Abstract
Abstract: Roads, despite playing a key role in economy, begin or aggravate processes of forest fragmentation and lead to several species losing their natural habitats, acting as filters and barriers that impose challenges to animal locomotion. Wildlife crossings seek to reestablish the connectivity of the landscape. In general, after being installed, these passages need to be evaluated regarding their functioning. In this study, we present the results of monitoring the underpasses on Serra da Macaca Park Road (SP-139), which crosses Carlos Botelho State Park. The underpasses, constituted by bridges and culverts, were constructed after a license obtained to restore this section of the road. Camera traps were installed inside all crossing structures, and systematic samples were obtained through four field expeditions, with sampling efforts of 10 days each, between March 2018 and February 2019. The footprints found around the intersection structures were also considered. A two-sided Student’s t-test was applied to verify differences in richness between the underpasses that have distinct types of margins. Differences in abundance were analyzed through the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. A Whittaker diagram was generated according to the order of the species, from the most common to the rarest, while their diversity was estimated through Simpson’s Diversity Index (1 - D). The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the interaction between diversity and altitude variation. We observed a richness of 16 species of terrestrial tetrapods, without any statistically significant differences between underpasses with dry or flooded margins. Cuniculus paca was the most abundant species, and higher altitudes presented the most diversity. We concluded that the underpasses located inside Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) of watercourses are essential to maintain the flow of animals beneath the road.
Highlights
The construction of wildlife crossings has gained traction recently (Van der Grift et al 2013)
This study aims to assess the use of underpasses across Serra da Macaca Park Road (SP-139) by terrestrial tetrapods and to compare the richness and abundance of vertebrates between two types of wildlife crossing structures
The structures were constructed in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) of rivers and permanent streams, whose margins are valuable for connecting animal populations and maintaining gene flow (Coutinho et al 2013)
Summary
The construction of wildlife crossings has gained traction recently (Van der Grift et al 2013). There are two distinct groups of wildlife crossings: underpasses (e.g., culverts, linear tunnels) and overpasses (e.g., green bridges and canopy bridges). This type of measure seeks to restore connectivity between sectioned habitats (Ascensão & Mira 2007); in addition, fences are built to direct vertebrate species towards underpasses (Dodd et al 2004, Abra et al 2020). Roads may isolate these populations, affecting migrations and increasing mortality due to collisions with vehicles (Lesbarrères & Fahrig 2012). The combined use of wildlife crossings and guiding fences is considered the best method to decrease roadkill rates (Mastro et al 2008)
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