Permanent Preservation Areas Research Articles

Diagnóstico da degradação ambiental na Vertente Úmida do Maciço de Uruburetama/CE e seu entorno

The various interventions in the Uruburetama Massif have generated a situation of degradation that compromises local economic, social and environmental sustainability. As a way of warning about the worsening of environmental problems, this research aims to make a diagnosis of environmental degradation in the humid hillside of the Uruburetama Massif / CE and its surroundings, in order to assess the impacts generated from human actions. The research methodology consisted of data acquisition, with a bibliographic review, orbital images and vector data obtaining; and carrying out field activities to recognize and identify land use and occupation and its associated impacts. Subsequently, these data and actions supported the characterization and thematic mapping of the research area. From the integration of these data, it was verified that the humid slope of the Uruburetama Massif has an advanced stage of degradation from the urban expansion and agricultural activities. The interventions occur even in the areas of permanent preservation, contrary to the Brazilian Forest Code (12.651 / 2012 Law). The state and municipal public authorities contribute to the degradation situation by making road openings without the necessary care to stabilize the slopes. There is also the absence of legislation (Installment, Zoning and Use and Occupation) that supports the process of monitoring, inspection and control of urban expansion and agricultural activities in some municipalities. Although the municipalities in the study area (Iraucuba, Itapaje, Itapipoca, Pentecoste, Tejucuoca, Trairi, Tururu, Umirim and Uruburetama) have an environmental management body, their actions occur in a deficient manner due to lack of technical, financial and human resources, or because there are conflicts of interest when carrying out their activities integrated with other departments, such as agriculture, water resources, fishing, culture and tourism.

Conflito de uso do solo em Áreas de Preservação Permanente da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Marapanim, nordeste do Pará

Permanent preservation areas contribute significantly to maintaining the quality of water resources and protecting against erosive events. In this sense, this work mains of is to analyze the land use conflict in the permanent preservation areas of the Marapanim River basin, located in the northeast of the State of Pará. To this end, it data were processed using images Landsat of the years of 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2017 to discuss changes in land use for each year. Afterwards, land use was overlapped with the Permanent Preservation Areas of the basin (PPA), to identify the types of use that are interfering in the limits that should be maintained as PPA. The results showed that in three of the four years of analysis, the exposed soil class was present in more than 20% of the inadequate land use in PPA, followed by the Farming class, which increased almost 300% the occupation in PPA in the first to last year of study. Thus, this study can support public policies in order to monitor the sources and margins of water courses for a better management of water resources in this region.

Geoenvironmental mapping and integrated analysis of the units within a protected area: municipality of Delfinópolis and the Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil

Geoenvironmental mapping stands out as an essential tool in the identification and delimitation of regions with similar characteristics because it quickly and efficiently directs management departments towards solutions for the demands of each area. This study aimed to analyze the contribution of geoenvironmental mapping in improving the characterization of the management areas of Serra da Canastra National Park. The nine geoenvironmental units obtained in the area mapping in a previous study for the first time were compared with the management zones of the park. In addition, the legal restrictions on land use and land cover were assessed against the real situation to establish the degree of degradation of each geoenvironmental unit, based on the application of the Anthropogenic Transformation Index. The analysis of the units showed that the physical characteristics of the intangible zone and the temporary occupation zone of the park are compatible with one of the geoenvironmental units. Regarding the permanent preservation areas, none of the geoenvironmental units fully complies with the legislation. According to the Anthropogenic Transformation Index, two units are slightly degraded, two units are degraded, and the other five units show regular level of degradation.

Área de preservação permanente urbana e o manejo da água

O presente artigo discute alternativas de inovação técnica para o instituto das áreas de preservação permanentes (APP), definidas pelo Código Florestal Brasileiro, em área urbana. Áreas que hoje se encontram edificadas, asfaltadas, não florestadas e que, apesar do uso e ocupação do solo urbano, possuem fragilidades naturais e funções hidrológicas com potencial de ocasionar impactos significativos ao bem-estar das populações humanas. A premissa é que tais áreas são estratégicas para a segurança hídrica e o microclima urbano. Escorregamentos e deslizamentos, enchentes e inundações, eventos diretamente associados ao uso e a ocupação do solo podem ser mitigados com intervenções nas APPs. O arcabouço teórico tem como base o paradigma do manejo ecológico das águas urbanas. Para demonstrar a viabilidade da proposta, realizamos ensaio técnico em área de APP urbana de topo de morro na Avenida Paulista, Espigão Central da cidade de São Paulo, divisor de água entre os rios Tietê e Pinheiros. Os resultados demonstram que o volume de retenção de água pluvial junto às edificações existentes no recorte do ensaio é equivalente à capacidade de todos os reservatórios da cidade de São Paulo em operação, confirmando o potencial destas áreas para minimizar as vazões de pico.

Will farmers seek environmental regularization in the Amazon and how? Insights from the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) questionnaires

The future availability and quality of natural resources essential to life such as ecosystem services and biodiversity depend on the conservation and restoration of native vegetation. The Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law (NVPL) requires farmers to conserve a minimum percentage of native vegetation within their properties as Legal Reserves (LR) as well as riparian forests and hilltops as Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs). To monitor the conservation and facilitate the compliance of these areas, the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) and the Environmental Regularization Program (PRA) were created. However, so far, little is known about farmers' interest in joining the PRA and the actions they intend to take to correct their past illegal deforestation. This article explores a unique dataset comprising of the individual answers of 97 thousand farmers in the states of Pará and Mato Grosso given to the Brazilian Forest Service in the process of joining at the national rural environmental registry system. We found that the adherence to the PRA is positively correlated with recognition of the LR deficit and the size of the rural property. Also medium and large landowners and crop producers tend to seek compliance by taking actions outside the farm (compensation), while small farmers and squatters are more likely to act inside their own areas (restoration). Understanding farmers’ interests and options for LR compliance can contribute for the formulation of more effective implementation strategies for PRA and NVPL.

Quality index of permanent preservation areas of urban water resources: PPAWater

Urban expansion is widely acknowledged to have a substantial impact on water bodies. The objective of this work is to propose and apply a composite index to evaluate the quality of Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs), which protect urban rivers. The PPAWater index aggregates information from six indicators, namely, sanitary sewage, precarious settlement, urban drainage, level of occupation, conservation units, and preservation area, established by the municipal master plan. When applied to sub-basins in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará, the fifth most-populated city in Brazil, the index shows that the localities lacking sufficient sanitation infrastructure and with fewer hectares of protected areas register as the most vulnerable PPAs. The PPAWater index is an important tool to guide urban environmental planning, formulation, and management of public policies for the protection of urban water resources. It can be used by municipal managers to evaluate environmentally sensitive areas.

Reduction of sediment yield by riparian vegetation recovery at distinct levels of soil erosion in a tropical watershed

ABSTRACT Riparian vegetation plays an important role in sediment retention, thus reduces sediment yield in watersheds. The Brazilian Forest Law (Law 12,651/2012) requires maintenance of fixed-width buffers of riparian vegetation but allows the continuity of agriculture, livestock, and forestry farming activities in some parts of the Areas of Permanent Preservation (APP). This paper aimed to evaluate sediment reduction by recovering the APPs with vegetation strips of permitted widths (5, 8, 15, and 30 m), as per the Forest Law. We considered three land use scenarios that present distinct erosion rates - predominance of areas with forest cover, pasture, and agriculture. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to simulate sediment yield in these scenarios at the Jundiaí-Mirim Watershed in São Paulo, Brazil. The SWAT was calibrated and validated for monthly streamflow. We obtained statistical indices for the processes of calibration and validation, respectively, as: NS = 0.77 and 0.70, PBIAS = -10.2 and -12.5, and RSR = 0.48 and 0.55. The highest reduction in sediment yield (30%) was observed with the total recovery of the APPs (vegetation strips of 30 m) in the current land use scenario. The recovery of the APPs with vegetation strips of 5, 8, and 15 m yielded sediment reduction below 10% in the alternative land use scenarios. The APP strips with reduced recovery maintained high rates of sediment yield. Additionally, even with a total recovery of the APP it is necessary to adopt soil conservation practices throughout the basin’s agricultural area to minimize the impacts on water resources.

Impact of sand mining: A case study of initial growth of forest species for recovery of degraded areas

The Vale do Ribeira region has a large extension of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and in most cities, low environmental impact activities predominate, such as sand mining. Sand mining has been trying to adapt their industrial activities to low environmental impact, aiming at the protection of permanent preservation areas (PPAs) of riparian forests. The objective of this work was to conduct a case study focused on monitoring and initial growth of forest species by 18 months. This study was performed in a riparian forest site on the Ribeira de Iguape River, Registro, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in a PPA with extraction of river bed sand. Forest species height, stem diameter and mortality index, and rainfall were evaluated in the period. Non-pioneer species accounted for 42.7 % of the forest, while pioneer species accounted for 53.1 %. These proportions are in accordance with local legislation, which establishes a lower limit of 40 % in planting for both groups. Drought periods and leaf-cutting ants at the beginning of growth stages contributed to a higher mortality index and irregular development of some species, however, even during such adversities, forest species indicated resistance to these conditions. Pioneer species had more important development, with emphasis on Senna multijuga, Alchornea triplinervia, Citharexylum myrianthum and Trema micranta, these species must be taken into consideration during the first stages of a project which aims at recovering degraded areas in riparian forests of Atlantic Forest.

Localização de nascentes ameaçadas em áreas urbanas: Uma estratégia preventiva de conservação ambiental com auxílio de Modelo Digital do Terreno (MDT)

Identificar nascentes urbanas para posterior delimitação de suas Área de Preservação Permanente (APP), é essencial para garantir a sustentabilidade ambiental das cidades. No entanto, a escassez de ferramentas ou mecanismos facilitadores que atendam a essa finalidade, impede ou dificulta as ações de controle por parte das autoridades públicas. Como as nascentes ocorrem frequentemente nas proximidades do início de canais de drenagem de primeira ordem, supõe-se que a localização delas possa ser obtida por meio de modelos numéricos da superfície do terreno. Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar e demonstrar a aplicabilidade de um Modelo Digital do Terreno (MDT) como ferramenta auxiliar no processo de prospecção em campo de nascentes na área urbana de Cuiabá, MT. A metodologia empregada consistiu em extrair os canais de drenagem da área modelada, sendo possível indicar locais para prospecção correspondentes às regiões de cabeceiras dos canais de primeira ordem. Os resultados mostram que em 62,8% dos pontos indicados há nascente próximas no raio de até 300 metros. No entanto, em 28,6% dos locais não foi possível emitir uma avaliação conclusiva, em vista do alto nível de antropização. Ainda assim, somente 8,6% não apresentou nenhuma surgência no entorno, evidenciando que este método se mostrou eficaz para nortear a identificação de nascentes em campo. Concluímos que os procedimentos adotados neste trabalho são recomendáveis para cidades que disponham de levantamentos altimétricos detalhados, sendo especialmente úteis para as zonas de expansão urbana, onde o caráter preventivo de conservação de nascentes é essencial. Locating threatened urban headwaters: A preventive environmental strategy based on Digital Terrain Model (DTM)A B S T R A C TIdentifying urban headwaters and delimitating their Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) before its inevitable degradation by the human occupation is essential to guarantee the long-term sustainability of the cities. However, the scarcity of tools for facilitating this purpose prevents public authorities from speeding up their control actions. As headwaters frequently occur near the beginning of first-order drainage channels, it is assumed that their location can be obtained by using numerical models of the land surface. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate and demonstrate the applicability of a Digital Terrain Model (MDT) as an auxiliary tool in the prospecting process in spring fields in the urban area of Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. The methodology consisted of extracting the drainage channels from the modeled area, making it possible to indicate locations for prospecting corresponding to the head regions of the first order channels. The results show that 62,8% of the occurrence of the headwaters were in a 300m radii from the first-order start points. However, it was not possible to issue a conclusive evaluation in 28,6% of the places due to the high level of anthropization. Nevertheless, only in 8,6% of them did not present any water emergence in the surroundings, indicating the effectiveness of this method in guiding the prospection of headwaters in field. We concluded that our procedures are worthful for cities that have detailed altimetric surveys, being especially useful in urban expansion areas, where the preventive character of headwaters conservation is essential.Keywords: Prospection; headwater; Digital Terrain Model; geoprocessing; urban area

Use of road underpasses by terrestrial tetrapods inside a protected area in the southeastern part of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract: Roads, despite playing a key role in economy, begin or aggravate processes of forest fragmentation and lead to several species losing their natural habitats, acting as filters and barriers that impose challenges to animal locomotion. Wildlife crossings seek to reestablish the connectivity of the landscape. In general, after being installed, these passages need to be evaluated regarding their functioning. In this study, we present the results of monitoring the underpasses on Serra da Macaca Park Road (SP-139), which crosses Carlos Botelho State Park. The underpasses, constituted by bridges and culverts, were constructed after a license obtained to restore this section of the road. Camera traps were installed inside all crossing structures, and systematic samples were obtained through four field expeditions, with sampling efforts of 10 days each, between March 2018 and February 2019. The footprints found around the intersection structures were also considered. A two-sided Student’s t-test was applied to verify differences in richness between the underpasses that have distinct types of margins. Differences in abundance were analyzed through the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. A Whittaker diagram was generated according to the order of the species, from the most common to the rarest, while their diversity was estimated through Simpson’s Diversity Index (1 - D). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the interaction between diversity and altitude variation. We observed a richness of 16 species of terrestrial tetrapods, without any statistically significant differences between underpasses with dry or flooded margins. Cuniculus paca was the most abundant species, and higher altitudes presented the most diversity. We concluded that the underpasses located inside Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) of watercourses are essential to maintain the flow of animals beneath the road.

Evolução Espaço-Temporal da Ocupação Urbana Sobre Áreas Naturais em Ambientes Costeiros

Neste trabalho a morfodinâmica da paisagem foi utilizada para verificar a intensidade e importância das mudanças exercidas pelo homem sobre o meio ambiente ao longo do tempo, no município de Natal-RN. Foram identificados e caracterizados os impactos da expansão urbana nas zonas Sul e Oeste do município de Natal, por meio de um mapeamento detalhado, no período entre 1969 a 2013, das principais Áreas de Preservação Permanente - APP’s (margens de rios e lagoas, e dunas e seus remanescentes) e suas alterações temporais. Para isto foram usadas fotografias aéreas, imagens de satélite e curvas de nível com equidistância de um metro, além de informações pré-existentes, o que permitiu a criação de um banco de dados espaciais, além de mapas de evolução das áreas impermeáveis e do uso e ocupação do solo. Em linhas gerais, verificou-se que a ocupação urbana avançou cerca de 60 % sobre as áreas naturais estudadas. Esse avanço foi crescente até o ano de 2006, quando se observou uma desaceleração neste processo, excetuando a Zona de Proteção Ambiental (ZPA) 03, onde está o rio Pitimbu e a sua APP, que experimentou uma perda mais significativa de área. A ocupação urbana afetou a drenagem natural e contribuiu para a contaminação das águas subterrâneas de Natal, devido ao aumento da área impermeabilizada, do lançamento de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, bem como a retirada da mata ciliar, o que alterou de modo irreversível a paisagem natural, e reduziu a qualidade e quantidade dos recursos hídricos locais, necessários à população. Space-Temporal Evolution of Urban Occupation on Natural Areas in Coastal Environments A B S T R A C TThis work aimed to perform a multidecadal analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution of urban occupation over natural areas in the South and West Zones of the Natal-RN city, through geotechnologies and field study. Between 1969 and 2013, the impacts of urban expansion on tthe main Permanent Preservation Areas - PPA (banks of rivers and lagoons, and dunes remaining) and their temporal changes were identified and characterized. For this, aerial photographs, satellite images and contour lines were used, in addition to pre-existing information, which allowed the creation of a robust spatial database, which resulted in the construction of evolution maps of impervious areas and the use of and land occupation. In general, it was found that urban occupation advanced about 60% over the studied natural areas. This advance was increasing until 2006, when there was a slowdown in this process, except for the Environmental Protection Zone (EPZ) 03, where the Pitimbu River and its PPA are located, which experienced a more significant loss of area. The urban occupation affected the natural drainage and contributed to the contamination of the groundwater of Natal, due to the increase of the waterproofed area, the release of solid and liquid residues, as well as the removal of the riparian forest, which irreversibly altered the natural landscape. And reduced the quality and quantity of local water resources needed by the population.Keywords: Landscape Dynamics. Urban Morphodynamics; Land Use and Land Cover; Environmental Degradation. Environmental Impact.

Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on the Development and Attack of Leaf-Cutting Ants in Clonal Seedlings of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the mycorrhizal association in the development and attack of leaf-cutting ants Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758) in clonal seedlings of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis hybrid. The treatments consisted of inoculated and uninoculated seedlings with 100 grams of sand containing spores from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) collected on native soil from four different areas of the amazon: native forest area (NF), permanent preservation area recovered to three years (PPA03), permanent preserved area degraded (PPAD) and permanent preservation area recovered to four years (PPA04). At 45 and 90 days after inoculation (d.a.i.), height, fresh and dry matter of shoot and root, root development, number of leaves, stem diameter and tolerance to leaf-cutting ants were evaluated. In the first group of plants (45 d.a.i.), mycorrhizal plants presented the higher root volume with the use of APP04, APP03 and NF all with 6.16 mm. For the second group of plants (90 d.a.i.), the highest root volume was also found on mycorrhizal plants with the soil of APP03 and control with 7.16 mm. For the attractiveness test of ants, 16 discs were taken from the non-inoculated seedlings. Regarding the disks of mycorrhizal seedlings with the soil of APP04, only 9 were taken. Although the use of AMF to stimulate plant resistance to attack by leaf-cutting ants is a new study, studies related to the influence of mychorrizas on plant development are quite common and the results presented in this study did not evidence the influence of mychorrizas on plant development. However, it was observed that the early inoculation of the seedlings can reduce the attractiveness of leaf-cutting ants by the seedlings of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis, already in the first 45 d.a.i of the seedlings and the inoculum used can interfere in this process.

ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURA ESPACIAL DA PAISAGEM A PARTIR DA PROPOSIÇÃO DE CENÁRIOS DE RESTAURAÇÃO FLORESTAL EM UMA MICROBACIA HIDROGRÁFICA NA AMAZÔNIA MATO-GROSSENSE: ANALYSIS OF THE LANDSCAPE FRAGMENTATION THROUGH THE PROPOSITION OF FOREST RESTORATION SCENARIOS IN A MICROBASIN IN AMAZONIA, MATO GROSSO

The State of Mato Grosso presents a high degree of deforestation due to the historical process of occupation of the territory. Deforestation and fragmentation of habitats in tropical regions results in an agromosaic composed of forest remnants in an anthropized matrix, being essential restoration actions in order to reestablish the connectivity between fragments in the landscape. The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in the landscape spatial structure of a watershed in the municipality of Carlinda (MT). We established seven scenarios associated with the presence of agroforestry systems (SAF) and forest restoration of Permanent Preservation Areas (APP) and surrounding water reservoirs, quantifying land uses and coverage and employing landscape metrics for the quantitative assessment of the scenarios. The restoration of APP and reservoirs resulted in the creation of corridors and increase of connectance between riparian fragments, while the SAF behaved as stepping stones in the landscape, contributing to the reduction of isolation and increase the proximity between fragments in the agricultural matrix. By jointly assessing the employed metrics, the scenario that reconciles SAF and riparian restoration beyond that required by current environmental legislation showed the greatest potential for increasing structural connectivity in the landscape.

CENÁRIOS AMBIENTAIS E O INCENTIVO À PROTEÇÃO DE ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE NA MICROBACIA DO RIO FAGUNDES, PARAÍBA DO SUL/RJ

Para incentivar os agricultores a preservar e/ou restaurar a vegetação nativa como previsto na Lei 12.651/2012, um programa de desenvolvimento rural sustentável do Rio de Janeiro investe na proteção e recuperação de Áreas de Preservação Permanente, especialmente as de nascente. O objetivo deste trabalho, relacionado a este programa, é construir cenários ambientais que subsidiem o planejamento e a gestão de APPs. A metodologia é a quantificação das classes de cobertura da terra: "Floresta", "Não Floresta", "Água" e "Não Classificada", usando geotecnologias em duas cenas comparativas, 2011 e 2016, e um cenário futuro, 2046. Foram utilizados o programa ArcGis 10.3 para processamento de imagem digital, os sensores Landsat 5 TM e Landsat 8 OLI e o programa Idrisi Selva 17.0/Land Change Modeler para a geração de modelos preditivos e análise comparativa. Os resultados indicam que, entre 2011 e 2016, houve um aumento de 160,4 hectares da classe “Não Floresta” em relação à “Floresta”: a classe “Floresta” diminuiu 7,4%, enquanto a classe “Não Floresta” aumentou 5,33%. Para o cenário futuro 2046, o modelo probabilístico markoviano apresenta 52% de chance de conversão da classe "Floresta" em "Não Floresta", portanto, há uma predição de cenário futuro tendencial pessimista de desmatamento. Recomenda-se o monitoramento da microbacia conjugado a mudanças na cobertura da terra e a ações de preservação de "Floresta”.

Improving Water Sustainability through Modeling Optimum Sites for Riparian Forest Reforestation

The margins of Brazilian rivers are considered Permanent Preservation Areas—APPs, due to the riparian forest’s water resource preservation capacity. However, a significant portion of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome, in which the Jacaré River basin is located, has suffered increasing deforestation over the past decades. This research aimed to use a methodology integrating Geographic Information System (GIS), fuzzy logic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and sensitivity analysis to model the selection of riparian protected area stretches that presents the best successful riparian forest reforestation using a real case, the Jacaré river basin, whose characteristics are often in Brazilian watersheds. To identify the main drivers that influence reforestation success, we carried out a broad and detailed bibliographic research. To establish the relative importance among the drivers, we conducted a survey with experts. The results showed that areas with moderate chances of reforestation prevail in the studied region. Due to the areas’ distribution pattern, a significant portion of the best sites were grouped, forming regions that create environments that favor aquatic and riverside life development and ecological balance maintenance, thus bringing together fundamental characteristics to improve water resources sustainability. The best sites have dystrophic or eutrophic soil, with a slope of up to 15%. Besides, they are mainly covered by grass and are close to forest fragments with low vulnerability.

Buffer zone delimitation of conservation units based on map algebra and AHP technique: A study from Atlantic Forest Biome (Brazil)

A buffer zone can be defined as the surroundings of a protected area, restricting human activities, such as irregular urban growth, hunting, logging, and unsustainable agriculture. The general objective of this research was to propose a methodology for the delimitation of a buffer zone surrounding a conservation unit within the Atlantic Forest Biome, integrating physical, biotic and socioeconomic aspects with the use of map algebra and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The study area, Rio Canoas State Park, is a unit of integral protection type conservation containing araucaria forest, which is of great environmental relevance as it is situated in the Atlantic Forest Biome containing several species of wild fauna and flora. Firstly, natural vulnerability to erosion of the surroundings of the park associated with basic territorial units with the aid of map algebra and AHP technique was elaborated. Secondly, insertion of special areas such as permanent preservation areas and areas consolidated by the Ministry of the Environment in the buffer zone was done. Finally, the buffer zone of the park delimited from the results acquired in the previous two stages was established. It was verified that the calculation of natural vulnerability to erosion and the parameters of special areas were effective and adequate for the delimitation of the buffer zone with a total area of approximately 37,888 ha. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of buffer zone delimitation using remote sensing and GIS techniques based on environmental conditions, including the invasion of exotic species, of the surrounding areas of the conservation units.

EFEITOS DOS CONFLITOS DE USO DO SOLO EM ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE SOBRE A PRODUÇÃO E TRANSPORTE DE SEDIMENTOS EM BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS: O CASO DA BACIA DO RIO DO COCO, TOCANTINS, BRASIL

Objetivou-se avaliar os conflitos de uso do solo em áreas de preservação permanente e sua relação com a produção e transporte de sedimentos na bacia hidrográfica do Rio do Coco. Para tanto, foram realizadas medições de descargas líquidas e sólidas no exutório das principais sub-bacias que compõem a Bacia do Rio do Coco, bem como o mapeamento dos usos presentes nas APPs. As descargas sólidas foram analisadas por meio de coletas de amostras de água para a determinação dos sólidos em suspensão usando-se a técnica de amostragem por integração vertical com uso de amostradores (DH-48 e DH-59). Já as medições de vazão foram realizadas através dos medidores de vazão ADV e ADCP. Para o mapeamento da cobertura e uso da terra nas APPs foram utilizadas imagens do satélite Landsat 8, ano 2015, sendo a segmentação das imagens realizada no ENVI, com posterior classificação por meio da inspeção visual. Os resultados indicaram que a região da alta bacia apresentou maiores irregularidades nas APPs, sendo também responsável pela maior produção e transporte de sedimentos, o que sugere uma relação com as atividades de uso na bacia.

USO E CONSERVAÇÃO DAS ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE E DE RESERVA LEGAL POR MORADORES DO ASSENTAMENTO BOA VISTA, PONTA PORÃ, MS

Os assentamentos rurais devem ser estruturados com base em princípios socioambientais que promovam a integração humano-natureza, de maneira que se estabeleça a agricultura camponesa de uma forma social, econômica e ambientalmente justa e sustentável. Entretanto, muitos moradores acabam aderindo à produção de commodities, que muitas vezes avança sobre Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e de Reserva Legal (RL). Esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o uso e conservação das APPs e RLs pelos moradores do Assentamento Boa Vista, município de Ponta Porã, Mato Grosso do Sul. Avalia também o uso de agrotóxicos pelas famílias e em quais atividades produtivas eles são empregados. A maioria dos moradores entrevistados (73%) afirmou não saber quais atividades produtivas são permitidas de serem desenvolvidas nas áreas de APP e RL. Apesar disso, 46% afirmaram desenvolver algum tipo de atividade nessas áreas, sendo que a apicultura foi apontada por 27%, a agricultura por 4%, e 15% não quiseram dizer qual atividade produtiva desenvolve nas áreas de APP e RL. Uma parte significativa dos proprietários (42%) utiliza agrotóxicos, empregados principalmente no cultivo da soja, sendo o glifosato o mais utilizado. Os resultados do estudo evidenciam um cenário onde boa parte dos moradores produzem soja com o emprego de agrotóxicos ou arrendam parte da área de seus lotes para que terceiros a produzam. Este modelo de cultivo de monocultura coloca em risco a soberania alimentar da comunidade, uma vez que diminui drasticamente o espaço para o cultivo diversificado de alimentos saudáveis, livres de agrotóxicos, gerando fortes impactos socioambientais.

Análise ambiental da sub-bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Bonito: uma abordagem morfométrica e do uso e cobertura das terras

A análise das dinâmicas naturais e das atuações antrópicas nas bacias hidrográficas são importantes para prever cenários futuros e subsidiar a gestão e o planejamento dessas unidades territoriais. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os parâmetros morfométricos referentes às características geométricas, de relevo e da rede de drenagem, e o uso e cobertura das terras da sub-bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Bonito, localizada nos municípios de Avaré e Itatinga, no estado de São Paulo, por meio da utilização das geotecnologias. As características morfométricas da sub-bacia hidrográfica exibem uma dinâmica natural indicativa de baixa probabilidade de enchentes. A rede de drenagem possui uma hierarquia fluvial de cinco ordens, mas sua densidade de drenagem é baixa, sobretudo devido ao relevo predominantemente plano e declives suaves. A referida sub-bacia possui baixa cobertura florestal (7,17%) e as Áreas de Preservação Permanente – APP’s necessitam de medidas de recuperação, uma vez que apenas 45,73% delas estão preservadas, mas, as coberturas presentes são favoráveis à infiltração da água e, se manejadas corretamente, tornam a área importante para a proteção dos solos e a manutenção da perenidade dos recursos hídricos.

Changes in riparian forest cover from 1966 to 2017 along the Paraíba do Sul River between Jacareí and Queluz, São Paulo, Brazil

This study is based on the assumption that beginning with the passage of the Forest Code in 1965, which was revised by the law of 2012, the Permanent Preservation Area (PPA) of Paraíba do Sul River, PSR, is currently recuperated and preserved. In this context, the objective of this study was to: 1) conduct a temporal survey with respect to the rate of change of gains and losses of forest cover during the years 1966, 1977 and 2017; and, 2) do a spatial analysis in relation to this rate of change. This study was conducted along the stretch of the PSR between the municipalities of Jacareí and Queluz. Maps were used from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE (1964-1966), the Geographic and Cartographic Institute of the state of São Paulo – IGC-SP (1978) (IGC), and high resolution images from the Pléiades satellite (2017). For the spatial and temporal analyses of the study area, geoprocessing techniques were used to quantify the area occupied by forest in two: 100 m buffer strips of the PPA, and in buffer strips of 1,000m, starting from each bank of the river. With respect to forest cover, measurements of its total and average size, proportion, gain or loss, and distance between nearby fragments were made. The results indicate that, from the decade of the 1960s to 2017, forest cover grew from 5.3% to 21%, and from 2% to 13% in the strips of 100 and 1,000 meters, respectively. With respect to areas registered from 1960, there was a reduction of 691 hectares, principally of large areas of remaining forest. However, a portion of this forest area was still present in 2017, but most of this forest was in the area 1,000 m from the riverbanks. These results will aid in the planning for establishment of priority areas for conservation of the riparian forest of the PSR. Through analysis of distances between forest fragments, empty spaces devoid of forest cover were identified, and in some cases these spaces were indicated as priority areas for recuperation. The results are discussed in the context of public policies and the periods of economic development that were drivers of landscape changes in the Paraíba do Sul Valley in the São Paulo region. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the riparian forest of the PSR has slowly recuperated but is still far from being in compliance with current Brazilian legislation. This study will be an important aid in compliance activities conducted by public authorities in permanent preservation areas in the São Paulo PSR. An ample and refined survey of consolidated and fallow areas is suggested so that mitigation and compensation activities can be proposed for the PSR riparian forest that will promote the conservation of the quality of its water and biodiversity resources.