustain Russia through the turmoil of revolutions and a civil war that drove wedges deep into Russian society. The Soviet regime largely ignored the direct experience of the First World War, subsuming it into the October Revolution, and failing to construct memorials to the soldiers who had died fighting for Russia. As Stockdale suggests, the new regime used some of the generic qualities identified during the war — love of the motherland and the like — in its own construction of a Soviet identity but the war itself, however, remained as a ghostly presence hidden behind Bolshevik ideas of patriotism and citizenship. School of History Peter Waldron University of East Anglia Motta, Giuseppe. The Great War against Eastern European Jewry, 1914–1920. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2017. 270 pp. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. £61.99. Giuseppe Motta’s book examines the dynamics and consequences of violence inflicted on the Jews of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires during and after the Great War. Based largely on secondary sources and the documents of the Joint Distribution Committee, it focuses on the pitiful situation of Russian and Polish Jews in wartime and during the revolutionary turmoil, which lasted until the early 1920s. Throughout this turbulent period, Jewish communities were targeted by the belligerent armies and insurgent bands, in part due to traditional religious and socio-economic antagonisms, but also on account of an alleged worldwide ‘Judeo-communist’ conspiracy. As a result, robberies, expulsions and pogroms claimed thousands of victims, turning tens of thousands of Jews into refugees and unwanted migrants. The book’s strengths lie in its rich historiographic foundation and abundance in factual details. Well-written and free of academic jargon, it should inspire interest not only amongst scholars, but also general readers. The author methodically describes the evolution of anti-Jewish prejudices from the nineteenth century to the deportations by the Russian army in World War One, when the existing negative stereotypes of Jews were reinforced by a ‘spyfever ’, which permeated all war-zones. Motta also shows that in the wake of the state-collapse in Russia and Austro-Hungary in 1917–18, anti-Jewish violence became much more widespread and extreme, often acquiring the form of punitive expeditions (p. 81). Nor did the end of the Russian civil wars bring relief to the beleaguered Jews, as various insurgencies continued to claim their victims (p. 167). SEER, 96, 3, JULY 2018 582 The situation of Russian and Ukrainian Jews in 1914–20 has been wellcharted , but the book’s most original elements are its detailed descriptions of the activities of the American Joint Distribution Committee and the Russian Jewish Aid Society to the Victims of War (EVOPO), which attempted to alleviate the plight of Jews by sending funds and acting through diplomatic channels (pp. 41, 57), and the travails of Jewish refugees in the Far East. TheGreatWarconstitutesagoodoverviewofoneofthemosttragicperiodsin Jewish history, but its main flaw is its lack of any sort of conceptual framework (possibly because its main target is a general audience). Consequently, all the chapterstelltheirownparticularstory,whichcompelsthereadertosurmisethe correlations between them and the author’s principal objectives. Accordingly, without some form of analytical apparatus, the book’s title appears misleading, for its geographic scope in fact covers the Pale of Settlement within the Russian Empire and Galicia and Bukovina within Austro-Hungary. The reader is thus left to guess, while other important territories of East European Jewry such as Hungary, Romania or western Poland are not covered. Also, since World War One witnessed the large-scale persecution of non-Jewish ethno-cultural or national groups — such as the Germans in Russia, the Rusyns in AustroHungary and the Armenians in Turkey — the book would have benefited from placing the plight of Jews in a broader historical context, briefly highlighting the commonalities and differences of these cases. Numerous inconsistencies in name-and-locality spelling demonstrate the difficulties of dealing with regions with frequently changing borders. The author disregards any convention (perhaps an explanation or a chart of alternative names would have been helpful), using Polish, Russian, English and Ukrainian spellings randomly — for example, Chernihiv in Ukrainian, but Ekaterinoslav in Russian, although both places are located...

REASSESSING FRONTLINE MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS OF THE BRITISH CIVIL WARS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY MEDICAL WORLD

AbstractMedical provision in Civil War armies has generally suffered a poor reputation. Medical matters have been excluded from assessments of how far Civil War armies confirm evidence of the so-called ‘Military Revolution’, whilst Harold Cook argued that it was not until after the Glorious Revolution that the medical infrastructure of the armed forces was brought in line with continental practices, particularly those of the Dutch army. Despite the recent rehabilitation of early modern practitioners elsewhere, frontline military practitioners continue to be dismissed as uneducated, unskilful and incompetent. This is largely due to the lack of a fresh perspective since C. H. Firth published Cromwell's Army in 1902. This article argues that the English were well aware of current medical practice in European armies and endeavoured to implement similar procedures during the Civil Wars. Indeed, almost all the developments identified by Cook for the later seventeenth century can be found in Civil War armies. Whilst failures may have occurred, most of these can be attributed to administrative and financial miscarriages, rather than ignorance of contemporary medical developments. Moreover, there is little to suggest that medics mobilized for Civil War armies were any less capable than those who practised civilian medicine in this period.

THE PARTHIAN CAMPAIGN OF MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS

The article proves that Mark Licinius Crassus is fully responsible for the defeat in the Parthian campaign. The mistake was the very decision about the Parthian campaign. Apparently, the only motive of Crassus was to get a great victory in order to compare military glory with Caesar and Pompey. In the summer of 54 BC Crassus crossed the Euphrates and invaded Northern Mesopotamia, which was controlled by Parthia. At first his action was successful. The Romans took control of a number of cities without a fight. But Crassus did not cement his success and led the army to winter quarters in Syria. The decision proved costly as it gave time to the king of Parthia to prepare for the subsequent struggle.On the contrary, Crassus did not prepare his army for a subsequent war. He wasted his winter, collecting money from nearby territories. After that, the king of Parthia ceased to respect him as a commander. The new campaign of the Romans began in the spring of 53 BC by seven legions and almost four thousand horsemen. He crossed the Euphrates without encountering resistance from Parthians and misinterpreted the data obtained by his scouts. He chose the worst option for continuing the campaign against the advice of his commanders. The way the Romans were moving was extremely difficult: deep sand, lack of water and vegetation. The enemy managed to entice the Romans into the territory, which was very favorable for the action of the Parthian cavalry. Another time Crassus made a wrong decision to attack the enemy immediately, not allowing his soldiers to rest. Not surprisingly, the battle ended in the complete defeat of the Romans. The subsequent actions of Crassus were not well thought out and led the Roman army to a logical catastrophe.It is established that Crassus trusted the advice of those who were indifferent to the interests of Rome and did not trust his commanders. He did not only fail to use the resources of his allies but he also repelled them by his actions. It is proved that at critical moments, Marcus Crassus lost control of the situation, did not lead the army, and in taking decisions he had been pressured by the legionnaires.

Armies in Gray: The Organizational History of the Confederate States Army in the Civil War by Dan C. Fullerton

Reviewed by: Armies in Gray: The Organizational History of the Confederate States Army in the Civil War by Dan C. Fullerton Andrew S. Bledsoe Armies in Gray: The Organizational History of the Confederate States Army in the Civil War. By Dan C. Fullerton. ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017. Pp. xiv, 1338. $199.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-6598-0.) Reference works on Civil War armies are not generally light reading. From Ezra J. Warner's classics, Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders (Baton Rouge, 1964) and Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders (Baton Rouge, 1959), to more recent works like John H. Eicher and David J. Eicher's Civil War High Commands (Redwood City, Calif., 2001), data-driven studies of Civil War armies sometimes lack broad public appeal. Nevertheless, these studies provide valuable contributions for specialists and scholars seeking hard statistics on the military forces of that conflict. Military historian Dan C. Fullerton's ambitious Armies in Gray: The Organizational History of the Confederate States Army in the Civil War falls squarely within that tradition. Armies in Gray is an enormous book, and even devoted students of the Civil War's military history may find it daunting to purchase and digest. Weighing in at over 1,300 pages, Fullerton's book presents the Confederate armies' structure and configuration and his best estimates of troop strength in detail. Fullerton organizes this material into three-month quarters spanning the entire course of the Civil War. His snapshot approach permits readers to chart the Confederate military's creation, development, deployment, and composition. Fullerton's study contains very little actual narrative, instead relying on data for its structural integrity and overall utility. The insights readers may glean from it are potentially quite valuable. For instance, Fullerton disentangles the complex and bewildering institutional history of Confederate departments, theaters, areas of operation, and organization with admirable precision. This alone is a great service to historians, given the byzantine nature of the Confederate military bureaucracy. Armies in Gray also provides important insights into the Confederate army's command structure and unit composition. Fullerton provides orders of battle by quarter, down to the regimental, battery, and, occasionally, battalion level, by army and department. Students of specific units or commands will no doubt rely on his work to track their subjects' location and deployment throughout the war. Fullerton's troop strength estimates, the product of his immersion in Confederate army records, promise to be very useful for students of specific campaigns and battles. These estimates, while drawn from an exhaustive analysis of army records, should still be tempered by a measure of skepticism given the confusion within Confederate forces late in the war. Still, Fullerton presents scholars with the statistics necessary to chart the rise, fall, and evolution of Confederate forces across time and space, reducing or eliminating one of historians' more tedious chores in studying these organizations. The book's only real drawbacks are its specialized nature and its high price point, both understandable given its focus and length. Fullerton's purpose in Armies in Gray is not to analyze or interpret the figures but to present them in an organized and accessible manner that will be useful for scholars and students in their own work. He succeeds admirably in that aim, and Armies in Gray should prove to be an essential reference for serious historians of the Confederate armies. [End Page 476] Andrew S. Bledsoe Lee University Copyright © 2018 The Southern Historical Association

The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies

Carmichael's book examines how Civil War soldiers endured their life in the Union and Confederate armies. These men were volunteer soldiers, for the most part, so military life was a shock for most of them. One example concerns uniforms and the difference between Union and Confederate reactions. At the beginning of the war, everyone got a new set of clothes and a pair of shoes. For Yankees, this was a reasonably regular occurrence, but for Rebels, a new set of clothing or a pair of shoes of any variety was difficult to obtain. Carmichael uses letters and records from individual soldiers to examine soldier reaction. It is heartbreaking to read the words from southern men. The very government for which they were willing to die could not even keep them clothed.

Indigenous Cities: Urban Indian Fiction and the Histories of Relocation by Laura M. Furlan

555 554 OHQ vol. 119, no. 4 Reviews The book’s few minor typos do not detract from Utley’s work, notwithstanding the probable confusion of Dull Knife and Little Wolf in Chapter 3. For those generals who served in the pre–Civil War army, Utley highlights their leadership experience well. It is with those who did not serve before the Civil War — Howard, Miles, and Terry — that Utley slightly misses the mark. His chapter on Terry, for example, leaves readers wanting to know more about Terry’s background as a lawyer and any leadership experience acquired as a city clerk and clerk of the Connecticut State Superior Court. To this reader, Utley’s most masterful accomplishment lies in the book’s first chapter on the post–Civil War army. At the height of his trademark crisp narrative form, Utley takes just twelve pages to walk readers through thirty-five years of U.S. Army organizational evolution, from its top brass to its core of largely immigrant and inexperienced enlisted men. This is no easy feat, and while it expertly ushers in the following chapters, it also stands alone as a tool for educators seeking for students a non-tranquilizing summary of this chapter of nineteenth century American history. In these pages in 2005, historian Art Gomez reviewed Utley’s memoir and described it as a “remarkable contribution to the compendium of western scholarship.” The same can be said for this book. As Utley approaches his ninetieth year, it is clear that he remains at the top of his game. Gregory Shine Portland, Oregon INDIGENOUS CITIES: URBAN INDIAN FICTION AND THE HISTORIES OF RELOCATION by Laura M. Furlan University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln Nebraska, 2017. 338 pages. $60.00 cloth. Laura M. Furlan’s Indigenous Cities uses contemporary fiction and a wide range of visual arts to reorient how we think about regional and national histories, particularly as those histories relate to narrated conceptions of Indigenous resilience and urban spaces in the United States. Furlan traces how we have been culturally conditioned by stories that depict Indigenous men and women leaving reservations only to experience poverty, disorientation, and social demise. In this pattern, we expect Indigenous characters to eventually leave cities and return to reservations in order to renew their commitments to tribal identities, a sense of political separatism, and personal healing. Furlan challenges this worn script through a historically and geographically minded study of novels by Indigenous writers such as Janet Campbell Hale, Sherman Alexie, Louise Erdrich, and Susan Power. Characters in these novels live off reservations — in cities such as San Francisco, Seattle, Minneapolis, and Chicago — and although many keep ties to reservations, they ultimately experience variations of home in Western and Midwestern cities. Through a nimble blending of history and fiction, Furlan shows how contemporary Indigenous identities are shaped by urban spaces and policies that support frameworks for systemic marginalization and injustice, even as these same places generate cosmopolitan mobility and a sense of transnationalism that fosters meaningful paths to renewal through activism and the re-creation of tribal Identities. Furlan’s book demythologizes common assumptions about Indigenous identity in regard to static assumptions about rural and urban spaces through a historically grounded methodology that draws from theories in diasporic studies, cosmopolitanism, and transnationalism . Attention to movement and permeable borders then sets the stage for engagements with dynamic Indigenous characters who hold mirrors up to reality, echoing back Furlan’s claim that “there is not one way to be an urban Indian” (p. 7). Indeed, it is the stylistic diversity of these novels, the complexity of social situations they offer, and the material witness of the cities themselves that makes Furlan’s book a particularly compelling study of indigeneity, relocation histories, and urbanization. Readers of Oregon Historical Quarterly will be particularly interested in chapters on Janet Campbell Hale’s The Jailing of Cecelia Capture 557 556 OHQ vol. 119, no. 4 (1985), set in San Francisco, as well as Sherman Alexie’s Seattle-based works: Indian Killer (1995), “What You Pawn I Will Redeem” (2004), and Flight (2007). Furlan reads Hale’s novel as an account of urban redemption, where the Bay Area becomes a place where...