Pharmaceutical Areas Research Articles

Chrono Modulated Therapy-A Review

Chrono therapeutic drug delivery systems stay attaining prominence in the area of pharmaceuticals. It decreases dosing incidence, toxicity, and distributes a drug that matches the circadian rhythm of that definite disease when the signs are exciting to sorrier.ChrDDS is the essentially time-controlled drug delivery system. It offers a patient with a staggered profile of the therapeutic agent. It makes some consecutive changes in the ADME process. This mechanism is lag time independent of environmental variables including pH, enzymes, gastrointestinal motility. The circadian rhythm regulates many body functions in humans, such as metabolism, behaviour, sleep patterns, and hormone production. Chronotherapy has gained attention as a novel and rational approach to exploit the best. Presently, drugs are delivered in a controlled release like an IR, ER, & PR. Certain conditions that follow circadian rhythms include hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular, asthma, neurological disorders, ulcer conditions, etc. Various technologies such as time-controlled, pulsed, triggered and programmed drug delivery devices have been developed and extensively studied in recent years for chronopharmaceutical drug delivery are Diffucaps, OROS, Codas, 3D printing, Egalet, Port, etc. this system is designed according to body-clock. Special drug delivery technology must be relied upon to synchronize drug concentrations to rhythms in disease activity with the body’s 24-hour rhythms to extend therapeutic effectiveness and reduce/avoid side effects. In this article, the various concepts like a mechanism of circadian rhythms, current obstacles to the production of chronopharmaceutical drug, circadian chronotherapy in various diseases, a profile of launched Chronopharmaceutical dosage forms, various technologies for systemic delivery,chronopathalogy have been reviewed.

Safe, Scalable, Inexpensive, and Mild Nickel-Catalyzed Migita-Like C-S Cross-Couplings in Recyclable Water.

A new approach to C-S couplings is reported that relies on nickel catalysis under mild conditions, enabled by micellar catalysis in recyclable water as the reaction medium. The protocol tolerates a wide range of heteroaromatic halides and thiols, including alkyl and heteroaryl thiols, leading to a variety of thioethers in good isolated yields. The method is scalable, results in low residual metal in the products, and is applicable to syntheses of targets in the pharmaceutical area. The procedure also features an associated low E Factor, suggesting a far more attractive entry than is otherwise currently available, especially those based on unsustainable loadings of Pd catalysts.

Safe, Scalable, Inexpensive, and Mild Nickel‐Catalyzed Migita‐Like C−S Cross‐Couplings in Recyclable Water

AbstractA new approach to C−S couplings is reported that relies on nickel catalysis under mild conditions, enabled by micellar catalysis in recyclable water as the reaction medium. The protocol tolerates a wide range of heteroaromatic halides and thiols, including alkyl and heteroaryl thiols, leading to a variety of thioethers in good isolated yields. The method is scalable, results in low residual metal in the products, and is applicable to syntheses of targets in the pharmaceutical area. The procedure also features an associated low E Factor, suggesting a far more attractive entry than is otherwise currently available, especially those based on unsustainable loadings of Pd catalysts.

Production of Crosslinked Starch Microparticles through Inverse Suspension Polymerization using Statistical Experimental Design

AbstractThe use of natural polymers has attracted much interest in many different areas, especially in fields where biodegradability and biocompatibility constitute major requirements, as in the pharmaceutical and biomedical areas. For this reason, the present work explores the production of crosslinked starch microparticles in vegetable oil through inverse suspension polymerizations under different experimental conditions, using glucose as a crosslinking agent and manipulating the agitation speed, reaction temperature, starch concentration in the suspended phase, surfactant concentration and crosslinking agent concentration in accordance with a statistical experimental design. Analyzed response variables include morphological aspects, particle size distribution, swelling ratio and solubility in aqueous medium. It is observed that glucose can promote significant modification of the material properties and lead to changes in its solubility in water. Besides, the operation variables exert significant effects on the morphological properties of the obtained powders. For this reason, empirical models are proposed to describe the solubility of the material in water and particle sizes as function of the preparation variables. The results indicate that glucose and starch content are the most influential variables on the solubility of the microparticles in water and that glucose, stirring rate and temperature play the most influential effects on the particle size distributions.

An Overview of Current Knowledge on the Properties, Synthesis and Applications of Quaternary Chitosan Derivatives.

Chitosan, a chitin-derivative polysaccharide, known for its non-toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, presents limited applications due to its low solubility in neutral or basic pH medium. Quaternization stands out as an alternative to modify this natural polymer, aiming to improve its solubility over a wide pH range and, consequently, expand its range of applications. Quaternization occurs by introducing a quaternary ammonium moiety onto or outside the chitosan backbone, via chemical reactions with primary amino and hydroxyl groups, under vast experimental conditions. The oldest and most common forms of quaternized chitosan involve N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) and N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethyl ammonium) propyl] chitosan (HTCC) and, more recently, quaternized chitosan by insertion of pyridinium or phosphonium salts. By modifying chitosan through the insertion of a quaternary moiety, permanent cationic charges on the polysaccharide backbone are achieved and properties such as water solubility, antimicrobial activity, mucoadhesiveness and permeability are significantly improved, enabling the application mainly in the biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. In this review, the main quaternized chitosan compounds are addressed in terms of their structure, properties, synthesis routes and applications. In addition, other less explored compounds are also presented, involving the main findings and future prospects regarding the field of quaternized chitosans.

Recent Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Membranes for Sample Treatment and Separation

This review describes the recent advances from the past five years concerning the development and applications of molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) in the field of sample treatment and separation processes. After a short introduction, where the importance of these materials is highlighted, a description of key aspects of membrane separation followed by the strategies of preparation of these materials is described. The review continues with several analytical applications of these MIMs for sample preparation as well as for separation purposes covering pharmaceutical, food, and environmental areas. Finally, a discussion focused on possible future directions of these materials in extraction and separation field is also given.

Development of chemometric models using Vis-NIR and Raman spectral data fusion for assessment of infant formula storage temperature and time

This study evaluated the potential of Vis-NIR and Raman spectral data fusion combined with PLS and SVM chemometric models developed using a large dataset (n = 1700) of commercial infant formula (IF) samples to (i) discriminate between different IF storage temperature (20, 37 °C) and (ii) predict IF storage time (0–12 months). Three interval-based PLS variable selection methods (forward interval PLS (FiPLS), backward interval PLS (BiPLS) and synergy interval PLS (SiPLS)) and SVM-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) methods were compared for model development. The best IF storage temperature discrimination model was developed using SVM classification (SVMC) and Vis-NIR spectra (400–2498 nm) (AccuracyCV = 99.82%, AccuracyP = 100%). SVM regression (SVMR) models developed using medium level data fusion (features selected by SVM-RFE) had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) values for IF samples stored at either temperature, 20 °C or 37 °C (RMSECV = 0.7–0.8, RMSEP = 0.6–0.9). Industrial relevanceSpectroscopic technologies, including Vis-NIR and Raman spectroscopy have been widely applied for process analysis and increasingly for on-line process monitoring in areas of chemicals, food processing, agriculture and pharmaceuticals, etc. Due to their rapid measurement and minimal or no sample preparation, they are highly suitable for in-line process monitoring. This study demonstrates that Vis-NIR and Raman process analytical tools either individually or combined may be employed for quality assessment and process control of IF manufacture.

Extractable and Non-Extractable Antioxidants Composition in the eBASIS Database: A Key Tool for Dietary Assessment in Human Health and Disease Research.

The antioxidant properties of foods are crucial in nutrition, food chemistry, and medicine studies but are often underestimated, with significant amounts of bioactive compounds containing physiological and biochemical properties remaining in the residue from extraction as non-extractable antioxidants. Over the last decade, extractable and non-extractable compounds have become key in the evaluation/determination of the antioxidant properties of food matrices because of their relevance in human health. This has led to the need to include extractable and non-extractable antioxidants in comprehensive and harmonized food composition databases for a wide range of applications within research, food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical areas. Additionally, the databases are invaluable as part of the health claims application process. eBASIS, (Bioactive Substances in Food Information System) a comprehensive database containing quality-evaluated scientific data, covering the composition of bioactive compounds present in foods, has flexible structures, allowing it to be extended to include newly emerging data on extractable and non-extractable compounds. Search criteria were developed and defined for compiling suitable peer-reviewed literature. Data quality assessment methods were established for the addition of composition data and antioxidant activity, with a focus on various parameters including: the extraction procedure, the antioxidant measurements, the expression of results. A total of 437 quality-evaluated datapoints on the composition of extractable and/or non-extractable compounds were entered into the database. This database update represents one of the first examples of building a database dedicated to antioxidant properties. This expansion of eBASIS provides a novel and unique tool for nutritionists, dietitians, researchers to use for a wide range of applications, such as dietary assessment, exposure studies and epidemiological studies, and may contribute to an increase in high-bioactive food consumption by consumers.

Biological Activity of Complexes of Some Amino Acid: Review

Schiff bases (SBs) based on amino acid derivative stand for multipurpose ligands that formed by condensingamino acids with carbonyl groups. They are significant in pharmaceutical and medical areas due to theirwidespread biological actions such as antiseptic, antifungal, along with antitumor actions. Transitionmetallic complexes resulting from SB ligands with biological activity were extensively experimented in theliterature. In this article, we review, in details, about synthesizing and biological performances of SBs alongwith its complexes.

Oxidative stress and genotoxicity in Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles after acute exposure to Ni-Al nanoceramics

The employ of nanomaterials (NMs) has exponentially grown due to the large number of technological advances in industrial, pharmaceutical and medical areas. That is the case of alumina (Al) nanoparticles which are extensively employed as support in heterogeneous catalysis processes. However, these NMs can cause great toxicity because of their ubiquitous properties, such as extremely small size and high specific surface area. So, it is required to assess the potential deleterious effects of these NMs on living organisms. In the present study, we analyze the oxidative stress and genotoxic potential of a nanoceramic catalyst Ni/<gamma>-Al2O3 (NC) and the NMs involved in their synthesis, <gamma>-Al2O3 support (SPC) and NiO/<gamma>-Al2O3 precursor (PC) on Rhinella arenarum larvae. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and genotoxic damage were measured in tadpoles exposed to 5 and 25 mg/L of each NMs for 96 h. The results indicated an inhibition of catalase activity in tadpoles exposed to both concentrations of PC and to 25 mg/L of SPC and NC. Moreover, both exposure concentrations of PC and NC significantly inhibited superoxide dismutase activity. Exposure to the three NMs caused inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity, but there were no significant variations in reduced glutathione levels. Oxidative stress damage (lipid peroxidation) was observed in tadpoles treated with 25 mg/L PC, while the other treatments did not produce alterations. The MNs frequency significantly increased in larvae exposed to 25 mg/L PC indicating irreversible genotoxic damage. The results show that these NMs exert genotoxic effects and antioxidant defense system disruption in R. arenarum larvae.

Temperature and pH dual-stimuli-responsive phase-change microcapsules for multipurpose applications in smart drug delivery

Temperature/pH dual-stimuli-responsive phase-change microcapsules (Dual-SR-MEPCM) were designed that can form the basis of smart drug delivery systems. They employed n-eicosane as a phase change material (PCM) microencapsulated in an acrylate-functionalized silica shell via emulsion-templated interfacial polycondensation. A poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylate acid) functional layer was then fabricated on the surface of the silica shell through surfactant-assisted radical polymerization. The combination of phase-change microcapsules and stimuli-responsive material results in a system that synchronously implements thermal self-regulation by its PCM core together with controllable drug release through its polymeric functional layer. The resultant Dual-SR-MEPCM exhibits regularly spherical morphology, uniform particle-size distribution and well-defined core–shell microstructure, which indicates successful construction according to our design principle. This system has been further evaluated for multipurpose applications in thermal regulation and drug delivery with independent temperature and pH triggering. The Dual-SR-MEPCM not only shows a high thermal energy-storage capacity of over 160 J/g, but also good anti-leakage performance, thermal cycle stability and high-temperature shape stability. Our studies also reveal independent stimuli-responsive behaviors for temperature and pH when using bovine serum albumin and doxorubicin hydrochloride as model drugs. All of these features indicate that the Dual-SR-MEPCM designed in this study can serve as a promising candidate for smart drug delivery systems, with great potential for future multipurpose applications in advanced pharmaceutical areas.

Introduction and evaluation of pharmacovigilance for beginners

&lt;p&gt;Drugs safety profile monitoring is an essential element for the effective use of medicines and for high quality medical care. Pharmacovigilance (PV), is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products. The PV comes in picture after elixir sulfanilamide tragedy of 1937 and in the late 1950s and early 1960s, more than 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with deformities such as phocomelia as a consequence of thalidomide use has opened the eyes of drug regulators as well as consumers to establish a way to ensure drug safety. The hospitalization due to adverse drug reaction (ADR) in USA is about or more than 10%. In addition, it is estimates that 15-20% of the hospital inpatient suffers from ADRs. Now the pharmacovigilance system is globalised, strengthen and systematized after the establishment of World Health Organization (WHO) Programme for International Drug Monitoring. The patient safety is now becoming the priority area of pharmaceuticals. In this article, we are describing brief history and introduction of PV that will help to understand PV for beginners.&lt;/p&gt;

Synthesis of Enantioenriched α,α-Difluoro-β-arylbutanoic Esters by Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation.

Synthesis of optically active gem-difluorinated organic molecules attracts a great deal of interest due to their unique properties in pharmaceutical and agrochemical areas. Herein, a series of enantioenriched α,α-difluoro-β-arylbutanoic esters were prepared in high yields (83-99%) with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities (≤97:3 er) by palladium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation.

Building a Knowledge Base in Patented Technology and Equipment for Wood Bark Processing and Use in Industries, Agriculture and Social Sphere

For basic operations of the timber industry, numerous technological and technical solutions were patented for the past few years as the results of the intellectual property. The question of building the knowledge bases on technologies and equipment for involvement of the non-wood forest resources into the processing process lacks sufficient attention. Building the knowledge bases in this field resulted from the identified tendency for the development of products from various types of natural raw materials for pharmaceutical, food-manufacturing, cosmetic industries and other areas of the social sphere and economics. Among the various types of natural raw materials, the priority position is occupied by those with wide range of biological effect, including such as wood bark. The development of the knowledge base in the field of wood bark involvement in various social and economic spheres is based on a systematic patent search. Moreover, developers and inventors are increasingly patenting the results of their intellectual activities in the field of promising types of new intellectual property objects for the use of wood bark. This fact indicates that the problems of improving the quality and efficiency of technologies and disintegrating equipment in this area have not been completely resolved. All this necessitates the synthesis and patenting of new market-competitive technologies and equipment for involvement of wood bark in processing and using it in industries, agriculture and in the social sphere. In this regard, the authors conducted research on patent information search, collection and systematization of information. The state and trends of patenting in the field of technologies and equipment for the use of wood bark in industry and in the social sphere were identified, as well as the main patenting goals (effects) of patented intellectual property objects. The article also presents the most noteworthy patents collected during the building of the knowledge base.

Clean Technologies for Obtaining Biocomposites of Brazilian Ginseng Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen: A Review

The Brazilian ginseng Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen belongs to the Amaranthaceae family and has as its main component β-ecdysone, a phytoecdysteroid, found in the roots, stem, flowers and leaves of the plant. In the last years sustainability and the environment concern were decisive for the emerging supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized fluid extraction technologies to obtain biocomposites from the plant. These extraction technologies use solvents (CO2, ethanol and water) and uses as controllable parameters pressure, flow, time and temperature. The combination of these factors generates atoxicity, no residue in the final extract and have a reduced energy cost and an excellent extraction yield. This work reviews the literature from 2007 to 2020 on the use of clean technology to obtain chemical biocomposites of interest in the areas of biology, agronomy, food and pharmaceutics. It is was concluded that the supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized liquid extraction extracts were very efficient in obtaining β-ecdysone, since both presents low energy consumption, uses environmentally correct solvents which reduces harmful effects on the environment. Finally, to choose the best technology for extraction of other biocomposites depends on the chemical compound of interest.

Prospecção tecnológica do pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense camb.)

O Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (pequizeiro) é uma árvore típica brasileira com alta concentração de compostos fenólico, de amplo uso popular para fins nutricionais e medicinais. Nessa perspectiva a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar uma prospecção tecnológica avaliando o panorâma mundial de patentes depositadas. Foi utilizado o software de busca e análise Questel - Orbit, sendo incluídos os documentos que tinham “pequi”, “Caryocar brasiliense” ou “pequizeiro” no título, resumo ou reivindicações. Foram identificados 128 documentos de patentes. No ano de 2002 houve os primeiros depósitos, desde então todos os anos houve ao menos um depósito, até o momento que a pesquisa foi realizada. O principal país depositário foi o Brasil, os documentos identificados referem-se em diferentes processos aplicados para a obtenção de produtos para conversão química, com aplicação principalmente na área gastronômica e/ou farmacêutica. Dessa forma, a pesquisa aponta interesse, principalmente brasileiro, no desenvolvimento de tecnologias atribuídas a esta espécie.

The effectiveness of the pharmaceutical area companies in the conditions of modern challenges

The effectiveness of the pharmaceutical area companies in the conditions of modern challenges

6.F. Round table: What is the evidence for and against price transparency in pharmaceutical pricing and procurement?

Abstract Although the potential for price transparency in pharmaceutical systems has been widely debated, there has been less discussion of the empirical basis to inform policymaking in this area. The lack of price transparency is viewed as one of the biggest barriers to joint pharmaceutical procurement, an initiative that has the potential to drive down pharmaceutical prices by pooling the purchasing power of smaller populations and thus improve the affordability of medicines. However, critics of the call for increased transparency in pharmaceutical pricing argue that such policies would lead to price inflation, particularly for countries with lower ability to pay or limited negotiating power. Given the widespread use of negotiated confidential discounts granted to different payers by manufacturers and the pervasiveness of international reference pricing as a policy mechanism for determining pharmaceutical prices, transparency policies would not only affect countries directly implementing them. As a result, policy-makers are often reluctant and unsure about how to proceed; this became readily apparent in the discussions around the Transparency Resolution at the World Health Assembly in May 2019. A concise overview of the evidence on the consequences of transparency policies is lacking. This panel draws on a wide-ranging literature review that sought to answer the following key research questions: Is there empirical evidence that examines the effect of price transparency on price development (within countries implementing the policy as well as other countries) In the area of pharmaceuticals? Regarding other types of healthcare goods and services? Regarding products from other industries? What insights can we learn from the available evidence and how transferrable is evidence from other healthcare dimensions or other industries to the issue of price transparency for pharmaceuticals? In this workshop we will bring together researchers to discuss the type of evidence available the extent to which it is empirically grounded. The workshop aims to address this issue and highlight evidence gaps for and against price transparency policies. Each panellist will talk for a maximum of 10 minutes presenting insights from their work; audience members will be actively invited to share their insights and reflections. Key messages The debate on price transparency in pharmaceutical systems needs to advance by looking at the full range of evidence available. Highlighting evidence gaps can endorse real world experiments to test theoretical arguments.

Fabrication of PVA-chitosan-based nanofibers for phytase immobilization to enhance enzymatic activity

In the present paper, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-chitosan (CS) nanofibers were fabricated by using the electrospinning method under a constant voltage (23 kV) and the distance (12 cm). Phytase was purified from cowpea seeds and it was immobilized into the PVA-CS nanofibers. The effects of the electrospinning parameters such as enzyme concentration and flow rate on the catalytic activity of the free and immobilized phytase were also studied. The fabricated nanofibers were characterized via FT-IR, SEM, and XRD techniques. PVA-CS nanofiber and phytase containing nanofiber (phytase-PVA-CS) were exhibited a homogenous morphology with an average diameter of about 43.6 ± 13.7 and 65.3 ± 26.0 nm and fiber diameter of nanofiber containing phytase was increased after enzyme immobilization into PVA-CS nanofiber. The optimum pH and temperature of the free and immobilized phytase were also investigated. The obtained results showed that the optimum pH and temperature values of the immobilized enzyme were shifted to higher pH and temperature values after the immobilization of phytase into PVA-CS nanofiber. According to these results of the immobilized phytase, it could be used in some industrial applications such as animal feed, agriculture, pharmaceutical area, and food industry.

The Evolution Road of Seaweed Aquaculture: Cultivation Technologies and the Industry 4.0.

Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are autotrophic organisms capable of producing many compounds of interest. For a long time, seaweeds have been seen as a great nutritional resource, primarily in Asian countries to later gain importance in Europe and South America, as well as in North America and Australia. It has been reported that edible seaweeds are rich in proteins, lipids and dietary fibers. Moreover, they have plenty of bioactive molecules that can be applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas. There are historical registers of harvest and cultivation of seaweeds but with the increment of the studies of seaweeds and their valuable compounds, their aquaculture has increased. The methodology of cultivation varies from onshore to offshore. Seaweeds can also be part of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), which has great opportunities but is also very challenging to the farmers. This multidisciplinary field applied to the seaweed aquaculture is very promising to improve the methods and techniques; this area is developed under the denominated industry 4.0.