Positive Arguments Research Articles

From roots to DPs, Brazilian Portuguese and English: a model theoretical approach to language variation

The paper develops Pires de Oliveira’s (2020, in press) model theoretical approach to Brazilian Portuguese (BrP) and English. BrP and English are number marking languages, ie when n is first projected, little-n, [n 0 [X]], where X is a non-categorized root, it is projected as a predicate, <e, t> (Chierchia 2010, 2014, in press). The proposal distinguishes the denotation of n 0 from the denotation of a plurality of atoms. The nominal n 0 denotes a part-whole non-atomic lattice (Rothstein 2010, 2017). In English, atomicity is mandatory immediately after n 0 : n 1 is projected, generating [n 1 [AtP [n 0 [X]]]. This predicts no Bare Singulars in argument position in English, mass interpretation via coercion, and also that nominal root [n 0 [X]] surfaces in English when AtP is not projected, as in compounds. In BrP, [n 0 [X]] surfaces in argument position, because AtP is not mandatory after little-n. This is the bifurcation separating these two types of languages. The absence of grammatical atomicity, leads to under-specification of mass and count. Thus, the Bare Singular is neither mass nor count. Atomicity is induced by the “determiner”, understood in a broad sense: plural inflection, the definite article, some quantifiers. It explores an unitarist approach to the nominal phrase in BrP and proposes a non-canonical derivation. The conclusion explores variation in number marking languages.

An Islamic Theoretical Framework for Economic Analysis

Conventional economics despite its scientific approach and positive arguments failed to solved the current economic problems of the humanity. There are two reasons for such failure; one reason is the positivity of its nature which hinders it from playing active role in controlling human behavior. And the second reason is that its basic postulates by themselves are the causes of the creation of the economic problems. This state of the affairs, necessitate, a complete departure from the contemporary conventional wisdom, in search of solution, to an alternative framework. An Islamic framework of economic analysis could present a viable alternative in the context, due to its dynamic nature, combining both material and spiritual aspects of human economic behaviors. Therefore, this article attempts to provide some insights into the early efforts by Muslim scholars in development the science of Islamic economics. It also underscores the inadequacy of the conventional economics theory and its causes, and the need for formulation of Islamic theory of economics. Philosophical framework of Islamic economics along with some major axioms of Islamic ethics, shaping Islamic outlook on economics are also dealt with. The distinctive features of an Islamic framework for economic analysis are also delineated in this article. Using an analytical approach, the article concludes the urgency of the need for the articulation of a comprehensive Islamic framework for Islamization of economic, hence, solving the contemporary economic problems of the humanity.

DISSIPATIVE OSCILLATORS’ POWER CHARACTERISTIC NON-SYMMETRY DYNAMIC EFFECT

The features of motion of a non-linear oscillator under the instantaneous force pulse loading are studied. The elastic characteristic of the oscillator is given by a polygonal chain consisting of two linear segments. The focus of the paper is on the influence of the dissipative forces on the possibility of occurrence of the elastic characteristic non-symmetry dynamic effect, studied previously without taking into account the influence of these forces. Four types of drag forces are considered, namely linear viscous friction, Coulomb dry friction, position friction, and quadratic viscous resistance. For the cases of linear viscous friction and Coulomb dry friction the analytical solutions of the differential equation of oscillations are found by the fitting method and the formulae for computing the swings are derived. The conditions on the parameters of the problem are determined for which the elastic characteristic non-symmetry dynamic effect occurs in the system. The conditions for the effect to occur in the system with the position friction are derived from the energy relations without solving the differential equation of motion. In the case of quadratic viscous friction the first integral of the differential equation of motion is given by the Lambert function of either positive or negative argument depending on the value of the initial velocity. The elastic characteristic non-symmetry dynamic effect is shown to occur for small initial velocities, whereas it is absent from the system when the initial velocities are sufficiently large. The values of the Lambert function are proposed to be computed by either linear interpolation of the known data or approximation of the Lambert function by elementary functions using asymptotic formulae which approximation error is less than 1%. The theoretical study presented in the paper is followed up by computational examples. The results of the computations by the formulae proposed in the paper are shown to be in perfect agreement with the results of numerical integration of the differential equation of motion of the oscillator using a computer.

Inquiry Into Which Area of the Life Extension Debate is Most Effective in Changing Attitudes Towards it Among 16 to 17 Year-Olds

Existing research extension has yielded varying results about whether the public’s attitudes towards life extension are positive or negative. Such differences could be accounted for by factors such as general attitudes towards developments in science and technology and exposure to fiction (such as books or movies) which generally portray life extension in an unfavorable light. This study revealed that, at least among 16 to 17 year-old High School Juniors, there was a correlation between a favorable orientation towards scientific and technological developments and positive attitudes towards life extension. Additionally, participants who had witnessed representation of life extension in fiction were less likely to hold positive attitudes towards it. The specification of the physical state in which people would live an extended lifespan in was also found to be significant in forming attitudes towards life extension. The main positive arguments about life extension were cited to be having more time, being able to be with loved ones longer, and it being beneficial towards society and humanity. However, the most significant negative arguments were that overpopulation would become a severe issue, outliving loved ones would be distressing, and abuse of power. In an attempt to change attitudes towards life extension from negative to positive, a 15-minute presentation about either the social and personal, ethical, or scientific aspect was generally ineffective in doing so. However, out of the favorable change that did occur, the presentation on the scientific feasibility of life extension was found to be the most effective.

Analysis of the acceptance of independent women with regard to "Anthony Fierro" jewelry in Dijon (France)

For the expansion of a brand it is necessary to know the acceptance it will have in its target market. In the present case of the Colombian brand "Anthony Fierro", an internationalization is sought towards the city of Dijon in France, where there are strategic allies for the collection of information in the framework of the execution of the research. The purpose of the research is to analyze the acceptance that independent women in Dijon have of Colombian handmade designs with natural materials. The data collection through a qualitative approach allows obtaining relevant information on the perception of the target public, their consumption habits, preferences and disposition towards the type of jewelry proposed. The study highlighted jewelry design as a determining factor in the purchase decision, which is generally impulsive, and shows the handcrafted and natural characteristics as additional positive arguments.

The status of the oblique possessor in BE-possessives: Evidence from Russian and Hungarian

SummaryThis comparative syntactic study claims that the possessor of Russian and Hungarian BE-possessives neither originates nor lands in [Spec,VoiceP], the designated structural position of external arguments since Kratzer (1996). Possessive sentences universally describe a state with two eventuality participants, the possessor and the possessee (Stassen 2009). BE-possessives are built on dyadic-unaccusative existential BE. Neither of its two eventuality participants passes the agent/cause tests provided by Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Schäfer (2015). It is claimed here that possessive BE-sentences in Russian and Hungarian pattern with thepiacere-subclass ofpsych-predicates, inasmuch as the possessor bears the oblique case and the theme appears in the nominative in them. In the cartographic model, the oblique experiencer of thepiacere-type ofpsych-predicates targets a position higher than canonical, agent/cause subjects do (see Cardinaletti 1997, 2004; Rizzi 1997, 2004 for Italian). This paves the way for oblique possessors and non-canonical subjects to appear in positions left-adjacent to the designated position for canonical, nominative subjects (see Cardinaletti 1997, 2004 for Italian; Benedicto 1995; Livitz 2006, 2012 for Russian; Dalmi 2000, 2005 for Hungarian). Possessive BE-predicates in Russian and Hungarian share a number of syntactic and semantic properties with existential BE (see Partee & Borschev 2008 for Russian and Szabolcsi 1992, 1994 for Hungarian). Nonetheless, BE-possessives and BE-existentials differ in the two languages in their clausal architecture, due to the fact that EPP is fulfilled in different ways in them.

인공지능과 예술 융합사례 고찰을 통한 안무가의 ‘몸’ 접근법 연구

This study researched the necessity to seek for the cooperative approaches without losing the essence of dance in the artificial intelligence era, by posing a problem, ‘Is the value standard of corporeality and direction for choreographers changed in the artificial intelligence era?’. The objective of this study is to research the choreographers’ approaches to ‘body’ by considering the artificial intelligence and cases of arts convergence, and also to discuss the value of utilizing the body in the artificial intelligence era. As the research method, this study considered the parts utilizing the body in the case of William Forsythe’s choreography, the case of Wayne Mcgregor’s AI experiment, and ‘Emily Calson’s personal identification through dance movements’. This study drew the positive and negative arguments in relation to understanding the concept of artificial intelligence, and approaches to convergence with arts, which was referred to for analysis.

Can exposure to arguments pro and contra extraversion affect self-reports of the trait and the attitude toward it?

Changeability of personality over short-term intervals has increasingly become a focus of research. However, the role played by argumentation interventions in short-term variations has scarcely been examined. In two experiments (N=363 and 320), we investigated how processing positive and negative argumentation regarding extraversion (Study 1: watching a lecture; Study 2: elaborating self-invented arguments) affects self-reports on this trait and attitude toward it. The experiments included three waves of measurements with argument manipulation (in favor of or against extraversion) immediately prior to Time 2 (Study 2 also included a control group). Mean-level changes in extraversion across time moments, measured with the longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis, were consistently negligible. Conversely, there were some indications that argumentation about extraversion could have immediate short-term effects on attitudes toward this trait. The random-intercept cross-lagged model showed that rank-order consistency stemmed from a trait-like intercept, which was particularly large for trait extraversion compared with the attitude. The autoregressive and cross-lagged effects of residual within-person variation were consistently small and mostly nonsignificant. Our findings suggest that extraversion and the attitude toward it maintained their temporal continuity within 3months, even under a single exposure to arguments pro and contra this trait.

After Babel and the Impediments of Hermeneutics: Releasing Translation into its own Territory

This article proposes that Steiner’s account of a hermeneutic translation does not square with his deeper linguistic and literary sympathies, that he often puts him­self in contradictory argumentative positions, despite the vigorous clarity of his reasoning, and that he might find a suitable home for those sympathies and some solution to his predicament in the kind of translational model that is offered here. While Steiner takes pleasure in language’s capacity to make room for individual privacies, for the contingencies of idiolect, and to create the imaginative space for ‘alternity’, that is, for the hypothetical, the suppositional, the optative and con­di­tion­al, the kind of hermeneutic translation which he promotes fosters sobriety, bal­ance and durability, and resists the excessive and the proliferative. It is perhaps not surprising, therefore, that many of the conclusions he draws from translation are negative and tinged with defeatism; we can only regret that he does not use his own discovery of stalemate to imagine the kind of translation that might outwit po­lar­ized positions. The article includes, as worked examples, translations from the first stanzas of Lamartine’s “L’Isolement” and Verlaine’s “En sourdine”.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL INTERACTION OF PEOPLE AND ROBOTS: FORECAST FOR THE FUTURE

The 21st century is marked by the rapid development of science and technology: robots are gradually entering all spheres of human life and activity, along with other mechanisms. In this regard, in society, in popular science literature, in the media, the question is increasingly being asked, can a robot, in particular with artificial intelligence, replace a person in performing professional activities? Variety of problem of the impact of the introduction of robots and artificial intelligence on the future lives and activities of mankind is highlighted in research, discussions, statements, public speeches by E. Musk, B. Pring, P. Roehrig, M. Frank, S. Hawking, M. Zuckerberg, etc. «Success in creating artificial intelligence could be the biggest event in the history of our civilization, or the worst. Computers can, in theory, emulate human intelligence, and exceed it. », - S. Hawking said. The purpose of the article: to carry out the psychological futurological forecast for the introduction of robots, artificial intelligence, in particular in the higher education system through the prism of the author's many years of psychological and pedagogical experience. The current trends in the achievements of scientific and technological progress are analyzed: every day all over the world there are news about examples of successful professional interaction between people and robots (robots Sofia, Grace, Aypera, student robot and much more). Conclusions: the probable possibility of professional competition between humans and robots is obviously a positive argument for obtaining higher education, as well as the ability to constantly learn independently, based on the knowledge, skills and abilities already acquired. The robotization of the educational system should lead to significant facilitation and simplification of the teacher's activities in the future, since all routine work can be put on robots, in turn, teachers will be able to fully devote themselves to pedagogical creativity.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL INTERACTION OF PEOPLE AND ROBOTS: FORECAST FOR THE FUTURE

The 21st century is marked by the rapid development of science and technology: robots are gradually entering all spheres of human life and activity, along with other mechanisms. In this regard, in society, in popular science literature, in the media, the question is increasingly being asked, can a robot, in particular with artificial intelligence, replace a person in performing professional activities? Variety of problem of the impact of the introduction of robots and artificial intelligence on the future lives and activities of mankind is highlighted in research, discussions, statements, public speeches by E. Musk, B. Pring, P. Roehrig, M. Frank, S. Hawking, M. Zuckerberg, etc. «Success in creating artificial intelligence could be the biggest event in the history of our civilization, or the worst. Computers can, in theory, emulate human intelligence, and exceed it. », - S. Hawking said. The purpose of the article: to carry out the psychological futurological forecast for the introduction of robots, artificial intelligence, in particular in the higher education system through the prism of the author's many years of psychological and pedagogical experience. The current trends in the achievements of scientific and technological progress are analyzed: every day all over the world there are news about examples of successful professional interaction between people and robots (robots Sofia, Grace, Aypera, student robot and much more). Conclusions: the probable possibility of professional competition between humans and robots is obviously a positive argument for obtaining higher education, as well as the ability to constantly learn independently, based on the knowledge, skills and abilities already acquired. The robotization of the educational system should lead to significant facilitation and simplification of the teacher's activities in the future, since all routine work can be put on robots, in turn, teachers will be able to fully devote themselves to pedagogical creativity.

Optimal extended liability rule in a competitive financial market with heterogeneous borrower firms

This paper provides a perspective that unifies two controversial arguments about the extended liability rule in a competitive financial market, i.e., the negative arguments about the exaggeration of the judgment proof problem and the positive arguments about the entry deterrence of inefficient firms. This paper also gives the theoretical solution for the optimality of the extended liability rule. In this paper, heterogeneous firms are assumed for the cost parameter of the precautionary effort, and distortions are dependent on the heterogeneities. Then, even considering extended liability with any share to the financier, the extended liability rule never achieves a socially first-best situation. Alternatively, the conditions under which the second-best optimal extended share to the financier should suffice are provided. Furthermore, I discover that the information structure is one of the crucial factors in determining the socially second-best solution for the extended share.

Modèles sémantico-syntaxiques des prédicats dans la conception de la grammaire à base sémantique de Stanisław Karolak — quelques problèmes et solutions

The author examines semantic-syntactic models of predicates according to Stanislaw Karolak’s conception of semantic-based grammar. From the list of first-order bivalent predicates provided by S. Karolak, the author analyses some of them from the point of view of the number and quality of the implied argument positions. During the analysis it often turns out that more than one model refers to one form of predicate (one signifiant). This phenomenon is due to the polysemous nature of words in natural language and, therefore, to the ambiguity of uses of predicates in different contexts (more than one signifié). In order to determine the number and type of arguments semantically implied by a given predicate, the author applies the test of negation, contraposition, and paraphrase leading to a semantic decomposition and emphasises the role of the metaphor and metonymy in their interpretation.

Built-in Argument Positions in Bulgarian and Polish

Built-in Argument Positions in Bulgarian and PolishThe issue of built-in argument positions is not particularly popular in contemporary Slavic studies. However, some developments have occurred since the introduction of predicate-argument logic in semantic-syntactic studies. This paper focuses not only on theoretical developments but also on conclusions arising from the study of two Slavic languages: Bulgarian (an analytic language) and Polish (a synthetic language). Until now, the issue of incorporating an argument position in the form of a predicative expression has been viewed as a lexical issue. However, both lexical and morphological means can be used to express a type of proposition. The peculiarities of the distinction between word and sentence are also discussed. Wbudowane pozycje argumentowe w języku bułgarskim i polskimKwestia wbudowanych pozycji argumentowych nie jest szczególnie popularna we współczesnej slawistyce. Jednak od czasu wprowadzenia logiki predykatowo-argumentowej w badaniach semantyczno-składniowych nastąpiły pewne zmiany. W niniejszym artykule skupiono się nie tylko na opracowaniach teoretycznych, lecz również na wnioskach wynikających z badania dwóch języków słowiańskich: bułgarskiego (język analityczny) i polskiego (język syntetyczny). Dotychczas zjawisko wbudowania pozycji argumentowych w wyrażenie predykatywne było postrzegane jako zagadnienie leksykalne. Jednak zarówno środki leksykalne, jak i morfologiczne mogą służyć wyrażaniu pewnego typu propozycji. Omówiono również osobliwości rozróżnienia wyrazu od zdania.

Darwinian-Selectionist Explanation, Radical Theory Change, and the Observable-Unobservable Dichotomy

ABSTRACT In his recent 2018 book, Resisting Scientific Realism, K. Brad Wray provides a detailed, full-fledged defense of anti-realism about science. In this paper, I argue against the two main claims that constitute Wray’s positive and novel argument for his position, viz., his suggested Darwinian-selectionist explanation of the success of science and his skepticism about unobservables based on radical theory change. My goal is not wholly negative though. Instead, I aim to identify the type of work that an anti-realist like Wray would need to undertake in order to further substantiate their position, viz., taking a stance on inductive inference and support, and the type of realist and anti-realist positions that seem viable.

Empirical analysis of the judgment of unconditional basic income through YouTube comments

One of the world’s largest video-sharing platforms is YouTube, where viewers can comment onthe videos and their topics. The aim of this study is to examine the values and opinions aboutunconditional basic income according to the comment sections of several Youtube’s videos whichtopic is the previously mentioned UBI which is receiving increasing attention in parallel withtoday’s economic and social changes. Our research works with a mixed method, data collection,storage, sentiment analysis and the bag of words method which were implemented using ITprocedures, while categorization was done through manual coding. The results of the sentimentanalysis show that positive arguments appear to a lesser extent in the comments. Positivearguments have value characteristics such as inclusion, the principle of the right to exist, justiceand freedom. Among the positive arguments feasibility enjoys the highest support. Negativecategory values arise more frequently, so the emphasis on the values of injustice, exclusion,unaffordability, and performance-orientation is dominant in the analyzed comments.

Consciousness and cognition in plants.

Unlike animal behavior, behavior in plants is traditionally assumed to be completely determined either genetically or environmentally. Under this assumption, plants are usually considered to be noncognitive organisms. This view nonetheless clashes with a growing body of empirical research that shows that many sophisticated cognitive capabilities traditionally assumed to be exclusive to animals are exhibited by plants too. Yet, if plants can be considered cognitive, even in a minimal sense, can they also be considered conscious? Some authors defend that the quest for plant consciousness is worth pursuing, under the premise that sentience can play a role in facilitating plant's sophisticated behavior. The goal of this article is not to provide a positive argument for plant cognition and consciousness, but to invite a constructive, empirically informed debate about it. After reviewing the empirical literature concerning plant cognition, we introduce the reader to the emerging field of plant neurobiology. Research on plant electrical and chemical signaling can help shed light into the biological bases for plant sentience. To conclude, we shall present a series of approaches to scientifically investigate plant consciousness. In sum, we invite the reader to consider the idea that if consciousness boils down to some form of biological adaptation, we should not exclude a priori the possibility that plants have evolved their own phenomenal experience of the world. This article is categorized under: Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition Philosophy > Consciousness Neuroscience > Cognition.

Bare singulars and singularity in Turkish

This paper explores the semantics of bare singulars in Turkish, which are unmarked for number in form, as in English, but can behave like both singular and plural terms, unlike in English. While they behave like singular terms as case-marked arguments, they are interpreted number neutrally in non-case-marked argument positions, the existential copular construction, and the predicate position. Previous accounts (Bliss, in Calgary Papers in Linguistics 25:1–65, 2004; Bale et al. in Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 20:1–15, 2010; Görgülü, in: Semantics of nouns and the specification of number in Turkish, Ph.d. thesis, Simon Fraser University, 2012) propose that Turkish bare singulars denote number neutral sets and that morphologically plural marked nouns denote sets of pluralities only. This approach leads to a symmetric correlation of morphological and semantic (un)markedness. However, in this paper, I defend a strict singular view for bare singulars and show that Turkish actually patterns with English where this correlation is exhibited asymmetrically. I claim that bare singulars in Turkish denote atomic properties and that bare plurals have a number neutral semantics as standardly assumed for English. I argue that the apparent number neutrality of bare singulars in the three cases arises via singular kind reference, which I show to extend to the phenomenon called pseudo-incorporation and a construction that I call kind specification. I argue that pseudo-incorporation occurs in non-case-marked argument positions following Öztürk (Case, referentiality, and phrase structure, Amsterdam, Benjamins, Publishing Company, 2005) and the existential copular construction, whereas kind specification is realized in the predicate position. The different behaviors of bare singulars in Turkish and English stem from the fact that singular kind reference is used more extensively in Turkish than in English. Furthermore, while there are well-known asymmetries between singular and plural kind reference cross-linguistically, Turkish manifests a more restricted distribution for bare plurals than English in the positions where pseudo-incorporation and kind specification are in evidence. I explain this as a blocking effect, specific to Turkish, by singular kind terms on plural kind terms.

The syntactic status of noun incorporation in the tenetehára language (Tupi-Guarani family)

This paper aims at proposing a theoretical analysis that explains the noun incorporation process in the Tenetehára language (Tupi-Guarani). Thus, we attempt to answer the question: based on the assumptions of the Minimalist Program (cf. Chomsky, 1993, 1995), what is the formal feature responsible for motivating noun incorporation in Tenetehára? We consider two types of noun incorporation in the language under analysis, namely: (i) transitive predicates which become formally intransitive verbs as the internal argument is incorporated; and (ii) in the instances of possessive structures in internal argument positions of intransitive and transitive verbs, verbal valence is preserved, since only the possessee noun is incorporated. As for the syntax of noun incorporations, based on Baker (1988), we lay the foundation for further investigation about this morphosyntactic phenomenon within a minimalist approach (cf. Chomsky 1993, 1995). In summary, we propose that, in the Tenetehára language, the driving force responsible for the incorporation of the noun into the head of a vP is the [+non-individuated] formal feature.

Medical Ethics: Uncommon Morality and the Implications for Medical Ethics Education

"Common morality has been the touchstone for addressing issues of medical ethics since the publication of Beauchamp and Childress’s Principles of Biomedical Ethics in 1979. In my presentation, I will challenge that reigning view by presenting two arguments. The negative argument shows why common morality cannot be the ethics of medicine. The positive argument explains why medical professions require their own ethics. I will then explain medicine’s distinctive ethics in terms of the trust that society allows to the profession. By distinguishing roles from professions, I will explicate sixteen specific duties that medical professionals undertake when they join the profession. My derivation of medicine’s distinctive ethics begins with a thought experiment demonstrating that trust is at the core of medical practice. Society allows doctors to develop special knowledge and skills and allows them to employ special powers, privileges, and immunities that could be particularly dangerous to members of society. Society, therefore, has to be assured that professional’s use of their remarkable powers and privileges will be constrained to their intended use. Professions’ publically declared codes and oaths go a long way to engender public confidence in medical professionals. Medical education must complete the job by helping our trainees understand their professional obligations and become clinicians who uphold their profession’s ethics. Medical educators therefor have to help our students comprehend and internalize their duty to “seek trust and be deserving of it,” and uphold their fiduciary responsibility to “use medical knowledge, skills, powers and privileges for the benefit of patients and society.” "