Tank Area Research Articles

Social and Institutional Factors Influencing the Performance of Tank Irrigation System – A Study of Uthiramerur Tank in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu

Aim: Tanks were the major sources of irrigation for agriculture and storehouses of economic, social, aesthetic and environmental use values. However, in the present context, the current trends are showing that area and number of tanks are being reduced due to poor maintenance, encroachments, degradation of catchment area and siltation, etc. This calls for rehabilitation and rejuvenation of the existing tank irrigation systems so as to preserve this precious natural resource for the livelihood of future generations ahead. Hence this present study was undertaken to identify the social and institutional factors influencing the performance of tank systems in Kanchipuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
 Study Design: Quota and Multistage random sampling method was followed.
 Place and Duration of Study: Command and Non-command areas of the Uthiramerur Tank in Kanchipuram district of Tamil Nadu during 2020-2021.
 Methodology: A Sample size of 120 sample respondents from the different locations of the command areas (Head, Middle, Tail and Non-command area) of Uthiramerur tank were selected and interviewed.
 Results: It was observed from the performance analysis that over the years the tank’s performance was decreasing both in terms of filled in capacity vis-à-vis rainfall received (Above the tank outlet) and in terms of actual gross area irrigated vis-à-vis its potential command area (Below the tank outlet) . One of the important reasons for the decline in the performance of Uthiramerur tank was attributed mainly to institutional deficiencies wherein concrete action lacked thereof.
 Conclusion: The study suggested the following actions for the improvement of tank’s performance- streamlining the feeding channels of the tank by removing the encroachments, lining of channels to minimize the seepage losses and ensuring better water distribution, periodic desiltation ,strengthening the revenue collection mechanisms, encouraging the conjunctive water use and rejuvenating the water user association.

Impact of Stocking Density on the Survival, Growth and Injury of Narrow-Clawed Crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) Reared in a Flowing Brackish Water System

The crayfish population dramatically declined in most lakes and dams in Türkiye; hence, crayfish culture is a possible option to increase the supply. This study aimed to determine the effects of stocking density on the growth performance and survival of newly-hatched third instars of narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) in a flowing brackish water system. The third instars were randomly stocked in nine tanks (area: 1.7 ) for 120 days with three densities of 10, 50, and 100 crayfish/. The results indicated that the stocking density significantly affected the growth performance, survival rate, proportion of the cheliped injury, biomass, length distribution, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The mean final weights and total lengths were 2.27, 1.40, and 1.08 g and 4.83, 3.73 and 3.51 cm according to the densities, respectively. The highest stocking density increased the total biomass yield and proportion of the cheliped injury but reduced the survival, growth, molting frequency and regeneration of the appendage. The survival (86.3%) and specific growth rate (1.16 cm/day) in the 10 individuals/ group were significantly higher than the other groups. The cheliped injury was also found to be the lowest in the 10 individual/ group (p<0.05). Our study results showed that significant differences in FCR value were observed at different stocking densities. In summary, higher stocking density at the end of this study increased the frequency and severity of aggressive interactions of crayfish, limiting molting frequency and growth performance. A density of 10-50 crayfish/ is recommended for better growth parameters while 100 crayfish/ is suggested for higher biomass yield.

Study on Dynamic Probability and Quantitative Risk Calculation Method of Domino Accident in Pool Fire in Chemical Storage Tank Area.

The domino event caused by fire is one of the common accidents in hydrocarbon storage tank farms, which further expands the severity and scope of the accident. Due to the different failure sequence of the storage tanks in a domino accident, the radiant heat generated by the failed storage tank to the target tank is different. Based on the influence of this synergistic effect, this study combined the Monte Carlo algorithm and FSEM, and proposed a fast real-time probability calculation method for a fire domino accident in a storage tank area, for the first time. This method uses the Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate all accident scenarios, and obtains the evolution of multiple escalation fire domino accidents under the synergistic effect according to FSEM, and then calculates the real-time failure probability and risk. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the accident propagation path, this method avoids the problem of a large amount of calculation, and is conducive to the rapid and effective analysis of the fire risk in a storage tank area and the formulation of corresponding risk reduction measures. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method were proved by a case study.

Long term monitoring of rainwater harvesting tanks: Is multi‐years management possible in crystalline South Indian aquifers?

AbstractIn semi‐arid regions as in India, where agriculture relies on groundwater abstraction, increase of water resources availability through managed aquifer recharge (MAR) or rainwater harvesting (RWH) is often perceived as a major solution. Studies on these structures’ efficiency exists but despite the interest, limited information is available on the temporal variation of their replenishment. In a monsoon driven climate, the inter‐annual variations are crucial to assess the potential of water storage and multi‐year management especially for these structures. Here, we aim at developing a methodology to reconstruct water storage of RWH tanks to further improve our understanding on long term efficiency and multi‐years drought management. To tackle this issue, long‐term monitoring of a RWH tank located in Telangana in Southern India is achieved by a combination of field monitoring over 2 years (tanks surface and water levels) and a daily water balance compared to LANDSAT measurements of the tank area. The procedure allows reconstructing the tank filling dynamic over a 14‐years period at a daily time step and show the extreme variability of the tank filling level. During this period, the yearly maximum tank volume ranges from 8650 to ~200 000 m3. On the 14‐years period, the tank reach its maximum capacity only once and, for 1/3 of the time, yearly maximum replenishment is below 15% of its capacity. The surface water availability remains limited in time since the tank dries‐up annually, except for 2 years. However, water percolation to the aquifer is slightly enhanced for some years. During this monitoring period, very few extreme raining events (6) contribute for more than 50% of the collected volume. This observation highlights (1) the dependency of the structure to extreme storm events, (2) the limited capacity for a multi‐year's management and (3) the farmers vulnerability to successive droughts.

Analysis of LNG Storage Tank Safety: A Comprehensive Model Approach with ANP and Normal Cloud

Global energy shortages continue in the post-epidemic era. As clean primary energy, LNG plays an important role in the energy structure adjustment. However, with the widespread use of LNG, storage tank leaks occur frequently. In order to highlight the risk status of critical risk areas of LNG tank leakage, the “Five-high” risk system for the LNG industry, with high-risk locations, high-risk equipment, high-risk processes, high-risk personnel, and high-risk substances as first-level elements, was built. Combined with the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and normal cloud model for quantitative analysis, a safety risk analysis and assessment model for LNG storage tanks based on the ANP-normal cloud model was developed. Safety analysis was conducted with the example of an LNG storage tank area of a factory. The results show that the risk level for LNG tank leakage is level IV, with high-risk equipment being the first-level element with the highest weight and risk. The reliability of the comprehensive model was verified by AHP and fuzzy integrated analysis, and the results were basically consistent with the factory safety evaluation report. The study realizes the quantitative and visual analysis considering the correlation of risk elements and provides a new quantitative method for the safety analysis of LNG energy.

The effect of single and hybrid nanofluids in the performance of Solar Water Heating System

In the present study, the feasibility of using single particle Cu and hybrid Cu/Al2O3 nanofluids as heat transfer fluids in a coupled solar parabolic trough collector-heat water storage tank for domestic absorption cooling systems. A computer program based on one dimensional implicit finite difference method and energy balance approach has been developed to investigate the behavior of the studied system under the real climate conditions of a typical summer day in Adrar city, Algeria. The simulation findings reveal that solar parabolic trough collector with small area of 6m² and storage tank of 0.3m3 can ensure higher storage tank temperature able to drive an absorption cooling machine. Solar system with hybrid nanofluid shows superior performance compared to single nanofluid and pure water. Furthermore, the effect of nanoparticle's volume fraction is evaluated. The heat storage tank temperature can attain starting operating chiller temperature more rapidly with small volume fraction equal to 0.2% in the case of Cu-Al2O3/Water hybrid nanofluid.

Enrofloxacin exposure induces anxiety-like behavioral responses in zebrafish by affecting the microbiota-gut-brain axis

The ubiquitous presence of antibiotic residues in aqueous environments poses a great potential threat to aquatic organisms. Nevertheless, the behavioral effects of environmentally realistic levels of antibiotics remain poorly understood in fish species. In this study, the behavioral impacts of enrofloxacin, one of typical fluoroquinolone antibiotics that is frequently detected in aquatic environments, were evaluated by the classic light-dark test (LDT) and novel tank task (NTT) in zebrafish. Furthermore, the effects of enrofloxacin exposure on the microbiota-gut-brain axis were also assessed to reveal potential affecting mechanisms underlying the behavioral abnormality observed. Our results demonstrated that zebrafish exposed to 60 μg/L enrofloxacin for 28 days took significantly longer to enter the stressful area of the testing tank and spent significantly less time there in both the LDT and NTT, indicating abnormal anxiety-like behaviors induced by the exposure. In addition, exposure to enrofloxacin at 6 and 60 μg/L resulted in a significant elevation in Bacteroidetes and a marked decline in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the gut microbiota. Moreover, the intestinal contents of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in zebrafish were significantly upregulated, whereas those of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol (COR) were markedly downregulated upon enrofloxacin exposure. Incubation of zebrafish with a high dose of enrofloxacin (60 μg/L) also resulted in evident increases in the contents of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain. Fortunately, no significant alteration in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected in the brain after enrofloxacin exposure. Our findings suggest that the disruption of the microbiota-gut-brain axis may account for enrofloxacin-induced anxiety-like behaviors in zebrafish. Since the disruption of microbiota-gut-brain axis may give rise to various clinical symptoms, the health risk of antibiotic exposure deserves more attention.

Baicalein prevents stress-induced anxiety behaviors in zebrafish model.

Baicalein is a flavonoid mainly obtained from plants with wide range of biological activities, including neuroprotection. An acute and unexpected chronic stress (UCS) protocol has recently been adapted to zebrafish, a popular vertebrate model in brain research. The present study was aimed to evaluate baicalein's anti-anxiety potential in a zebrafish model by induction, which included neuropharmacological evaluation to determine behavioural parameters in the novel tank diving test (NTDT) and light-dark preference test (LDPT). The toxicity was also assessed using the brine shrimp lethality assay, and the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was determined. The animals were then stressed for 7days before being treated with different doses of baicalein (1 and 2mg/L) for another 7days in UCS condition. Due to acute stress and UCS, the frequency of entries and time spent in the 1) top region and 2) light area of the novel tank reduced significantly, indicating the existence of elevated anxiety levels. The biological activity of baicalein was demonstrated by its high LC50 values (1,000μg/ml). Additionally, baicalein administration increased the frequency of entries and duration spent in the light region, indicating a significant decrease in anxiety levels. Overall, the present results showed that baicalein has a therapeutic advantage in reversing the detrimental consequences of UCS and acute stress, making it is a promising lead molecule for new drug design, development, and therapy for stress.

Optimal design and operation of reverse osmosis seawater desalination system for boron removal with economic, energy, and environmental concerns

This paper introduces a superstructure-based simultaneous optimum design and operation of seawater reverse osmosis (RO) system with boron removal under time-variant constraints. Three operational strategies are utilized to improve operability of the system under boron restrictions, including changing the activated number of pressure vessels, permeates split ratio, and pH values. Moreover, exergo-environmental and exergo-econoenvironmental analysis models are integrated. The economic efficiency, energy utilization, and environmental impact could be optimized in both design and operation phases. The effect of water tank area, membrane type, and boron concentration on water production are investigated with constant feed conditions. Choosing proper water tank volume and type of membrane could not only reduce cost but also better operation conditions, such as improving the efficiency of pumps and reducing feed pH of RO pass 2. When both the eco-costs/value ratio and emergy rate of product are added as a penalty, the annual operation cost (a reduction of 5.50 %), emergy rate (a reduction of 7.02 %) and eco-costs/value ratio (a reduction of 7.48 %) of the product could be reduced with only a small amount of water cost increment (about 2.66 %). Improving the efficiency of pumps would be an effective method to improve overall performance of the RO plant.

Novel Index for Hydrological Drought Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Approach: Standardized Water Surface Index (SWSI)

Most of the drought indices designed for hydrological drought monitoring use location-specific data, while there are only a handful of indices designed for hydrological drought monitoring using remote sensing data. This study revealed a novel drought index, Standardized Water Surface Index (SWSI), developed for hydrological drought monitoring. The water surface areas required to calculate the SWSI can be extracted from remote sensing data entirely using both the optical (Landsat 5, 7, and 8) and SAR (Sentinel-1). Furthermore, the developed index was applied to five major reservoirs/tanks; Iranamadu, Mahavilachchiya, Kantale, Senanayaka Samudhraya, and Udawalawa, located in Sri Lanka to monitor respective hydrological drought status for the period from 2000 to 2020. Cloud computing platform such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) provides a good basement to use this index effectively, as it can extract long-term water surface area covering a large geographical area efficiently and accurately. The surface water area extraction from satellite data of those tanks shows an accuracy of more than 95%, and in the event of a severe hydrological drought, the water surface area of the tanks is less than 25% of the total and lasts for more than three to four months. It was also determined that in some years, the surface water area of tanks dropped to as low as 7%. The strong correlation observed between the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and SWSI is indicated by the Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.58 to 0.67, while the correlation between the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and SWSI ranges from 0.75 to 0.81. Timely drought monitoring over large geographical areas can be more accurately performed with the SWSI index compared to existing hydrological drought monitoring indices. The SWSI could be more useful for areas that do not have measurable field data.

Numerical Simulation of Chemical Storage Tank Area Leakage and Explosion Accident Based on FLACS

The large amount of oil storage tank possesses significant risks of leakage, and once leakage occurs, the combustible gas is prone to fire and explosion accidents. When the combustible gas cloud is exposed to the ignition source, there are possibilities of triggering the domino effect with more serious consequences. As one important kind of protective layers, the combustible gas detectors continuously monitor the leakage of combustible gas, guaranteeing the safety performance of the site. Using the computational fluid dynamics software FLACS as a tool, the impact of the consequences of the raw material leakage with a vapor cloud explosion accident in a large chemical fiber manufacturer's storage tank area is studied, and the risk of domino effect in the tank area during the course of the accident is predicted. The study shows that FLACS can be applied to the simulation study of gas diffusion explosion phenomenon in complex operation and storage areas, with the great capability of the explosion risk quantitative assessment and the reliable prediction to the risk of domino effects.

Assessment of the influence of a net cage fish culture on the water quality in Furnas reservoir, Brazil

Aquaculture is growing rapidly around the world. In Brazil, fish farming in net tanks has high potential due its large number of reservoirs. However, cultivable areas of tanks with a high fish density may be more susceptible to eutrophication compared to other production systems, and may impair the ecosystem where they are installed. Therefore, attention is needed to this type of system to avoid environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a fish farming in net tanks on the water quality of the Furnas reservoir, Brazil. For physical-chemical analysis, water samples were collected monthly during two production cycles. The results were compared to the limits proposed by the environmental legislation for water bodies in Brazil. It was noted that nitrite and phosphate presented mean values higher than those allowed; however, these results were not associated with fish farming, and there is no influence on the water quality of the Furnas reservoir during the study period. Water quality in the reservoir may be influenced by other activities developed in its basin, such as livestock and intensive agriculture that use many fertilizers, released into the reservoir through runoff.

Distribution, source, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soils from a typical petroleum refinery area in south China.

The ubiquity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils in petroleum refining areas is an important problem affecting human and ecological safety. In this study, 103 topsoil (0-0.50m) samples were collected from a retired petroleum refinery area in Guangdong province, south China. The PAHs concentrations were determined by ultrasonic extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection methods. Twelve PAHs controlled priority listed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) were investigated. The results revealed that the concentration of Ʃ12PAHs ranged from 2100 to 5200µgkg-1, with a mean value of 3741.66µgkg-1. The site was dominated by high rings PAHs (4-, 5-, and 6-ring), contributing 81.96% to Ʃ12PAHs. The concentrations of 9 kinds of PAHs exceeded the Dutch soil quality standard. Besides, the PAHs were primarily distributed in the storage tank area and with high levels of contamination. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that coal combustion was the source of PAHs in topsoil, followed by petroleum dripping and traffic emissions. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) modeling illustrated that soil ingestion was the major pathway of PAH exposure for both adults and children. Notably, the total noncarcinogenic human health risk due to PAHs was within the limit of 1, while the carcinogenic risks alone caused by benzo(a)pyrene via soil ingestion to adults and children were obviously beyond the USEPA limit (1.00E -06). Therefore, PAHs in the petroleum refinery areas have potential carcinogenic hazards to human health, the area should be remediated before reuse.

Ninjinyoeito improves social behavior disorder in neuropeptide Y deficient zebrafish.

Sociability is an essential component of the linkage structure in human and other vertebrate communication. Low sociability is defined as a poor social approach, including social withdrawal and apathy, and is implicated in a variety of psychiatric disorders. Ninjinyoeito (NYT), a traditional Japanese herbal medicine, has been used in the medical field. This study aimed to determine the effect of NYT on low sociality in NPY-KO zebrafish. NPY-KO zebrafish were fed a 3% NYT-supplemented diet for 4 days and subjected to behavioral tests. In the mirror test, NPY-KO zebrafish fed a control diet showed avoidance behavior toward their mirror counterparts. In contrast, the treatment of NPY-KO zebrafish with NYT significantly increased their interaction with their counterparts in the mirror. In addition, a 3-chambers test was conducted to confirm the effect of NYT on the low sociality of NPY-KO zebrafish. NPY-KO zebrafish fed the control diet showed less interaction with fish chambers, while NYT treatment increased the interaction. Phosphorylation of ERK, a marker of neuronal activity, was significantly reduced in the whole brain of NYT-fed NPY-KO zebrafish, compared to the control diet. NYT treatment significantly suppressed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-related genes (gr, pomc, and crh) and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary-related genes (th1, th2, and cck) in NPY-KO zebrafish. NYT administration significantly reduced mRNA levels of gad1b compared to the control diet, suggesting the involvement of GABAergic neurons in NYT-induced improvement of low sociability. Furthermore, the expression of CREB was suppressed when NPY-KO zebrafish were fed NYT. Next, we attempted to identify the effective herb responsible for the NYT-induced improvement of low sociability. NPY-KO zebrafish were fed an experimental diet containing the target herb for 4 days, and its effect on sociability was evaluated using the 3-chambers test. Results showed that Cinnamon Bark and Polygala Root treatments significantly increased time spent in the fish tank area compared to the control diet, while the other 10 herbs did not. We confirmed that these two herbs suppressed the activity of HPA-, SAM-, and GABAergic neurons, as well as NYT-treated zebrafish, accompanied by downregulation of CREB signaling. This study suggests the potential use of NYT as a drug for sociability disorders.

Reduction of fugitive VOC emissions using leak detection and repair (LDAR) in a petroleum refinery of Pearl River Delta, China

Fugitive volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the petroleum-refining industry constitute a complex issue in China. This problem has a wide range of implications that require comprehensive measures, including a series of critical policing and legal injunctions in response to regional atmospheric pollution and the resulting safety hazards. In particular, process-based leak detection and repair (LDAR) surveys commonly used in developed countries should be vigorously promoted for fugitive VOC emission reduction. In this study, a campaign was conducted to measure the effectiveness of LDAR surveys by quantifying fugitive VOC emissions caused by equipment leaks in a local petroleum refinery in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China. The leakage points detected in the initial survey accounted for 0.63 % of all the components within the refinery, among which open-ended pipes and valve packing had the highest ratio. After the procedure, the leakage rate was reduced to 0.23 %, suggesting a satisfactory repair performance. The process-based fugitive emission characteristics of each refining unit, storage tank, and loading area were investigated, and the corresponding composite profiles were estimated using the correlation equation method and data from the LDAR survey. Results demonstrated that the total emission of the refinery was 12,595.83 kg/a, with dominant VOC species of alkanes being emitted in nearly all units. Finally, the secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) and ozone formation potential (OFP) were estimated. All the above results were process-oriented and demonstrated that establishing a local LDAR system that considers the differences in VOC emissions from various manufacturing facilities should be the key strategy for future VOC emission reduction from the entire petroleum refining industry in China.

Critical sectional area of surge tank based on bifurcation and chaos behaviors of hydraulic-mechanical coupling hydropower station

Critical sectional area of surge tank based on bifurcation and chaos behaviors of hydraulic-mechanical coupling hydropower station

Effect of the nonlinearity of head loss on stability and dynamic performance for hydropower plant with surge tank during small load disturbance

The nonlinearity of the head loss in hydropower plants is normally neglected in the stability analysis during small load disturbance. However, for the hydropower plant with the super long headrace tunnel, the head loss is large and its nonlinearity would affect the regulation stability. This paper investigates the stability and dynamic performance for hydropower plant with surge tank (HPST) considering the nonlinearity of headrace tunnel head loss (HTHL) and penstock head loss (PHL) during small load disturbance. Firstly, the mathematical model of HPST considering the nonlinearity of HTHL and PHL is established. The stability analysis is conducted based on Hopf bifurcation theory and stable region, and verified by numerical simulation. Then, the influence mechanism of the nonlinearity of HTHL and PHL is revealed. Finally, the formula for the critical stable cross-sectional area (CSCA) of the surge tank considering the nonlinearity of HTHL and PHL is proposed and analyzed. The results indicate that, for the stability and dynamic performance, the nonlinearity of HTHL has obvious influence, while the nonlinearity of PHL has little influence. During load decrease disturbance (LDD), the nonlinearity of HTHL is adverse to stability of HPST and can rise the CSCA of the surge tank, while the nonlinearity of PHL is conductive to stability of HPST and can reduce the CSCA of the surge tank. During load increase disturbance (LID), the rules are inverse. In addition, the step load variation value has a noticeable impact on the stability of HPST and the CSCA of the surge tank. Therefore, the step load variation value must be considered in the design of surge tank. The proposed formula for the CSCA of the surge tank is feasible for actual application and has a higher precision than classical Thoma criterion.

Hydraulic-mechanical coupling vibration performance of pumped storage power station with two turbine units sharing one tunnel

The paper studies the hydraulic-mechanical coupling vibration (HMCV) performance of pumped storage power station (PSPS) with two turbine units sharing one tunnel (TTUSOT) based on overall transfer matrix. Firstly, the model of PSPS with TTUSOT is established by overall transfer matrix method. The overall transfer matrix is derived. Then, the effects of hydraulic parameters and mechanical parameters on vibration performance are analyzed. Finally, the HMCV performance under three operating conditions is studied. The results show that the HMCV is superposed by the nine orders of vibrations. The hydraulic parameters and mechanical parameters can affect specific orders of vibrations and change the stability. In overlapping interval, one value of surge tank area corresponds to two values of the 1st order of vibration. The operating condition affects the stable domain by changing the 2nd order of attenuation factor. When the 2nd order of attenuation factor increases from negative to positive with the increase of integral gain of governor, the stability of PSPS changes from stable to unstable. When the load changes are undertaken by two turbine units simultaneously, the situation of equal distribution of load changes has a better stability than that of unequal distribution of load changes.

Mapping Spatio-temporal Variations of Surface Water Area of Tanks in Coimbatore Corporation Using Google Earth Engine

Surface water is one of the most significant elements of the earth's ecosystem. It is the basic information for analysing the changes in the environment. Therefore it is important to monitor water resources accurately. Nowadays remote sensing plays a major role in extraction of water spread area. In this study, change in water spread area of tanks was mapped for Coimbatore corporation from 2000 to 2021. The analysis was performed in Google earth engine platform using Landsat ETM+ and Landsat OLI datasets. The images for pre monsoon and post monsoon season were scrutinized and classified using random forest classifier in Google earth engine. The area of each tanks and their deviations were calculated for the study period. Results of the study showed that the lowest water spread area was observed in the period from 2000 to 2005 for both pre monsoon and post monsoon season. The tank has maximum water spread area during post monsoon season. The difficulties that has been confronted during the research is the unavailability of images due to cloud cover. The study shows that the random forest classifier can be effectively used to extract water features and water spread area.

A Gis-Based Parametric Analysis of Irrigational Tanks in the Oldest Civilized City in India-Madurai

The irrigational tanks being traditional Water harvesting structures designed by rulers and chieftains dating back centuries. These are constructed in such a way that they act as a major water resource in drought-prone rural communities. The main aim of this paper is to develop a GIS-based Parametric Maps of Maximum Capacity(MC), Maximum Water Level(MWL), Ayacut Area(AA), Water Spread Area(WSA), Sub-basins and Basins of irrigational Tanks which form the basic irrigation information system to assist agriculturalists, farmers, and Government organization for the proper maintenance of irrigation tanks with suitable indexing parameters, to mitigate & forecast the water and food requirements by evaluating currently available water for the given population density and irrigation lands. The study area selected is the oldest civilized city in India which is in the state of Tamilnadu-Madurai district, which is served by the Vaigai River and consists of 1338 tanks. This GIS-based information system assists the decision-makers to perform surveillance, evaluate the efficiency of the tank at any space & time and take proper managerial methods to utilize the resources economically.