Areas Of Economic Development Research Articles

Зеленый майнинг криптовалюты: экономико-правовые возможности и риски

The subjects of the study are the economic and legal opportunities and risks of green mining of cryptocurrencies. The purpose of the work is to analyze the processes of organizing mining in the Russian Federation, the formation of a model of its legal regulation with an emphasis on the economic and legal possibilities of stimulating green mining, as well as the use of cryptocurrencies in cross—border operations under sanctions pressure. The conclusion is made about the need for legal regulation of cryptocurrency mining, taking into account the analysis of the draft federal law on mining, as well as the fact that one of the promising areas of Russia's economic development is the use of associated petroleum gas to generate electricity for data processing centers, the establishment of green mining in territories with preferential tax and customs regimes. It is proposed to take into account the features of white, gray and green mining when developing legislative decisions, as well as tax incentives for relevant activities.

Book Review | Pro-Poor Development Policies: Lessons from the Philippines and East Asia

ABOUT THE BOOK: Pro-Poor Development Policies: Lessons from the Philippines and East Asia is a collection of 25 essays on Philippine economic development, written by eminent scholars, to honor the illustrious academic and public service of Arsenio M. Balisacan. Professor Balisacan’s numerous publications cover wide areas of economic development, including poverty, inequality, human development, agricultural and rural development, competition policy, and political economy of policy reforms. These are all themes covered by the 25 chapters, two of which Dr. Balisacan is a co-author, and, many of which cite his published work.

The Problem of Technological Sovereignty and the New Mission of the Central Scientific Department of Russia

The subject of the study is the new mission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, required to ensure the technological sovereignty of the national economy during the period of the Russia—West power confrontation. The purpose of the article is to develop and substantiate methodological principles for the formation of a new mission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia more adequate to the current circumstances, consisting in ensuring and reproducing Russia's technological sovereignty in strategic areas of economic development through effective coordination and development of key elements of the national innovation system (science, production, education) through the expansion of the authority and functionality of the department, including the creation of new structural divisions. The shortcomings of the previous regulatory doctrine of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, expressed in the separation of higher education from the needs of the domestic economy, are revealed. The difference in the concepts of local and global client-centricity is shown. Three enlarged strategic areas of activity of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia are considered: personnel training, generation of innovations and implementation of innovations. The goals of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia for 2023-2024 are presented in a modern interpretation. The article concludes that the new mission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia should be based on compliance with the principle of global client–centricity, according to an expanded interpretation of which the entire policy of the department is aimed at meeting the real needs of specific participants in the national innovation system - knowledge-intensive enterprises, universities, research organizations and the population.

A dataset of human culture and economy in the Yellow River Basin during 2015–2019

The Yellow River basin, bordering Kunlun in the west, Yinshan in the north, Qinling in the south and Bohai in the east, flows through nine provinces in China. As an important ecological security barrier area, residential area and economic development area in China, it plays a pivotal strategic role in the national development layout and socialist modernization. Based on historical paper and network data from 103 counties and districts of the nine provinces in the basin, this dataset is composed of 28 subsets, including the data on population (the total population, urban population distribution, ethnic habitat and population, gender structure), economy (per capita disposable income of urban residents , investment in fixed assets), agriculture (cultivated land area, grain planting area, wheat planting area, corn planting area, cotton planting area, oil plant planting area, grain output, the output of meat, eggs and milk products, aquatic product output, gross output value and index of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery), industry (the number of industrial enterprises above designated size, the number of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises, the number of state-owned industrial enterprises, the number of private industrial enterprises, the output of major industrial products, industrial profits above scale, added value of the construction sector), urban and rural areas (urban and rural overall planning, overall planning and near-term construction plan of economic development zones, urban control detailed planning, power consumption) as well as tourism (the red culture along the Yellow River). This dataset is expected to provide data support for ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.

Cooperation between Ukraine and the organization for economic cooperation and development

The article aims to determine the current and promising directions of cooperation with the OECD for Ukraine at the present stage of socio-economic development, including agriculture. The research was carried out using logical analysis, generalization, and systematization methods. The study analyzes the history of Ukraine's cooperation with the OECD; it was noted that this cooperation is promising for the country in the context of increasing the efficiency of its state administration, reforming the economy and the education system, developing infrastructure and energy efficiency, advancing in the European integration process, etc. The OECD is an essential partner for Ukraine on the way to establishing relations with other international organizations and the state authorities of its member countries. The OECD is crucial for attracting investments and business development in Ukraine (including small and medium-sized enterprises). The study systematizes the main directions of Ukraine's cooperation with the OECD. The main relevant areas of social and economic development of Ukraine, which can be activated thanks to the collaboration with the OECD, include reforms in the field of regulatory policy and transparency of management; improving the quality of education; development of small and medium enterprises; development of infrastructure and energy efficiency; fight against crime related to corruption; exchange of experience and technologies, development of the agricultural sphere. The problems of cooperation between Ukraine and the OECD include insufficient implementation of OECD recommendations and standards; difficulty implementing reforms for joining the OECD; lack of financial resources; insufficient level of awareness and involvement in OECD activities. Determining and understanding the essence of shortcomings in Ukraine's cooperation with the OECD makes it possible to eliminate them and increase the effectiveness of collaboration. The practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that they can be laid as a basis for further scientific research and used in the development/formalization of the mechanism of interaction between Ukraine and the OECD in the war and post-war period. Keywords: Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, Ukraine, cooperation, socio-economic development, agriculture.

Effects of Coastal Urbanization on Habitat Quality: A Case Study in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

Coastal areas are usually considered as pioneering areas for economic development and reform due to their unique geographical locations and ecological conditions. Correspondingly, rapid urbanization in coastal urban agglomerations has resulted in population concentration and land use/cover change (LUCC), leading to the decline of habitat quality and biodiversity. However, few studies have quantitatively explored the impacts of urban agglomeration expansion in coastal zones on habitat quality. Taking the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao-Great Bay Area (GBA) as a case study, we applied the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model to assess the habitat quality based on land use data obtained from remote sensing images from 1980 to 2020 and developed a geographically weighted regression model to quantitatively analyze the response of habitat quality to urbanization. The results showed that (1) LUCC in the GBA was dramatic from 1980 to 2020, dominated by the shift from various land use types to construction land, which led to increased fragmentation; (2) the overall habitat quality showed a decreasing trend, characterized by low values in the central part and high values in the surrounding area; (3) population and construction land such urbanization elements had a more significantly negative effect on habitat quality changes, while the relationships among slope, road distance, and habitat quality changes were complex. Based on above analysis, this paper suggests that future land management in the GBA should develop in the direction of intensification, refinement, and regional integration.

Международное измерение арктической политики Норвегии и накопленный капитал российско-норвежского сотрудничества

This article presents an analysis of Norway’s cooperation with Arctic and non-Arctic states in the Arctic over the past decade. The paper focuses on the priorities of the country’s new Arctic strategy adopted in 2020 in the areas of environmental protection, social and economic development, and improving the quality of life of indigenous peoples and residents of the northern regions. The paper aims at systematization of Norway’s experience of participation in various projects both under the aegis of international organizations in the region (the Arctic Council, the Barents-Euro-Arctic Council, the Nordic Council of Ministers, etc.) and in bilateral format with the Arctic countries. A special emphasis is placed on the analysis of Norwegian-Russian cooperation in the Arctic in the fields of environmental protection, fisheries, energy, joint operations to prevent and eliminate the consequences of oil spills and other environmental disasters, and social and cultural interaction. In addition, cooperation of Norway and Russia in multilateral formats in various sectors is examined. The current crisis in Russia-Western relations and its impact on the implementation of joint Russian-Norwegian projects and initiatives and the development of cooperation in the Arctic are analyzed.

Suggestions for Future Research in the Area of Workforce Development Systems and Regional Economic Development in the United States

Workforce development systems operate as a linchpin between individuals who desire or need to develop skills that will be remunerated well and will lead to fulfilling careers in the labor market and employers who desire skilled workers who will be productive in the workplace. These systems, however, have been criticized for failings at both ends of the system: they have not served well individuals from underrepresented populations, and they have not been responsive to the changing nature of work and employment relationships. This commentary suggests that these are the most cogent problems to be addressed in future workforce development research. Needed are subgroup analyses of each phase of education and training opportunities: outreach efforts, participation, interest and skill assessments, retention and completion, supportive services, and post-program labor market impacts. Also important will be research into the other side of the market: how can workforce development systems do a better job at inculcating skills that are needed to be productive in the workforce and skills that better meet the future demands of employers?

Assessing the Nexus Between Education, Economic Growth, and Innovation: An Empirical Analysis

Abstract Countries with a higher proportion of tertiary education graduates are wealthier and offer more diverse and motivating career opportunities to individuals, including students. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have examined the impact of education on wages and economic development and the impact of R&D and innovation on economic and social progress. However, research has focused less on the specific impact of education components (competencies, learning methods, information and communications, technology, and infrastructure) on economic development and innovation. The paper uses quantitative research methodology and dynamic panel models explore the impact of education on economic development, wages, and innovation in the European Union countries and countries that participate in PISA testing, over the period 2012-2019. The data was gathered from Eurostat, and the time period studied ranged from 2012 to 2019. We found evidence that the substantial funding of R&D and education, which promote innovation, supports a country’s need to develop and distinguish itself from others that underfund the most critical areas of economic development. The implications of this study are significant for Romania’s academic and political environments, as it encourages changes in educational policies that will consider the multifaceted impact of educational components on development through innovation.

The spatial-temporal changes of supply-demand of ecosystem services and ecological compensation: A case study of Hexi Corridor, Northwest China

Understanding the relationship between supply and demand of ecosystem services (ES) is important to achieve sustainable use of natural capital and keep coordination of supply and demand. This paper used spatial analysis of the Geographic Information Science (GIS) method to quantify ecosystem service supply (ESS) and ecosystem service demand (ESD) by constructing the ecosystem services provision index and land development index respectively. Then the spatial-temporal characteristics of ES's supply and demand situation in Hexi Corridor (HC) were analyzed. In addition, the ecosystem service flow (ESF) and the corresponding ecological compensation (EC) for the ecosystem services supply areas (ESSA) and ecosystem services demand areas (ESDA) were quantified. The results showed that the regions with medium and high ESS showed significant growth, and regions with high ESD increase significantly. Besides, the distribution pattern of the ecosystem services supply-demand ratio (ESSDR) was high in the northwest and low in the southeast, which was mainly dominated by ES surplus, and the ESSDR always has spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity, forming a relatively stable spatial pattern. The High-High cluster areas of ESSDR were mainly distributed in the better ecological area, while the Low-Low cluster was mainly distributed in the economic development area. The supply-demand coordination displayed a balanced trend, and the changing area of supply-demand was mainly concentrated in the population aggregation region in the south of HC. The EC amount paid by ESDA decreased from 2000 to 2020, indicating that the supply capacity of ES was increased. This paper can provide references for regional ecosystem management and restoration.

<p>Global Warming, Economic Development and their Impact on the Life Expectancy: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan</p>

The present study is an attempt to provide new evidence on the long-run effects of global warming (via greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), economic development (GDP growth rate), and forest area on the life expectancy by undertaking the annual time-series data of Pakistan during 1990 – 2016. The study employs the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen co-integration, and Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to estimate the long-run effects, whereas, for robustness, this study employed the Least Squares Method (LSM) and Robust Least Squares Method (ROBUSTLS). In addition to this, the study undertakes the Granger causality test to predict the causality among the study variables. The outcomes of the GLM estimations provide the negative association of the total greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide emissions, and forest area, and positive association of methane and nitrous oxide emissions with life expectancy. Further, Granger causality results provide the presence of bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and life expectancy and a unidirectional causality running from life expectancy to greenhouse gas emissions, methane emissions, and GDP. Based on the findings, the authors suggest controlling greenhouse gas emissions, including methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and focusing on the health sector to improve the life expectancy in Pakistan.

Seize the Time: Needed Research on Local Economic Development in an Era of Increased Attention to Problems of Place

Within the policy area of local economic development, this paper identifies five research needs: 1) better definitions of local labor markets; 2) policy know-how on how local economic development’s benefits can be spread to distressed neighborhoods; 3) evidence on what types of jobs have both good growth prospects and also provide long-run job opportunities for U.S. workers who lack a bachelor‘s degree; 4) estimates of how local worker skill-upgrading programs, or worker attraction programs, affect local labor market outcomes; and 5) more rigorous evaluation of both customized business services provided to individual firms and more comprehensive regional economic development strategies.

The effect of family structure on physical activity levels among children and adolescents in Western China in the era of COVID-19

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the levels of physical activity (PA) among children and adolescents in western China, and the influence of parents on their PA, in the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsThis cross-sectional study used a multistage questionnaire to evaluate 4800 children and adolescents of grades 4–12 (9–17 years old) from 48 primary and secondary schools across 16 districts and counties in western China. In addition to PA, questionnaires collected data on demography, family structure, and exercise habits. Data were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and analyzed using chi-square tests, t-tests, Spearman’s correlation, and logistic regression models in SPSS.ResultsIn this study, a minority (42.1%, n = 1553) of children and adolescents met the daily exercise target (60 min) recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) level of boys was significantly higher than that of girls. Regardless of sex, children with the highest MVPA levels were those in grades 4–6, and PA levels decreased with increasing age. Furthermore, for every hour of increase in the daily MVPA of parents, the MVPA also increased by 6.1–13.9 min in children and adolescents. Moreover, areas of higher economic development were associated with lower levels of MVPA.ConclusionsOverall, this study found a low level of MVPA in children and adolescents of western China; both family structure and parental activity have a significant influence on the children's PA levels. Besides, the impact of COVID-19 on PA levels has not been entirely negative.

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Key Rural Tourism Villages in China

Key villages of rural tourism have become an important carrier for the high-quality development of rural tourism. The precise identification of the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of rural tourism key villages is of great value in promoting the quality upgrading of rural tourism in China and realizing the goal of rural revitalization strategy. The aim is to realize the complementary coordination and integration of urban and rural areas, promote rural transformation and increase farmers’ incomes. Taking three batches of 1199 key rural tourism villages in China as research samples, the nearest neighbor index, disequilibrium index and kernel density methods were used to reveal the spatial differentiation characteristics of key rural tourism villages and the influencing factors were further analyzed using the geographical connection rate and buffer analysis. The results showed that (1) the key villages of rural tourism demonstrated a typical agglomeration in the spatial distribution, with the Hu Huanyong line as the obvious boundary. (2) The very high-density agglomeration centers were mainly located in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and the Yangtze River Delta region, while the high-density agglomeration zones were mainly located in the North China Plain on the east side of the Taihang Mountains and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. (3) The spatial distribution characteristics of hot regions were in the central and eastern regions; however, the cold regions were in the northwest and northeast regions. (4) The spatial distribution characteristics of key rural tourism villages were the result of the interaction and coupling of multiple factors. The key villages of rural tourism were mainly distributed in plain and hilly areas with dense river networks, dense populations, high levels of economic development, developed transportation and suburban areas.

REGULATIONS ON SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE

Support of social entrepreneurship is a promising area of economic and social development of Ukraine, while the domestic regulatory framework does not define the concept of social entrepreneurship, and therefore the formation of the necessary mechanisms of public administration to support it is problematic. This study analysed the understanding of the concept of “social entrepreneurship” in regulations and official documents of the European Union and EU member states, such as Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Romania, Slovenia, Finland, and the former UK member states; the common elements of this concept are established and the author's definition of social entrepreneurship is formulated as a proposal for use in the Ukrainian system of public administration and relevant regulations; the legal basis for the regulation of social entrepreneurship in the above countries is outlined for use in further research to determine the necessary mechanisms of public administration in the field of social entrepreneurship in the reintegration of servicemen, veterans of ATO / JFO and their families.

The ECLA-BNDE Economic Development Centre and the training of a generation of development planners in Brazil

This paper aims to reconstruct the history of the partnership between the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) and Brazil’s National Bank for Economic Development (BNDE). The ECLA/BNDE Economic Development Centre, which operated in Rio de Janeiro between 1960 and 1967, held courses on Problems of Economic Development in several regions of the country, training a generation of development planning specialists who worked to overcome underdevelopment. The Centre also functioned as a gateway to ECLA ideas and writings in Brazil and as a locus of knowledge production in the area of economic development. It thus impacted both the governmental sphere and the academic world, providing an alternative to predominantly neoclassical economics courses. Drawing on a combination of documents, newspaper articles and the testimony of former members of the Centre, this article describes its activities and retraces the events leading to its creation, expansion and closure.

Impacts of Urban Shrinkage on Haze Pollution-Evidence from China

This study focuses on 55 shrinking cities selected by the urban shrinkage index using data about the urban population of 250 prefecture-level Chinese cities from 2012 to 2017. It analyzes the theoretical impacts of urban shrinkage on haze pollution and the spatial distribution and autocorrelation of urban shrinkage. The spatial error model (SEM) and the fully modified least squares (FMOLSs) regression are used to empirically examine the impacts of urban shrinkage on haze pollution at national and regional levels. The results indicate that shrinking cities showed spatial agglomeration and that northeast China had the largest number of shrinking cities. Nationwide, urban shrinkage reduced haze pollution. An increase in the proportion of secondary industries, economic development, and built-up areas intensified haze pollution, while an increase in the green area in parks alleviated such pollution. Regionally, except for west China, the impacts of urban shrinkage on haze pollution were significantly negative. Urban shrinkage in central China had the greatest impacts on haze, followed by northeast China and east China. Haze pollution was intensified by the increase in the proportion of secondary industries in east, central and west China, alleviated by economic development in east and west China, slowed down by the increase in green area in parks in northeast, east and west China, and aggravated by the rise in built-up areas in northeast, central, and west China. Targeted suggestions are proposed herein to reduce haze pollution, adapt to urban shrinkage and build quality small cities based on local conditions.

Research on the Coordinated Development of Economic Development and Ecological Environment of Nine Provinces (Regions) in the Yellow River Basin

An important manifestation of high-quality regional development is the coordination of economic development and the ecological environment. We used night light data and the net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation to quantitatively analyze the economic development and ecological environment of nine provinces (regions) in the Yellow River Basin in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, and explored the coupling coordination relationship between the two from temporal and spatial scales. The analysis results showed that: (1) The ecological value of the Yellow River Basin showed a declining–rising trend. In 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, the ecological value of the Yellow River Basin was 2290.67 billion yuan, 2140.11 billion yuan, 2304.49 billion yuan and 2387.55 billion yuan. (2) The light density was related to the economic development of the city, and the light density showed a steady increase. The light index increased from 0.0001–1.6534 in 2005 to 0.0029–5.055 in 2020. The hot spots of light density were concentrated in the capital cities of the provinces with relatively good economic development and were concentrated in the east; the cold spots were mainly concentrated in the relatively slow economic development areas in the west. (3) The degree of coordination between economy and ecology in the Yellow River Basin increased from 0.1757 in 2005 to 0.2529 in 2020. However, the coordination degree of the ecological economy in the basin has been in an unbalanced state for a long time, with huge development potential. (4) There was a huge gap in the degree of ecological coordination in the basin. In 2020, the most coordinated ecological economy was 0.519 in Chengdu, and the most unbalanced was 0.053 in the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.

Spatiotemporal Variations of Carbon Emissions and Their Driving Factors in the Yellow River Basin.

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is a significant area of economic development and ecological protection in China. Scientifically clarifying the spatiotemporal patterns of carbon emissions and their driving factors is of great significance. Using the methods of spatial autocorrelation analysis, hot-spot analysis, and a geodetector, the analysis framework of spatiotemporal differentiation and the driving factors of carbon emissions in the YRB was constructed in this paper from three aspects: natural environment, social economy, and regional policy. Three main results were found: (1) The carbon emissions in the YRB increased gradually from 2000 to 2020, and the growth rates of carbon emissions in the different river reaches were upper reaches > middle reaches > lower reaches. (2) Carbon emissions have an obvious spatial clustering character from 2000–2020, when hot spots were concentrated in the transition area from the Inner Mongolia Plateau to the Loess Plateau. The cold spots of carbon emissions tended to be concentrated in the junction area of Qinghai, Gansu, and Shaanxi. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the driving factors of spatial differentiation of carbon emissions in the YRB and its different reaches tended to be diversified, so the impacts of socioeconomic factors increased, while the impacts of natural environmental factors decreased. The influence of the interactions of each driving factor showed double factor enhancement and nonlinear enhancement. This study will provide a scientific reference for green and low-carbon development, emphasizing the need to pay more attention to environmental protection, develop the green economy vigorously, and promote the economic cycle, so as to achieve green development and reduce carbon emissions.

Historical Experience in Development of Cultural and Educational Institutions in New Cities of Buryatia in 1950s—1980s

The features of the formation and development of cultural and educational institutions in the new urban settlements of Buryatia in the 1950s—1980s are discussed in the article. On the basis of previously unpublished archival documents, journalistic texts and private sources, the main activities of state and departmental clubs and houses of culture, theater associations, libraries, and museums have been reconstructed. The problems of material and technical support and staffing of cultural institutions are considered; the specifics of the formation of amateur creative teams in the conditions of areas of new economic development are revealed. It is noted that the main trends in the cultural development of Soviet cities were determined by the state, but it was looking for new ways to regulate cultural policy. The authors come to the conclusion that the concentration of young people from different parts of the country in new towns favorably influenced the formation of the cultural environment and contributed to the emergence of various forms and directions of cultural — educational and mass cultural work. It is shown that the cultural life of new cities was provided by amateur art groups. It is noted that the transition of local groups from the amateur to the professional level slowed down due to the material dependence of cultural institutions on the city-forming enterprises, whose departmental interests they were called upon to serve.