Government Area Research Articles

International Cooperation in Criminal Digital Finance Cases

The development and application of digital technologies in the areas of governance, economy, society, etc., along with the digitalization of public life, have all led to changes in the legal sphere. The creation of legal rules governing relations connected with the digitalization and transformation of law and legal phenomena and categories are also influenced by the digitization process. The most active development is in the sphere of digital finance. Such concepts as cryptocurrency, tokens, digital financial assets, and virtual money are increasingly taking on their own legal forms. Such new technologies carry risks, because they can be used for both legal and illegal purposes. Since digital technologies are used on the Internet, a completely new, virtual environment of relations has been formed, which is unaffected by the traditional tools of industry legislation. For this reason, at the international level, a regulatory framework is beginning to form for interaction in criminal proceedings that are the subjects or means of digital financial instruments. The difficulty lies in the fact that digital technologies, although essentially based on the same software solutions, face different legal regulations and conceptual contents in different states. The purpose of this article is to analyze the current criminal procedural aspects related to international cooperation in digital finance cases.

The Discourse on the Relationship of Power between the State and the People in Indonesian Indie Band Song

This research focuses on analyzing the discourse of the power relation between the state and the people in Indonesia in the lyrics of the songs "Kami Belum Tentu" and "Padi Milik Rakyat" by Feast (group band). Intolerance became Indonesia main concern in 2018 especially Surabaya’s church bombing, which then elaborated on other issues related to the socio- economic and political phenomena in Indonesia. The two songs were chosen because they adequately describe the socio-economic and political conditions in Indonesia and related to various sectors of government.This study uses Normal Fairclough's critical discourse analysis method to read the discourse on power relations between the state and the people which is articulated in the lyrics of the two songs. The results of this study conclude that the discourse on power relations with the form of Governmentality is spread in various areas of government, including in the leadership of a democratic country, the education system in Indonesia, the law constitution of UU ITE, towards farm workers through Reforma Agraria, and also in the management of tax money in Indonesia. The people will always be in a repressive state power system and the state uses its political power to carry out hegemonic submissions that are detrimental to the people structurally and economically through the ISA (Ideological State Apparatus) and RSA (Repressive State Apparatus) which critized in Indonesian indie song lyric.

The Discourse on the Relationship of Power between the State and the People in Indonesian Indie Band Song

This research focuses on analyzing the discourse of the power relation between the state and the people in Indonesia in the lyrics of the songs "Kami Belum Tentu" and "Padi Milik Rakyat" by Feast (group band). Intolerance became Indonesia main concern in 2018 especially Surabaya’s church bombing, which then elaborated on other issues related to the socio- economic and political phenomena in Indonesia. The two songs were chosen because they adequately describe the socio-economic and political conditions in Indonesia and related to various sectors of government.This study uses Normal Fairclough's critical discourse analysis method to read the discourse on power relations between the state and the people which is articulated in the lyrics of the two songs. The results of this study conclude that the discourse on power relations with the form of Governmentality is spread in various areas of government, including in the leadership of a democratic country, the education system in Indonesia, the law constitution of UU ITE, towards farm workers through Reforma Agraria, and also in the management of tax money in Indonesia. The people will always be in a repressive state power system and the state uses its political power to carry out hegemonic submissions that are detrimental to the people structurally and economically through the ISA (Ideological State Apparatus) and RSA (Repressive State Apparatus) which critized in Indonesian indie song lyric.

Evidence-Based Assessment of Readiness to Solve Wicked Problems: The Case of Migration Crisis in Croatia and Slovenia

The migration crisis was and, in some aspects, still is one of the biggest challenges that the European Union (EU) has faced recently. In the crisis peak in 2015/16, most of its member states were affected in different ways. This paper contributes to the ex-post dialog of this transboundary crisis and attempts to present the level of readiness to solve wicked problems and manage a transboundary crisis, looking at the perspective of two countries—Slovenia and Croatia. The paper focuses on the following areas of migration governance: (1) border management, (2) reception policies, (3) migrant protection regimes, and (4) national security, which represented the main issues for transit countries and are embedded in the capacity assessing tool Survey Tool used in the paper. With its set of questions and using a multiple case studies methodology and comparative analysis, the paper’s results show the rather immature level of mass migration capacities at both transit levels studied. In the absence of migration crisis studies, the proposed paper retains its originality and adds value, especially in multi-level systems, in assessing the complexity of the crisis from a national perspective and providing the numerical assessment of crisis management capacity.

Nature of Land

Contemporary happenings in Nigeria especially in the areas of governance, security and religious interactions call for deep reflections and basic questions. There are concerns about religious insurgency, kidnappings for ransoms, ritual killings and so on. How does one reconcile the happenings with God’s divine will and love for humans? Using critical analytic method, the paper tries to bring the problem of God and human experience of evil in Nigeria into dialogue with the science of anthropology. The paper concludes that lawlessness and human arrogance and choices escalates most of the challenges in Nigeria.

Divine Will and Human Experience of Evil in Contemporary Nigerian Society:A Theological Reflection

Contemporary happenings in Nigeria especially in the areas of governance, security and religious interactions call for deep reflections and basic questions. There are concerns about religious insurgency, kidnappings for ransoms, ritual killings and so on. How does one reconcile the happenings with God’s divine will and love for humans? Using critical analytic method, the paper tries to bring the problem of God and human experience of evil in Nigeria into dialogue with the science of anthropology. The paper concludes that lawlessness and human arrogance and choices escalates most of the challenges in Nigeria.

Anti-bribery and Corruption Policies in International Sports Governing Bodies.

International Sports Governing Bodies (“ISGBs”) are diverse in their aims but share a need to maintain a reputation of accountability in the eyes of their stakeholders. While some literature analyses the general governance concerns faced by these organizations, there is limited focus on anti-bribery and corruption (“ABC”) within this sphere. This paper's research aim is an exploratory evaluation of the ABC best practice policies that exist within ISGBs, asking how they can be assessed and what best practice policies currently exist within this framework. This paper undertakes a critical review of the diverse ABC governance policies in the largest ISGBs through content analysis on governance documents publically available on the sample ISGB websites. This review was undertaken twice on the same ISGBs, in 2017 and 2020, and the changes reviewed. The research highlights best practice policies for recommendation to all ISGBs, and illuminates the absence of adequate policies with regards to the risk of bribery in ISGBs. The findings show there was no area within the framework that ISGBs performed well at as a collective, and there was no single ISGB whose anti-bribery policies were strong in all areas. However, the comparison between 2017 and 2020 shows an improvement in ABC policies in some ISGBs over the timeframe analyzed. The implications are a need for sharing best practice in this area of governance, and providing global guidance on ABC policies for ISGBs to ensure integrity in the sector.

Special Economic Zones Facing the Challenges of International Taxation: BEPS Action 5, EU Code of Conduct, and the Future

ABSTRACT Corporate taxation and particularly corporate tax incentives that jurisdictions introduce in special economic zones have not, until recently, been subject to extensive international regulation. Only in the last decade has a regime of soft law standards and European Union measures with extraterritorial effect been constructed. This article explains how the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Action Plan developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union Code of Conduct for Business Taxation interact with corporate tax incentives in special economic zones. Empirical evidence from Latin American and Caribbean jurisdictions shows that this emerging international regime began having an impact on special economic zone laws beyond the OECD and European Union Member States. An analysis of ongoing negotiations on the further developments of the international tax regime permits the cautious conclusion that the regulation of SEZs may in the future be affected in a more fundamental manner by international norms. Thereby, the article shows that special economic zones’ unilateralism in corporate taxation may be slowly receding in contrast to other areas of international economic governance.

Національна інфраструктура геопросторових даних України у світовому вимірі: стан та нагальні завдання розвитку і сталого функціонування

The purpose of this paper is to summarize world experience and trends in the development of geospatial data infrastructure (SDI) in developed countries, assess the state of formation of the national geospatial data infrastructure (NSDI) in Ukraine, identify key problems and tasks to ensure its sustainable development and functioning. Methodology. Monographic method for processing scientific publications, regulations, standards and other materials for the creation of NSDI. The assessment of the state of formation of the NSDI in Ukraine was made according to the indicators that were determined by the UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM). Results. The key principles, architecture and roles of producers, holders and users of data of three generations SDIs, observed in the evolution of SDIs in developed countries, are determined. Periodization of the main initiatives and projects in 1992–2020, concerning the formation of NSDI in Ukraine. The overall assessment of the state of NSDI in Ukraine according to UN-GGIM indicators at the time of the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On National Geospatial Data Infrastructure” (2020) is 0.39, which corresponds to the rating of countries with a “geospatial gap”. The biggest challenges were identified in the areas of governance and institutional support, financial support, production and updating of data, ability and education, communication and partnership. The basic architecture, the composition of geoinformation services of the NSDI geoportals of Ukraine and the means of achieving interoperability of NSDI components based on the implementation of the national profile of geographic information standards harmonized with the international standards of the ISO 19100 series and the technical specifications of the Open Geospatial Consortium have been substantiated. Scientific novelty. Assessment of the state of formation of NSDI in Ukraine according to UN-GGIM indicators, substantiation of directions and technological models of ensuring interoperability of NSDI components taking into account the conditions of Ukraine. Practical significance. The key problems and urgent tasks of NSDI development in Ukraine are identified, the sequence of stages of its development is substantiated by the priority implementation of the basic network of infrastructure geoportals for access to existing geospatial data with the gradual provision of their interoperability and consistency based on the use of the unified set of basic geospatial data and the implementation of the national profile of geoinformation standards.

Evaluation of Branding as a Tool for Entrepreneurship Success

This study evaluated branding as a tool for entrepreneurship success. The study is delimited to bakeries in Ikeji- Arakeji Area in Ori-Ade Local Go vernment of Osun State, Nigeria. The study is guided by three research questions and seeks to know the effects of packaging, customer’s taste and product’s price on the growth of bakeries, rate of patronage, volume of sales and customer’s choice. Five companies producing bread and two hundred bread customers are considered. A descriptive survey research design is used to determine the effects of branding on the success of entrepreneur among companies producing bread products. The data collected is analyzed using simple frequency counts, percentage mean and standard deviation. The results from the study revealed that unique packaging has ability to increase customer’s patronage and that an increase in patronage results into an increase in sales which in turns impacts business growth. The results also revealed that customers buy more of bread from which they derive high satisfying taste. It is also shown in the results that quality of bread is not determined by price and that people tend to buy more of the bread that are carrying lower prices irrespective of their quality. Going by the results obtained, the study concluded that adequate and unique branding influence entrepreneurship success. The study therefore recommends that firms should endeavor to improve their branding system as this will enable them to remain relevant in market and stand the phase of competition.

Cluster randomised controlled feasibility study of HENRY: a community-based intervention aimed at reducing obesity rates in preschool children

BackgroundCommunity-based obesity prevention interventions are often commissioned despite the limited evidence base. HENRY (Health, Exercise, Nutrition for the Really Young) is a programme delivered to parents of preschool children across the UK. Early evidence suggests that it may be effective, but a robust evaluation has not been conducted. We initiated a systematic evaluation of HENRY by studying the feasibility of conducting a multi-centre definitive trial to evaluate its effectiveness and cost-effectiveness to prevent obesity. Objectives were to assess the feasibility of recruiting local authorities, centres and parents; test processes and time required to train and certify intervention staff; explore HENRY commissioning processes; identify potential sources (and associated impact) of contamination; and consider the feasibility of trial procedures.MethodsWe conducted a multi-centre, open labelled, two group, prospective, cluster randomised, controlled, feasibility study, with embedded process evaluation and pre-defined criteria for progression to definitive trial. We sought to recruit 120 parents from 12 children’s centres, across two UK local authority (government) areas. Within each local authority, we planned to randomise three centres to HENRY and three to ‘standard care’ control. Our plan was to collect data in family homes at baseline and 12 months, including parent and child height and weight, and parent-reported questionnaires on self-efficacy, feeding, eating habits, quality of life and resource use. Contamination, implementation and study acceptability were explored using parent interviews.ResultsWe recruited two local authorities and 12 children’s centres within eight months. One hundred and seventeen parents were recruited (average 3.9 parents per programme) and follow-up data were collected from 85% of participants. Process data from 20 parents and 24 members of staff indicate that both would benefit from more detail about their involvement as participants, but that methods were acceptable. Contamination was likely, though the impact of this on behaviour was unclear.ConclusionOur findings indicate that a cluster RCT of HENRY to assess its effect on childhood obesity prevention is feasible. This study has allowed us to design a pragmatic definitive trial with minimal bias, taking account of lessons learnt from conducting evaluation research in public health settings.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03333733 registered 6th November 2017.

Local Government and Community Efforts in the Development of Kalaodi Agrotourism, Tidore Archipelago City, Indonesia

This research aimed to examine the development of Kalaodi Agrotourism, the development of tourism facilities in the Kalaodi Agrotourism area, and the development of human resources in the tourism sector carried out by local governments and communities. This research used a qualitative descriptive approach, and it used an interactive model as the data analysis technique. The results showed that Kalaodi had many kinds of tourism wealth, specifically, in the form of nature, agro, and cultural tourism. The Kalaodi community had the will and enthusiasm to develop tourism objects in their area. There were various public transportation facilities such as roads, good sanitation, electricity facilities, and communication facilities even though Kalaodi was a village located far from the central government and urban areas. In addition, the Kalaodi community had developed human resource development programs, such as the creation of literacy houses, the formation of art galleries, English language training, and home industry product development training. In developing agrotourism, the collaboration between the local government and the community is needed, both in the development of tourist objects and tourism support facilities. Keywords: Development, Kalaodi Agrotourism, Tidore

Governing resilient landscapes across the source-to-sea continuum

ABSTRACT The source-to-sea continuum links the interconnected ecosystems of the water cycle with the associated socioeconomic processes, demands and pressures. Maximizing benefits and protecting existing resources through integrated water management and governance at scale capitalizes on existing institutional and governmental asymmetries by developing an outcome-driven management that builds on existing local, national and transboundary legal frameworks to enhance connectivity. This paper presents how to action this through focusing on three areas of governance: benefit-sharing dialogues for shared visioning; a multi-stakeholder platform to increase coordination in decision-making both up- and downstream; and improved agency coordination between basins and coasts.

Spatial-temporal variations of soil erosion in Southern Yunnan Mountainous Area using GIS and RUSLE: A case study in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province, China.

It is of great significance to understand the spatial-temporal change of soil erosion in the Southern Yunnan Mountainous Area, especially for soil and water conservation planning and ecolo-gical protection in the world cultural heritage area. Based on the RUSLE model and GIS/RS space information technology, we examined the spatial-temporal variation of soil erosion and its relationship with environmental factors in Yuanyang County from 2005 to 2015. The results showed that, during the study period, the spatial differentiation of soil erosion in Yuanyang County was substantial. The soil erosion area was concentrated on the southeast and southwest region. Erosion widely distributed among both sides of Tengtiao River. Extreme and severe erosion presented a point distribution pattern. The average soil erosion modulus was 11.06 t·hm-2·a-1 from 2005 to 2015. The erosion level was basically slight and mild, accounting 80% of the total. Mild and moderate erosion contributed nearly 50% of total annual soil erosion, which was the key level of soil erosion control. During the study period, soil erosion had been slowed down with the improvement of forest cover. The terrain was complicated and changeable in Yuanyang County, and soil erosion distribution had a prominent correlation with altitude and slope. The formation of this distribution pattern was driven by numerous natural and human factors. The key area of soil and water protective governance were below 500 m, above 1500 m and slope located at 25°-45°.

Studi penyebaran populasi dan daya dukung habitat Kuskus Beruang (Ailurops ursinus) di Pulau Manado Tua Sulawesi Utara

STUDY OF SPREADING POPULATION AND HABITAT CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE SULAWESI BEAR CUSCUS (Ailurops ursinus) AT MANADO TUA ISLAND OF NORTH SULAWESI. Manado Tua Island is still keeping the endemic Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus), dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis), black macaque (Macaca nigra), tarsius (Tarsius spectrum) as well as some kinds of plant biodiversity including forest galangal (Alpina sp.) and forest pandanus (Pandanus sp.), all should be protected intensively. Objective of this study was to evaluate spreading population and habitat carrying capacity of bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) at the Island of Manado Tua I and II, to be used for recommendation package of conservation model on the base of administrative condition of Manado governmental areas. The Variables observed in this study were population density of bear cuscus and dwarf cuscus as well as their habitat carrying capacity of plant vegetation including categories of try, bush, thicket and seedling levels. Data of wild animals were found by Line Transect Method. Plant vegetations were calculated based on the important index values of each category level. Result showed that Manado Tua I Island was inhabited by dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) of about 295 heads and bear cuscus (Ailurops Ursinus) of about 49 heads. Manado Tua II Island was inhabited by dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) of about 305 heads and bear cuscus (Ailurops Ursinus) of about 57 heads. Habitat carrying capacity of try vegetation level of the important index values was about 298,65% and seedling vegetation level of about 300,68%. These mean that carrying capacity was supporting the conservation for both kinds of cuscus in Manado Tua Island. These population of the endemic wild animals in Manado Tua I dan II Islands should be protected as their habitat area was degrading due to uncontrol illegal logging and hunting by local community.Keywords: habitat carrying capacity, dwarf cuscus, bear cuscus

Adoption of Mobile Government Cloud from the Perspective of Public Sector

Mobile cloud computing (MCC) has been widely used in every aspect of our society, bringing both advantages and challenges. However, the adoption of MCC technology is still at an early stage of implementation in the governments. To promote the adoption and diffusion of MCC in the government area, exploring the determinants and influence mechanisms of mobile cloud computing-based government (m-Gov cloud) adoption has become the focus in academic and industry. Based on the technology-organization-environment framework and trust theory at the organizational level, an integrated model including the determinants on the adoption of m-Gov cloud is proposed, and 93 survey samples from China are used to analyzed by partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that provider competence, organizational readiness, external pressure, and trust of m-Gov cloud have significant effects on m-Gov cloud adoption. Perceived benefit, perceived risk, and provider competence have significant effects on m-Gov cloud trust. The m-Gov cloud trust plays an indirect-only (full) mediation and a complementary (partial) mediation effect between perceived benefit, provider competence, and m-Gov cloud adoption, respectively, while perceived risk has no significant direct and indirect effect on m-Gov cloud adoption. The findings provide a new research perspective and practice insights to promote the implementation of solutions based on the idea of mobile cloud computing.

PENGARUH PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, INVESTASI DAN BELANJA MODAL TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DI JAWA TENGAH TAHUN 2012 – 2018

Social walfare is one of the main goal of developing area to achieve a better life. The improvement of social walfare can't be separated from economic activities that is done by all kinds of society, from private area and government area. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of economic growth, domestic investment, foreign investment, and capital expenditure on social walfare at 2012-2018 in Central Java Province.This study uses secondary data with cross-section data depends on 29 districts and 6 cities in Central Java Province and time-series data from 2012- 2018. The analytical tool used in estimating the research model is panel data regression with Fixed Effect Model.The result study is simultaneously, independent variable has an effect to dependent variable. Meanwhile partially, the variable of domestic investment and capital expenditure have significant effect to social welfare while economic growth and foreign investment have no significant effect to the social walfare in Central Java Province.

Estimation of the Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficients of Bell Pepper Using a Removable Weighing Lysimeter: A Case Study in the Southeast of Spain

Water use efficiency is essential in semiarid regions of Spain, and it can be achieved through a precise knowledge of the real crop water requirements (CWR). The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the CWR. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. In this work, the evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were obtained with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons (2019 and 2020). ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the crop evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The KClys average values for the bell pepper in the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and in the final stages and larger in the middle stage in comparison with the FAO-56 values and other research works values in semiarid conditions. The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with a minimum water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve the system efficiency in semiarid locations with similar conditions to those in the study.

Ethnic Discrimination in the Formation of State Bodies of the USSR

The level of ethnopolitical inequality is estimated as the ratio of the share of an ethnic group employed in public authorities to the share of this ethnic group among the entire employed population. This indicator can be called the coefficient of ethnopolitical representativeness. In Imperial Russia, almost all major non-Russian ethnic groups had representatives in power structures, although in most cases this was unrepresentative; the number of nominees from an ethnic group did not correspond to its population size. During the entire Soviet period, 1917–1990, there was a steady and systematic decrease in the inequality of ethnic groups in power structures. In 1989, discrimination in the authorities as a whole practically disappeared. The advantages of Russians in forming the Soviet government were minimized; their percentage in government corresponded to their share in the population. In some areas of government, ethnic inequality was leveled at different rates. In the state apparatus, equality in representation was already achieved in 1959. In the apparatus of party and public organizations, there was also a tendency to overcome discrimination, but in this area, by 1990, the percentage of non-Russians remained slightly lower than their share in the population. Minimization of ethnic inequality was a natural consequence, on the one hand, of the national policy of the country’s leadership, on the other — the desire of ethnic elites for equality in political rights.

HYBRID WAR AS A NEW FORM OF INTERSTATE CONFRONTATION

The weakening of the modern system of global security, its deformation and fragmentation lead to the growing chaos of international relations. Modern destructive technologies used in the interests of solving the problem of ensuring the global domination of the West, combined with unskilled and short-sighted actions of governments and irresponsible slogans of the opposition, put individual states and nations on the brink of disaster. Globalization as the strengthening of international economic, financial, political, cultural, demographic relationships and interdependencies affects all three key areas of managing the collective activities of people at the national level: administrative state (political) governance; management of the socio-economic sphere; management of the cultural and ideological sphere. In each area of governance, there are key areas of criticality, which can have a strong impact on the stable development of an individual country. In the context of growing global criticality, the composition of forces taking part in conflicts is changing, new non-traditional threats are emerging. In the context of globalization and the strengthening of the mutual influence of countries in the world space, as well as the rapid development of information technologies, interstate rivalry and confrontation can take fundamentally new forms. In this regard, the issues of the genesis of the phenomenon of hybrid wars and their new form of interstate proto-resistance acquire an important role. The purpose of this article is to analyze the concept of hybrid war from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach and prove that hybrid war, being a natural result of globalization, is not just a technology of interstate confrontation, but a separate concept taken in practice as a basis in the modern interstate confrontation between Russia and the United States. The problem of hybrid war is relatively new, in connection with which there is a large number of interpretations of this definition, which makes it difficult to select effective mechanisms to counter the hybrid aggressor.