Color Area Research Articles

Road Region Extraction from RSI using K-Mean HFT Segmentation Technique

The extraction of roads from digital images is essential for automatic mapping, effective urban planning and updating of GIS databases. The very high spatial resolution images (VHR) taken by space and space probes are the main source of an accurate extraction of the route. The extraction of road networks in remote urban areas of images plays an important role in many urban applications (eg. Road traffic, geometric correction of remote sensing images in cities, updating geographical information, etc.). Because of the complex geometry of buildings and the geometry of sensor detection, it is generally difficult to distinguish the road from its background. In this research work the image segmentation techniques used for image remote sensing are discussed and evaluated. It has been found that there is no perfect method for image segmentation because the result of image segmentation depends on many factors, i.e. Pixel color, consistency, intensity, image similarity, image content and problem area. In this research work, a hybrid method is proposed for the extraction of paths from high resolution images based on the segmentation of the mean and HFT segmentation. The proposed method includes: noise suppression using the Lucy-Richardson algorithm, then a further improvement of the contrast between the initial segmentation of road and non-road pixels using the segmentation means k and finally HFT based segmentation. Simulation will be conducted on remote sensing images in urban, suburban and rural areas to demonstrate the proposed method and compare it with other similar approaches. The results show the validity and superior performance of the proposed extraction method.

Remediation of adult black dental stains by phototherapy

Introduction and aimsThis study investigates the effects of the application of antimicrobial phototherapy on black-stained tooth surfaces. Key variables were area, color and time taken to reappearance of black stain following dental prophylaxis with and without antimicrobial phototherapy. Differences in bacterial composition of black stain (specifically Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis) were analyzed.Material and methodsThe phototherapy device used was GLO™ Science LLC, New York, America, emitting light at 475 nm and a power of 3 W. Light was applied in 2 cycles of 8 min on 31 volunteers. Microbial identification was carried out on DNA extracted from black plaque. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03309748.ResultsFollowing antimicrobial phototherapy, 64.5% of patients displayed reduced pigmentation area. Plaque color was lighter in 48.4% of subjects. Pigmentation area and depth of color returned to normal levels during the course of the study. Colonization by the three bacterial species decreased, although the changes were not statistically significant. We report a key novel finding showing elevated levels of colonization by Tannerella forsythia (83.9%) in adult black stain.ConclusionsApplication of phototherapy results in a reduction in area, color and bacterial colonization of black plaque in adults. The changes were not found to be statistically significant, perhaps owing to the low illumination power of the home-whitening device. For the first time, we document the elevated presence of Tannerella forsythia in adult black stain. We also demonstrate the potential application of a commercially available home-whitening device for black plaque treatment.

317 Patient Engagement through Advanced Pressure Visualization as a Component of Pressure Injury Prevention

Hospital acquired pressure ulcers represent one of the most frequent health care problems in clinical practice. Burn patients specifically pose a greater challenge due to loss of skin integrity, post-op positioning requirements and high levels of moisture. As an adjunct to unit based standard of care, a new technology was initiated to identify if pressure visualization will encourage patient engagement in repositioning as a component of pressure injury prevention. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the impact of a new advanced pressure visualization (APV) system on patient engagement through visual feedback where body areas are exposed to pressure. The definition of engagement for this purpose is from Gruman, et al, as “actions individuals must take to obtain the greatest benefit from the health care services available to them.” Patients in the Burn Center with intact cognitive awareness and the ability to see and respond to a color screen at the foot of the bed were included. An APV was installed on all beds, which included a pressure sensor mat inside the mattress connected to a display tablet mounted at the foot of the bed. This tablet displays their body image with continuous pressure readings utilizing a color gradient to exhibit pressure values. Patients were educated on the colors reflective of high- low pressures on their individual body image. The color display indicates specific pressure measurements: ‘red’ is >75mmHg, orange is 60-74mmgHg, yellow is 45-59mmHg, green is 30-44mmHg, light blue is 15-29mmHg and dark blue 1-14mmHg. Patients were asked to reposition themselves, or request repositioning assistance from the health care team, to an area of lesser pressure color when areas of high pressure colors (red, orange or yellow) were noted. Data from the APV device was utilized to determine reduction in peak pressure with patient repositioning. Data from 10 patients and 20 repositions were identified. Initial peak pressures shown by APV images, averaged 73.5 mmHg. The average reduction in peak pressure after the ten patients self-repositions was 41.25 mmHg. The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel prevention and treatment guidelines encourage patients to work with the health care team to develop an individualized pressure ulcer prevention plan. With APV, the patient can easily identify high areas of pressure and actively participate in pressure reduction measures. While patient engagement in this population resulted in reduced pressure, further research related to APV and patient engagement for the prevention of pressure injury is warranted.

Bronchoscopic assessment of bronchial anastomosis by visualizing local circulation status-index of hemoglobin (IHb) imaging.

Healing of airway anastomosis is largely affected by local circulation. Index of hemoglobin (IHb) imaging is a color enhancement technique that clarifies local circulation in the gastrointestinal endoscopic field. In this study, we investigated the relationship between bronchoscopic assessment of bronchial anastomosis using IHb mode and occurrence of anastomosis-related complications. IHb was calculated by logarithmic transformation for each pixel of the electronic endoscopic images and expressed by colors of red, green, and blue. The distribution of each color area was automatically calculated by the summation of pixels. A preliminary experiment spraying vasodilator on swine was performed to confirm the relationship between bronchial mucosal circulation and the IHb image. Forty consecutive patients who underwent bronchoplasty were divided into retrospective training and prospective validation cohorts, and anastomosis-related complications and IHb images were analyzed. The IHb images immediately and accurately reflected the mucosal changes in the animal experiment. Among 25 cases in the retrospective training cohort, 6 cases experienced complications, with significantly lower red and higher blue values in IHb observed (P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for IHb red and blue distributions revealed the thresholds to differentiate cases with complications as 89.2 and 109.0, respectively. An analysis of the prospective validation cohort revealed that IHb blue on POD 7 was a potentially reliable predictor of complications, with 60.0% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity. IHb mode of bronchoscopy may be useful for assessing the local circulatory condition of bronchoplasty, which can predict anastomosis-related morbidity.

Hierarchical prediction-based motion vector refinement for video frame-rate up-conversion

Motion-compensated frame-rate up-conversion (MC-FRUC) often exploits either bilateral motion estimation (ME) or unidirectional ME with a fixed block size, which constrains the perceptual quality of up-converted video. In this paper, an advanced MC-FRUC approach is proposed by exploiting hierarchical prediction-based motion vector refinement. To reduce block mismatching in texture regions and color areas, an adaptive multi-layered block matching criterion is designed to extract color and edge information, which is integrated with motion information as constraint term. A hierarchical prediction-based motion vector refinement approach is proposed to obtain more accurate and dense motion vector fields (MVFs). To eliminate the outliers of MVFs, a robust dual-weighted motion vector smoothing scheme is adopted by using both spatial correlation and reliability of neighboring blocks. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has low computational complexity and outperforms state-of-the-art works in both objective and subjective qualities of interpolated frames.

Color and Shape based Method for Detecting and Classifying Card Images

This paper proposes an effective method for detecting and classifying card images by using color and shape features. We extract the card color area using color information and remove low possibility regions based on shape feature. Then, we classify the image by taking classroom size and camera distance. In order to confirm the proposed method, we conduct the experiments with our own videos. According to experimental results the proposed method achieves the overall accuracy of 93.93% in various classroom type (small and large).

Species Diversity and Structure of Wing Scales of Euploea and Papilio Butterflies from Phromlaeng, Nam Nao National Park, Phetchabun Province

This study focuses on species diversity of butterflies in the genera Euploea and Papilio in Nam Nao National Park. The butterflies were investigated every month for one year using insect nets. A total of 11 species, belonging to 2 genera and 2 families, were found. These were E. algea, E. camaralzeman, E. core, E. midamus, E. mulciber, E. radamanthus, E. sylvester, P. helenus, P. memnon, P. nephelus, and P. paris. The structure of the wing scales in different colour areas of 9 species was studied using a stereo microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The general structure of the wing scales of the butterflies of genus Euploea, independent of the colour it produces, is of longitudinal ridges, composed of tilted scutes, cross ribs that connect the ridges, and trabeculae, which link the cross ribs to the membrane of the wing scale’s upper lamina. In the Papilio species, there are 2 types of wing scales: one that exhibits blue-green iridescence and has wide-spaced ridges with concavities in between; and one displaying white, black, yellow, and red and has smaller widths between the ridges, with the space in between them containing a reticular pattern of cross ribs. The study of the wing scale microstructure of the butterflies in the Euploea and Papilio genera indicates that the patterns of the wing scale structure are genus-specific and that, despite showing similar colours, the wing scales are equipped with different mechanisms exemplifying diversity in structural coloration in nature.

Exposed body component-based harmful image detection in ubiquitous sensor data

At present, users are able to obtain a variety of image contents easily via visual sensor networks. Under this circumstance, the detection of adult or harmful images has become a highly important issue. This paper proposes an algorithm for analyzing images in the visual sensor network and robustly detecting the human nipple and navel regions, which can be used for harmful image detection. From a color image, the proposed algorithm first detects skin color areas and locates human facial regions, including the eyes and lips. The algorithm then creates a color-based nipple map for detecting candidate regions of nipples from the extracted skin regions. If a detected candidate nipple region is located within the detected facial region, the candidate nipple region is removed because it has been incorrectly detected. Subsequently, by utilizing geometrical features and the mean color filter of the nipples, the method filters the candidate regions of nipples in two steps and detects the actual nipple regions. Lastly, this method exploits the structural relation between the detected nipple regions and the navel areas to be detected, and uses the edge and saturation images to detect the navel region robustly. Experimental results reveal that the proposed adult image algorithm detects the human nipple and navel regions from various types of images more reliably than existing algorithms. Since the proposed approach uses the human structure information of the nipple and navel regions to filter the candidate navel regions effectively, it removes many incorrectly detected regions, which results in high accuracy. We expect that the proposed nipple and navel region detection algorithm will be successfully employed to detect and block harmful images in various real applications.

Impact of the Artificial Surfaces Sunk on the Global Warming by the Absorption of the Solar Radiation and the Albedo Coefficient Modification

In this article, is implicated another factor that greenhouse gases in global warming. Indeed, CO2 and its equivalents retain only infrared radiation of long wavelengths. These are issued naturally by the earth since always, but recently under the pretext of prestige or fashion, in hot countries is added the paintings of buildings in dark color, black in this case. These colors affect the albedo coefficient by the absorption of solar radiation and the emission of far infrared radiation that cannot cross the greenhouse gases, so partly reflected towards the earth causing global warming. Global action on reducing greenhouse gas emissions should therefore be complemented by a reduction in the dark color areas created by man.

Color Constancy Adjustment Using Sub-Blocks of the Image

Extreme presence of the source light in digital images decreases the performance of many image processing algorithms, such as video analytics, object tracking, and image segmentation. This paper presents a color constancy adjustment technique, which lessens the impact of large unvarying color areas of the image on the performance of the existing statistical-based color correction algorithms. The proposed algorithm splits the input image into several non-overlapping blocks. It uses the average absolute difference value of each block’s color component as a measure to determine if the block has adequate color information to contribute to the color adjustment of the whole image. It is shown through experiments that by excluding the unvarying color areas of the image, the performances of the existing statistical-based color constancy methods are significantly improved. The experimental results of four benchmark image data sets validate that the proposed framework using Gray World, Max-RGB, and Shades of Gray statistics-based methods’ images have significantly higher subjective and competitive objective color constancy than those of the existing and state-of-the-art methods’ images.

Características de la Fibra de Alpaca Huacaya de Cotaruse, Apurímac, Perú

El objetivo del estudio fue establecer el perfil de las principales características físicas de la fibra de alpaca que pueden servir para su mejor comercialización y para fines de mejoramiento genético. Se hicieron mediciones de 145 muestras de colores blanco, intermedio y obscuro pertenecientes a alpacas de cinco comunidades del distrito de Cotaruse, Apurímac, Perú, utilizando el equipo ODFA 2000 para determinar el diámetro de fibra (DF), el coeficiente de variación (CV[DF]), el factor de confort (FC) y el índice de curvatura (IC). Se estimaron los efectos de la comunidad, el sexo, edad, color de la fibra y sitio de muestreo sobre el DF, CV(DF), FC e IC y la relación entre ellos. El promedio del diámetro de fibra (MDF) estuvo influenciado por la edad (p<0.01) (valores entre 21.61 y 24.32 ìm), por color de fibra (22.30, 23.81 y 26.69 ìm para blanco, intermedio y obscuro, respectivamente) y por comunidad (de 21.9 ìm para Iscahuaca a 24.2 ìm para San Miguel de Mestizas) y por sexo (p<0.05), siendo la fibra de las hembras 1 ìm más fina que la de los machos; sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas por la zona corporal de la toma de la muestra. El CV(DF) mostró diferencias significativas por efecto de la edad (p<0.01) y por sexo y sitio de muestreo (p<0.05), pero sin diferencias por color y comunidad. El FC tuvo diferencias significativas (p<0.01) por efecto de la comunidad y color de la fibra, así como por edad, sexo y sitio de muestreo (p<0.05). El IC tuvo diferencias significativas debido a la comunidad (p<0.01), edad, sexo y color (p<0.05), pero no por el sitio de muestreo. La MDF presentó una alta y negativa correlación con FC (r=-0.99) e IC (r=-0.61) y la FC presentó una correlación positiva con IC (r=0.62). No se encontró una definición clara del sitio apropiado para el muestreo del vellón de alpaca, pero se puede realizar a la edad de 1 año. Las alpacas del distrito de Cotaruse, Apurímac, indistintamente del color del vellón, producen una buena calidad de fibra y hay un gran potencial de variabilidad para su mejoramiento genético.

Cover Picture: Materials and Corrosion. 12/2017

Cover:The image is an element mapping of a cross‐section through a 2‐layer anticorrosive coating for so‐called heavy corrosion protection. The same color is used to color areas which are chemically uniformly composed. The image was taken in an ESEM with EDX. (IMAGE: © Sika Technology AG, Zurich)

Application of AFM Measurement and Fractal Analysis to Study the Surface of Natural Optical Structures

The wings scales of the butterflies were studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in the air. Measurements were done without special preparation of species in order to observe the surface in real conditions. The data of probe microscopy (figures) confirm AFM to be a powerful technique for determining features of the insects' wings. These features play a key role in optical phenomena which makes fascinating wings coloration. The structure determines light reflection, propagation, and diffraction. AFM imaging was done at the areas of specific colors without scale separation.

PP-35 Clinical features and therapeutic options in children with neurofibromatosis 1: a single centre experience

Background Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genet-ic disorder that affects the growth and development of nerve cell tissue, with subsequent development of mul-tiple benign tumours of the nervous system and the skin, as well as the areas of abnormal skin colour and other clin-ical manifestations. Our study aimed to examine the in-cidence of clinical features and diagnostic parameters of NF1, as well as to identify the current therapeutic options. Methods We analysed retrospectively the medical doc-umentation of the patients of the Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry for Children and Youth in Belgrade, in the peri-od from 2003–2016, fulfilling clinical diagnostic criteria for NF1. In addition to demographic data, the clinical mani-festations were obtained based on diagnostic criteria, ad-ditional clinical manifestations and supplementary diag-nostic tests. In statistical analysis, we used the methods of descriptive statistics, χ² and Mann-Whitney test. In order to identify the current treatment for the NF1, we analysed the recent pharmacological data, as well as the clinical tri-als registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry. Results The study group consisted of 65 patients (35 males/30 females) up to 18 years old at the first exam-ination. Multiple cafe au lait spots (patches of tan or light brown skin) were present in all patients (65, 100%). The frequency of axillary and inguinal freckles and Lisch nodules were 70.8% and 61.5%, respectively, while neu-rofibromas (cutaneous, subcutaneous and plexiform) were present in 66.2% of patients. Glioma optic pathway (GOP) was present in 13.2%, pathological findings of visu-al evoked potentials (VEP) were recorded in one third of patients, epilepsy with 10.8% and pathological electroen-cephalographic (EEG) patterns were described at 27.7% patients. Unidentified bright objects (UBO) on the MRI were described in 50.0% of patients, with no statistical dif-ferences regarding to the age of patients (p=0.635). Char-acteristic bone lesions were diagnosed in 27.7% patients, and positive family history was in 63.1%. Mental disorders and learning disabilities were diagnosed in 26.2% of patients. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the appearance of axillary/inguinal spots and Lisch nod-ules regarding to the age of patients (p=0.419; p=0.521, respectively); however, there was a statistically significant correlation between GOP and VEP (p=0.003). The current NF1 treatment includes the symptomatic therapy, includ-ing surgery and chemotherapy, while the specific treat-ment is not available yet. A total of 122 clinical trials were identified in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry; however, there are only few, phase 2, interventional studies in children: with mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) and RAS kinase inhibitor (tapifarnib). Conclusion NF1 is a multi-system disease that requires multidisciplinary approach and monitoring. The wide range of clinical features, inability to predict the severity of features/complications and limited therapeutic options make NF1 management a real clinical challenge. Future directions: to find therapeutic strategies or specific mol-ecule(s) to prevent/treat the harmful NF1 complications.

Recognition and drinking behaviour analysis of individual pigs based on machine vision

Abstract Water consumption by individual pigs can be an interesting indicator of their health. A method using machine vision is proposed to (a) recognise the presence of an individual pig within the drinking zone and (b) analyse the vision images to determine if the pig is drinking. First, isolation of an individual pig within the drinking zone is extracted from the topview of the set of video sequences for group-housed pigs. Next, the distance between the individual pig and the drink nipple is calculated and used to determine whether the individual pig is in contact with the drink nipple. If yes, the colour moments, area, perimeter and other features of the pig are extracted. Then the features are normalised. The individual pig is recognised by computing the Euclidean distance between the pig and the standard sample. The contact time between an individual pig and the drink nipple is used to determine whether the pig is drinking. The pigsty contains 7 pigs and is monitored in real-time, and 140 video clips containing images of the individual pigs while drinking are captured. The correct (drinking) recognition rate for individual pigs is 90.7%. Our method differs from traditional methods in that it avoids any disturbance to the pigs, and it can be used for the recognition of individual pigs within a stress-free environment. Our results can provide a reference point and direction for exploration of other behaviours of topview group-housed pigs.

Quando a cor é um problema: reação ao pigmento vermelho de tatuagem. Um relato de caso

The body art, including the tattoo, is a rising popular practice in the contemporary world. Though the growing interest in this practice, one should be aware of this technique’s risks. This article reports a case of a 35 year old man, with no relevant prior diseases, who schedules an appointment with an exuberant pruritic inflammatory reaction in the anterior forearm of the left upper limb, 48h after tattooing the same area. At physical examination, there was a wide exudative erythematous surface restricted to the red pigment area of the tattoo and skin integrity on other colors areas. A scheme of antibiotic therapy and wound care was instituted, with infection resolution but with lichenified texture restricted to the red pigment color area. An oral and topical corticosteroid regimen was performed with improvement of the condition. Comment: there are various complications described in response to tattoos. The pigment reaction is one of the many. The evolution of the skin’s reaction to the tattoo’s ink can be variable and it can manifest in days, weeks or years. The red paint compounds are the most implicated in these kind of reactions. This case emphasizes the importance of general population/health professionals knowledge of the potential complications of this practice as well as the kind and origin of the ink pigments used to make it.

インテリア・カラーの面積効果(2)

インテリア・カラーの面積効果(2)

Comparative analysis of wucai Chinese porcelains using mobile and fixed Raman microspectrometers

Abstract Three porcelain shards representative of wucai ( Famille verte, Famille rose and fencai) , enamelled wares from Kiangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns have been studied using fixed instruments (optical microscope, EDS-SEM and Raman microspectrometer) in order to identify the amorphous and crystalline phases in the glaze, body and the different enamels. A comparison is made between the information collected with portable Raman set-ups excited with 532 and 785 nm lasers and equipped of sophisticated optics. Emphasis is put on the detection of pigments and opacifiers, in particular arsenic-based phases in blue coloured areas, in relation with the use of cobalt ores originated from European or China. The mobile Raman set-up excited with green laser and equipped with a high magnification (×200) ultra long working distance microscope objective allows the identification of all the phases, as for the fixed instrument excited with blue 457 nm laser line. Confirmation of the identified phases is made by SEM-EDS. The old technologies are discussed and compared to those used to produce 18th century French soft paste porcelains and Limoges enamels.

EFFECT OF APOE-ε2 ON REGIONAL GRAY MATTER ATROPHY AND CLINICAL PHENOTYPE IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

The APOE ε2 allele is considered a protective factor against developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consequently, the proportion of APOE ε2 carriers among AD patients is low (3–5%), but a small number of individuals do develop AD despite ε2 carriership. In this study, we characterized the neuropsychological profile and distribution of gray matter atrophy of ε2 carriers with MCI or dementia -due-to-AD. 38 ε2 carriers (all ε2/ε3) with a clinical diagnosis of MCI or dementia -due-to-AD based on positive amyloid PET and/or CSF amyloid-beta1–42 were included. This group was matched for age, sex and education with an amyloid-negative cognitively normal ε3/ε3 (NC) group, and groups of amyloid-positive ε3/ε3, ε3/ε4, and ε4/ε4 AD patients (Table 1). Neuropsychological test scores were converted into Z-scores using the mean and standard deviation of the NC group and then categorized into 4 cognitive domains (i.e. memory, attention, executive functioning and language). ANCOVA analyses adjusted for age, sex, education and disease-stage (MCI/ dementia) were used to compare cognition between AD groups. Voxel-based morphometry was conducted in statistical parametric mapping 12 to assess voxelwise differences in gray matter atrophy between AD groups and controls. The models included age, sex, scanner-type and total intracranial volume as covariates. ε2 carriers had more impaired language function compared to all other AD groups (F(3)=6.29, p<.01; Figure 1), while memory was relatively preserved in ε2 carriers compared to ε4/ε4 carriers (F(3)=2.67, p=.05). Voxelwise contrasts against controls revealed relative sparing of the medial temporal lobe in ε2 compared to ε4 carriers (p<.05, family-wise error corrected; Figure 2). Similar analyses using a less stringent threshold (p<.001, uncorrected; Figure 3) revealed that ε2 carriers displayed i) an atrophy pattern that was mostly restricted to temporoparietal regions compared to wider neocortical involvement in other groups, and ii) left>right asymmetry. The observed atrophy pattern in ε2 carriers (i.e. left>right asymmetry and relatively spared medial temporal lobes) matches their neuropsychological profile with prominent language deficits and relatively preserved memory performance. These results help to elucidate differences in regional vulnerability across APOE genotypes and better understand clinical heterogeneity in AD. Neuropsychological performance of all amyloid-positive groups across cognitive domains Z-scores, calculated based on the mean and standard deviation of the normal control group indicate better memory performance of ε2 compared to ε4/ε4 and worse language performance of ε2 compared to all groups. * significant contrast with ε2 carriers at α=.05, adjusted for age, sex, education and disease stage. Voxelwise contrasts between normal controls and amyloid-beta positive ε2, ε3/ε3, ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4 AD patients, family-wise error corrected (p<0.05) Colored areas indicate regions where AD groups have significantly lower gray matter volume than normal controls. Voxelwise contrasts between normal controls and amyloid-beta positive ε2, ε3/ε3, ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4 AD patients, (p<0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons) Colored areas indicate regions where AD groups have significantly lower gray matter volume than normal controls.

Influence of Nanosecond Laser Processing Parameters on the Titanium Alloy Surfaces Colorization

Laser color marking experiments on titanium alloy substrates were carried out to investigate the impact of selected laser processing parameters on the resulting colors. The CIE L*a*b* color space was used to quantify these colors. The surface roughness of the marked color areas was measured by using a TR200 hand-held surface roughness instrument. The relationships between laser parameters and CIE L*a*b* values and surface roughness of the colors were obtained. Results clearly showed that different colors ranging from blue and gray to yellow were produced. Some colors can be obtained by different sets of parameters, while some colors can only be produced by a specific combination of process parameters due to the existence of different forms of heat input and thermal process. The b* value increased to the maximum which represented yellow then decreased. The surface roughness of color areas decreased with the increase of focal plane offset, scanning velocity, or hatch space.