National Park Area Research Articles

Phenology of flowering and fruiting of Calliandra (Calliandra spp.) species in submontane forest, Indonesia

The phenology of flowering and fruiting by predicting the correct timing of flowering and fruiting can be the basis of a national park area management strategy in controlling invasive alien species such as Calliandra (Calliandra sp.). The research was conducted from June - September 2020 to determine the phase and phenology of flowering and fruiting of red Calliandra (C. calothyrsus) and white Calliandra (C. portoricensis). Direct field observations using purposive sampling method with characteristics of trees in a state of flowering based on the four cardinal directions and altitude, the analysis used is the average difference test or t test. The results showed the phenological period for red Calliandra (C. calothyrsus) was 97–125 days and white Calliandra (C. portoricensis) 72–101 days which occurred in June - September. Red Calliandra phenological periods (C.calothyrsus) and white Calliandra (C.portoricensis) were not significantly different between the variable direction (0.912 and 0.707) and variable heights (0.924 and 0.800). Therefore, Calliandra (Calliandra sp) can growth at an altitude up to 1.700 meters above sea level and is also able to adapt to shade through avoidance and tolerance mechanisms.

Risk factors analysis for neglected human rickettsioses in rural communities in Nan province, Thailand: A community-based observational study along a landscape gradient

In this study, we estimated exposure for Scrub typhus (STG), Typhus (TG) and Spotted fever groups (SFG) rickettsia using serology at a fine scale (a whole sub-district administration level) of local communities in Nan Province, Thailand. Geographical characteristics of the sub-district were divided into two landscape types: lowland agricultural area in an urbanized setting (lowland-urbanized area) and upland agricultural area located close to a protected area of National Park (upland-forested area). This provided an ideal contrast between the two landscapes with low and high levels of human-altered habitats to study in differences in disease ecology. In total, 824 serum samples of participants residing in the eight villages were tested by screening IgG ELISA, and subsequently confirmed by the gold standard IgG Immunofluorescent Assay (IFA). STG and TG IgG positivity were highest with seroprevalence of 9.8% and 9.0%, respectively; whereas SFG positivity was lower at 6.9%. Inhabitants from the villages located in upland-forested area demonstrated significantly higher STG exposure, compared to those villages in the lowland-urbanized area (chi-square = 51.97, p < 0.0001). In contrast, TG exposure was significantly higher in those villagers living in lowland-urbanized area (chi-square = 28.26, p < 0.0001). In addition to the effect of landscape types, generalized linear model (GLM) analysis identified socio-demographic parameters, i.e., gender, occupation, age, educational level, domestic animal ownership (dog, cattle and poultry) as influential factors to explain the level of rickettsial exposure (antibody titers) in the communities. Our findings raise the public health awareness of rickettsiosis as a cause of undiagnosed febrile illness in the communities.

A Study on Landscape Resources by Trails in Hallasan National Park Area

이 연구는 한라산국립공원지역 경관자원을 특성에 맞춰서 유형별로 나누고, 자연경 관자원에 비해 연구가 미진한 인문경관자원의 성격을 규명하면서 그에 맞는 유형별 분류를 했다. 경관자원 유형에 따라 한라산국립공원지역 어리목·영실·성판악·관음사·돈내코 등 5개 탐방로에서 확인 가능하거나 주변에 있는 경관자원을 제시했다. 자연경관자원을 동·식물, 지형·지질, 계곡, 산정화구호·습지, 오름, 동굴·궤, 폭포·샘, 기상 등 8개 유형으로 나눴다. 화산폭발로 형성된 한라산국립공원지역의 자연환경을 쉽게 보여줄 수 있도록 비슷한 특성을 가진 자원을 하나로 묶었으며 대표적인 자원을 중심으로 분석했다. 인문경관자원을 시설·도로, 1차산업, 방어유적, 기념물, 종교·제사, 풍수지리, 신화·전 설·무속, 예술·기록 등 8개 유형으로 구분해서 대표 자원을 제시했다. 유형별로 경관자 원의 내용을 분석했다. 한라산국립공원 주요 탐방로별로 확인 가능한 경관자원을 유형별로 확인한 결과 관음사탐방로가 가장 풍부한 자연·인문 경관자원을 보유한 사실을 밝혔다. 이들 경관자원 유형을 활용해 가치 평가, 중요 경관자원 선정, 목록화 등을 추진하면 한라산국립공원의 가치가 더욱 높아질 것이다.

Selection of National Park Candidate Areas Based on Spatial Overlap Characteristics of Protected Areas in China

The integration and optimization of protected areas is an important part of the construction of a protected areas system centered around national parks. How to best integrate and optimize protected areas is the most urgent problem in the reform. This paper analyzes the spatial overlap and continuity of protected areas in China on a national scale and proposes a collection of candidate areas for national parks. The results show that ➀ 52.9% of the protected areas overlap, with nature reserves, forest parks and scenic areas showing the most overlap, and the maximum number of overlaps is five. ➁ There are 1145 groups of contiguous protected areas that form continuous boundary areas, accounting for 58.9% of the total number of protected areas analyzed in this paper. Of these continuous zones, 48.55% consists of only two protected areas. There are 51 continuous areas with more than 10 protected areas, showing point continuous and/or patchy continuous boundary characteristics. ➂ According to the identified continuous areas, overlapping degree, protection levels and function, the candidate areas of national parks in China are proposed. Continuous areas with comprehensive ecosystem services, high-intensity protection levels, and high overlap intensity are selected as preliminary candidate areas for national parks. These are further refined based on their co-location with four types of key areas. A total of 41 areas are recommended as potential national parks. These continuous areas are highly consistent with the national “two screens, three belts” strategy, and nine of them are essentially consistent with the current national parks pilot. These results indicate that the recommended areas selected according to this research method are reasonable, and can provide a scientific basis for determining the spatial layout of China’s new protected areas system and the establishment of national parks.

Spatial and Temporal Change of Land Cover in Protected Areas in Malawi: Implications for Conservation Management

Protected areas (PAs) transform over time due to natural and anthropogenic processes, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. As current and projected climatic trends are poised to pressurize the sustainability of PAs, analyses of the existing perturbations are crucial for providing valuable insights that will facilitate conservation management. In this study, land cover change, landscape characteristics, and spatiotemporal patterns of the vegetation intensity in the Kasungu National Park (area = 2445.10 km2) in Malawi were assessed using Landsat data (1997, 2008 and 2018) in a Fuzzy K-Means unsupervised classification. The findings reveal that a 21.12% forest cover loss occurred from 1997 to 2018: an average annual loss of 1.09%. Transition analyses of the land cover changes revealed that forest to shrubs conversion was the main form of land cover transition, while conversions from shrubs (3.51%) and bare land (3.48%) to forest over the two decades were comparatively lower, signifying a very low rate of forest regeneration. The remaining forest cover in the park was aggregated in a small land area with dissimilar landscape characteristics. Vegetation intensity and vigor were lower mainly in the eastern part of the park in 2018. The findings have implications for conservation management in the context of climate change and the growing demand for ecosystem services in forest-dependent localities.

Collaboration after Conflict: A Lesson from Collaborative Action in Customary Land Tenure Conflicts in Lombok, Indonesia

Land tenure conflicts in Lombok occured due to social interactions between community and state institutions. These were triggered by the unilateral claims of some of the villagers of Bebidas who acted on behalf of indigenous communities to take back what they believed to be their ancestral land in the Mount Rinjani National Park area. This paper analyzes how stakeholders generated conflict resolution efforts that emphasized inclusive efforts by collaborative action through dialogue based on collaborative governance theory. Data were obtained from interviews with several key informants from various levels of government, as well as members of the Bebidas village community and NGO representatives. Documentation and observation were also carried out to obtain data validity over sustained data collection and analysis process. Findings show that conflict resolution resulted from a long-term process that built up from dialogues involving various stakeholders, which encouraged the emergence of Mutual Agreements and Memorandum of Understanding as milestones to end conflicts. This helped to initiate peaceful relations. Findings suggest that capacity building, promoting awareness, and technical training to support rights and livelihoods on an ongoing basis help to address conflicts rooted in knowledge imbalances. In addition, expanding conservation partnership through community empowerment and ecosystem restoration programs assist in maintaining resources and supporting economic benefits underpin ideals of sustainable longer term uses of the Rinjani.

Absence of 2899C

Simple SummarySamples from an African lion cub in the Greater Kruger National Park area (South Africa), which could not walk, were tested for a gene mutation that causes one type of muscle weakness in domestic cats. The cause of the muscle weakness is believed to be genetic, but our study showed that the mutation that is found in similarly affected domestic cats was not present in the cub. Genetic diseases are more common in inbred animal populations, so this condition needs to be further evaluated to assist in the conservation of these magnificent creatures.Polyphasic skeletal muscle degeneration, necrosis and mineralization of skeletal muscle was diagnosed in eight juvenile free-ranging lions (Panthera leo), from five different litters in the Greater Kruger National Park area that were unable to walk properly. A detailed investigation was not possible in free-ranging lions, so the cause could not be determined. The cases resembled hypokalemic polymyopathy in domestic cats with muscle weakness. A candidate-gene approach previously identified a nonsense mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme lysine-deficient 4 protein kinase (WNK4) associated with the disease in Burmese and Tonkinese cats. In this study, we sequenced all 19 exons of the gene in one case, and two control samples, to identify possible mutations that may be associated with polymyopathy in free-ranging lions. Here, no mutations were detected in any of the exons sequenced. Our findings indicate that the WNK4 gene is not a major contributor to the condition in these lions. Further studies into the pathogenesis of this condition are needed to inform conservation policies for this vulnerable, iconic African species.

The Effect of E-WOM, Health Awareness, and Perceived Risks on Visiting Decisions in the Era of the Covid-19 Pandemic

The decision to visit is a purchase decision, many factors influence the decision to visit. This study aims to determine the effect of Electronic Word of Mouth (e-WOM), Health Awareness, and Perceived Risk on the decision to visit the natural tourist area of Mount Rinjani National Park during the Covid-19 pandemic. The sample in this study was 100 (one hundred) respondents obtained by adapting the Snowball Sampling technique with the target respondents being visitors to the Mount Rinjani National Park. The results of this study indicate that Electronic Word of Mouth (e-WOM), Health Awareness, and Perceived Risk have a positive effect on the decision to visit the natural tourist area of Mount Rinjani National Park during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, each variable has a different effect. Electronic Word of Mouth (e-WOM) and Health Awareness variables have a positive effect on visiting decisions, while Perceived Risk has no effect on visiting decisions.

Genome Size of Life Forms of Araceae-A New Piece in the C-Value Puzzle.

The genome size of an organism is an important trait that has predictive values applicable to various scientific fields, including ecology. The main source of plant C-values is the Plant DNA C-values database of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, which currently contains 12,273 estimates. However, it covers only 2.9% of known angiosperm species and has gaps in the life form and geographic distribution of plants. Only 4.5% of C-value estimates come from researchers in Central and South America. This study provides 41 new C-values for the aroid family (Araceae), collected in the Piedras Blancas National Park area in southern Costa Rica, including terrestrial, epiphytic and aquatic life forms. Data from our study are combined with C-value entries in the RBGK database for Araceae. The analysis reveals a wider range of C-values for terrestrial aroids, consistent with other terrestrial plants, a trend toward slightly lower C-values for epiphytic forms, which is more consistent for obligate epiphytes, and comparatively low C-values for aquatic aroids.

Опыт сравнения геоинформационного моделирования и традиционного картографирования природных ландшафтов (на примере Приэльбрусья)

The theory of natural landscapes is one of the central and most complex concepts of modern physical geography. As is well known, in Western science, the concept of “landscape” is recognized only as a general one and is usually used to designate geosystems that have been exposed to anthropogenic influence for a long time. In this regard, geoinformation modeling all over the world (outside Russia) in recent decades has been mainly devoted to obtaining the so-called “landscape cover” Landuse-Landcover, which represents some kind of land use types, fragments of cultural landscape and urbanized areas mixture. Attempts at geoinformation modeling aimed at delimiting territorial natural complexes in the West and developing predictive maps of vegetation, soil cover and “habitats” are similar in content and algorithms to the approaches used for semi-automated mapping of natural landscapes. The development of synthetic geoinformation modeling methods was largely associated with overcoming the theoretical difficulties and controversial “plots” of Russian landscape science, which include ideas about the role of the morpholithogenic basis and biota of the landscape, taking into account the “leading” factors of differentiation, the presence of objective spatial hierarchical levels of landscape differentiation, and others. In this article, using the example of a key area of the Elbrus Region National Park, the capabilities of the traditional technique of expert-manual mapping are compared with mapping in a geoinformation environment. It is shown that the intuitive actions taken by an expert drawing a landscape map, although not strictly algorithmic in reality, are nevertheless close in content to complex variants of cluster analysis and decision trees. It is substantiated that the best option for landscape synthesis is not an overlay of finite classes of the morpholithogenic base and biota, but a joint analysis (cluster or isocluster classification) of many initial variables, in particular, geomorphometric parameters and landscape-vegetation indices. Supervised classifications with the creation of training files based on the author’s manual landscape maps give the worst result compared to uncontrolled ones, which, firstly, indicates the inaccuracy of the drawn maps, and secondly, the authors’ failure to comply with any strict algorithms and phenomena, which may be labeled as “changing the rules on the fly”.

北京市自然保护地生态效益及其影响因素

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北京市自然保护地生态效益及其影响因素 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202108252386 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项（XDA23080000） Ecological benefit evaluation and influencing factors analysis of the Protected Areas in Beijing Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:自然保护地是生物多样性富集区域，发挥着水源涵养、防风固沙等重要的生态效益。北京市共5类79处自然保护地，是首都重要生态屏障，但自然因素和人为干扰对自然保护地生态效益有着重要影响。核算了北京自然保护地的5种典型的生态效益，使用单因素方差分析比较了不同类型自然保护地生态效益的差异，并基于冗余分析法探究了2种自然因素（年均气温和年降水量）和4种人为因素（人口密度、建设用地比例、耕地比例和道路密度）对生态效益的影响。结果表明：（1）北京自然保护地总体生态效益：北京自然保护地生境质量高，生境质量指数均值高达0.88；其它4项可价值化的生态效益中，水源涵养价值最大，固碳价值最低。（2）各类自然保护地之间生态效益比较：除生境质量外，其它4个生态效益之和，自然保护区和森林公园显著高于其它3类自然保护地；湿地公园的生境质量显著低于其它4类保护地，而这4类保护地之间生境质量并无显著差异；从水源涵养的生态效益来看，风景名胜区和地质公园显著低于其它3类自然保护地。（3）人为干扰因素（影响水平为38.92%）对生态效益的影响程度远高于自然因素（影响水平为16.63%）；防风固沙、水土保持和固碳效益主要受人为干扰影响，而生境质量同时受到自然因素和人为因素的影响，水源涵养则主要受到自然因素的影响。（4）基于冗余分析，北京自然保护地可分为3个类群：水源涵养型、高质量栖息地型、其它生态效益型（包括防风固沙、水土保持和固碳）。研究可服务于北京保护地管理，提升北京自然保护地的生态效益。 Abstract:The protected area has high biodiversity and vital important ecological benefits, such as water conservation, soil and water conservation, sand fixation and wind prevention. In Beijing, the protected area are the core of the capital's ecological barrier. There are still many problems in the management of the protected area management, and human disturbance(population, economy and transportation) is prevalent, which seriously affects the ecological benefits of the protected area, especially in big cities such as Beijing. The natural factors also have impacts on ecological benefits of the protected area. However, there is still a gap in the understanding of the main factors the affecting the ecological benefits of the protected area in Beijing. We calculated 5 typical ecological benefits of 79 natural protected areas in Beijing, and compared the difference of ecological benefits of 5 types of protected area (natural reserve, forest park, scenic and historical interest area, geopark and wetland park) with one-way ANOVA. The effects of two natural factors (annual average temperature and annual precipitation) and four human impacts (population density, proportion of construction land, proportion of cultivated land and road density) on ecological benefits were investigated based on redundancy analysis. The results showed as follows:(1) in 2020, the value of water conservation per unit area in Beijing's protected areas was 34347 yuan/ha, the value of wind prevention and sand fixation was 2774 yuan/ha, the ecological value of soil and water conservation was 1274 yuan/ha, and the carbon fixation value was only 473 yuan/ha. In addition, the mean value of habitat quality per unit area in Beijing's protected areas was 0.88. (2) While comparing ecological benefits among different types of protected area, except habitat quality, the total benefits of the other four types of ecological benefits, nature reserve and forest parks were significantly higher than the other three types of natural protected areas. The habitat quality of wetland parks was significantly lower than that of the other four types of protected area, and there was no significant difference among the four types of protected area. In terms of ecological benefits of water conservation, scenic and historical interest area and geoparks were significantly lower than other three types of natural protection area. (3) Compared with natural factors (16.63%), human factors (38.92%) were the main factors affecting the ecological benefits of the protected area in Beijing, mainly including wind prevention and sand fixation, soil and water conservation and carbon fixation. Habitat quality was affected by both natural and human impacts, and water conservation was mainly affected by natural factors. ('4) Based on redundancy analysis (RDA), all the protected area in Beijing could be divided into three types:water conservation type, high-quality habitat type, and other ecological benefits (including wind prevention and sand fixation, water and soil conservation and carbon sequestration). The results showed that it was important and urgent to integrate and optimize the protected area in Beijing, and the key point was to reduce the construction and agricultural land in the protected area, and move excessive population out of the protected area. This study was of great significane to improve the ecological benefits of the protected area in Beijing, and provides theoretical and technical support for the scientific management of the protected area in Beijing. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Endemism and evolution of Podostemaceae in Phou Khao Khouay National Park, Lao PDR

Podostemaceae of the Phou Khao Khouay National Park and adjoining areas (PKK Area) in Lao PDR were recorded in separate papers, and scattered data make it difficult to gain the whole picture of their diversity and evolution. Our literature research enumerated 18 species and six genera, which account for 43% of species and 55% of genera indigenous to Laos, including 13 PKK Area-endemic species (72%) and three PKK Area-endemic genera (50%). The richness and endemism of species and genera of the PKK Area have the highest density in Asia. Most likely, the genera and all nine endemic species of Hydrobryum evolved in the PKK Area. Four endemic species of Hydrobryum are ribbon-like/subcylindrical-rooted and sympatric with foliose-rooted congeners. The evolutionary way is opposite to the early one in the ancestor of the Hydrobryum clade; the 2-way evolution, together with sympatry, is suggested to be non-adaptive. Two species are perhaps polyphyletic in the initial stage of phylogenetic-species transition. The characteristics of the Podostemaceae found in the PKK Area are important in the context of both biological science and conservation.

Desert Climate Regionalization for Joshua Tree National Park and Surrounding Areas Using New Climate Network Observations

Abstract A new amalgamation of weather stations in and around Joshua Tree National Park in southeastern California has allowed for objective climate analysis regionalization at a much finer scale than past studies. First, it sets a baseline for many regions within the park’s boundaries that were not subject to direct observations. Second, these new observations are key to understanding shifting microclimate regimes in a desert ecosystem prone to the effects of climate change. Principal component analysis was used to regionalize the climate network based on monthly temperature and precipitation climate observations and standardized anomalies. Both the observation values and standardized climate anomalies identified regional boundaries. In general, these boundaries align with traditional ideas and past studies of the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts based on elevation (specifically the 1000-m contour) for the National Park Service. Standardized anomaly values identified a boundary based on seasonal precipitation, whereas observation values identified a boundary based on elevation. The boundary line within the park is similar for both data approaches, with the boundary running along the higher western one-third of the park. Conversely, the two methods differ significantly in the Coachella Valley, where low elevations and low precipitation meet winter-dominated seasonal precipitation. This study highlights the importance and opportunity of field observations to create climatological and ecological regionalization, and it also constructs a baseline to monitor and manage shifting desert regions in the future. Significance Statement This study identifies a high-resolution climate boundary zone in Joshua Tree National Park between the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts. The new transition zone presents the seasonal and elevational temperature and precipitation components of the two deserts, connecting with the unique ecology of the deserts. This finding highlights just one study opportunity of new field observation networks in arid or topographically diverse regions. It also provides a baseline for climate change as a resource for environmental management groups to better understand and preserve our natural spaces.

Educational thematic mapping of cultural &amp;amp; natural heritage in southern Italy during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;This paper will describe the creation of an interactive and flexible map through which news and information relating to the tangible and intangible cultural and natural heritage of the Sila National Park area (Calabria, southern Italy, related to the Italian Risorgimento period) were collected. The map, which can be updated daily, can be accessed by clicking on a location's reference. The pop-up window contains information for each character, monument, commemorative plaque and palace linked to the history of the Risorgimento. Anthropological and oral traditions linked to the affected area are also listed. The map is enriched by a focus on significant archaeological presences, characters and productive activities linked to the Risorgimento or our present time. Each pop-up is also characterized by the possibility of viewing any photographs and historical documentation, as well as research videos and educational and informative material. This paper's research questions concern 1) how the thematic map on Google Maps can be useful for educational purposes and 2) how the map was used to enhance the cultural and natural heritage of the Sila National Park and to promote an ethics-based tourism during and after the pandemic. The historical-geographical itinerary of the map, therefore, offers hints and suggestions for sustainable cultural tourism initiatives open to international context and proximity. Neogeographic technologies such as Google Maps have been used because they facilitate and stimulate the sharing and production of geographic information. In the case of this map, it was created from a bottom-up approach that involved local stakeholders and scholars.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Economic Potential of Species Diversity in Agroforestry System Buffer Zones

Rantau Rasau is one of the buffer villages in the Berbak and Sembilang National Parks where located between the Batanghari River and Berbak National Park Area. This village has potential enhancement community economy based on vegetation diversity. However, its baseline data is still limited. The objectives of this study were to 1) analyze stand structure, vegetation composition and diversity in an agroforestry system, 2) investigate the economic potential of vegetation diversity in the agroforestry system of Rantau Rasau Village, a buffer zone of Berbak National Park, Jambi. The method used was purposive sampling and vegetation analysis. The agroforestry type in Rantau Rasau Village is a simple agroforestry system. The value of diversity index at pole and tree levels belonged to the low category (H’<2). Species richness (R) at the pole level was moderate, while at the tree level was low. Important value index (IVI) showed that the dominant species were coconut (Cocos nucifera), areca nut (Areca catechu), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), and coffee (Coffea robusta). The dominant crops were bananas (Musa sp.) and cassava. Agroforestry in this village supports the achievement of SDGs point 15.4 and 15.9 by increasing the communities’ income by USD 8,4711.11/year.

Modeling environmental regulations in regional green economy efficiency of Halimun Salak: Empirical Evidence from National Park

This study aims to explain Environmental Regulation Modeling in the Halimun Salak Regional Green Economy Efficiency: Empirical Evidence from the National Park which is expected to be a sustainable solution in supporting the creation of a balance between the economic and environmental concepts, especially in the Halimun Salak national park area, Bogor, Indonesia. The research method used is a qualitative method with a grounded theory approach. The results show that the current environmental regulatory modeling has not been successful in implementing green economy efficiency in the salak forest area. This is evidenced by the findings that there are overlapping regulations, low economic income, the increasing population in the salak forest area, and the lack of resolution of legal protection cases. As well as the implementation of environmental policies to date is still in the form of command and control, which causes discrepancies between the parties that are interrelated. As a result, it is necessary to change the environmental policy model for forest areas, namely by using the rational choice theory model. This policy model will become a new solution in implementing increasingly dynamic policies following changes in human behavior and technological developments. Environmental policies that are made must be a role model in an open and dynamic implementation.

REGARDING THE ACTIVITY OF A NATIONAL PARK DIRECTOR IN ENSURING THE SAFETY OF TOURISTS VISITING NATIONAL PARK AREAS

Purpose. The aim of the article is to analyse a national park director's legal position, roles, tasks and legal forms of operations in ensuring the safety of tourists visiting a national park. The objective of this analysis is also to determine whether the legal position, competencies and legal forms of activity at the disposal of the national park director are sufficient to ensure the safety of tourists visiting the national park. Method. The theoretical nature of this article determines the choice of research methods and their application. A dogmatic method (analytical and dogmatic) involving legal exegesis using linguistic and non-linguistic rules of legal interpretation is the predominant method applied in the article. Findings. The national park director’s legal status (including his/her position in the system of administering entities) is not clearly defined by the legislator and therefore, raises doubts. The legislature has not explicitly included this entity into the local authorities of consolidated and non-consolidated government administration. The legislator defines a national park director as a national park authority and a nature protection authority, directly indicating that this authority performs the tasks of a regional director aimed at nature protection within the national park area. The director of a national park may be classified as an administering entity, or on account of his/her tasks and powers, a public administration authority in a functional sense. However, it is misleading to treat national park directors as public administration authorities sensu stricto, i.e. the authorities who are part of the state machinery (authorities acting directly on behalf of the state or local self-governments), whose basic and, in principle, sole purpose is to perform public administration tasks (e.g. minister, province administrator, commune head). However, some authors consider national park directors to be public administration bodies sensu stricto [Makuch 2020, p. 527]. It has been confirmed in research that there is great diversity concerning tasks, powers and legal forms of operations at the disposal of a national park director, which can be used to ensure the safety of tourists visiting national parks. These are legal and factual activities of regulatory and non-regulatory nature. The tasks and competencies of national park directors include, first of all, protecting national park resources (environmental protection), which is the essence of their existence, and also providing access to national parks so as to ensure the safety of people who visit them. Research and conclusions limitations. The author focuses on analysis of the national legal framework. The origin of institutions and comparative legal analyses have been omitted. Practical implications. In the research, the current legal status is shown, and this can be considered the basis for further legislative work. Originality. To date, research on the national park directors' tasks, roles and legal forms of operation in ensuring the safety of tourists visiting national parks has been very scarce. Most of such issues are raised while discussing wider problems related to nature protection as well as tourism, and are not subject to in-depth examination [Wolski 2010, pp. 75-83]. In this context, it is worth noting that not only the national park directors' tasks and legal forms of activity require detailed analysis and evaluation, but their status in the state system and position in the system of administering entities as well. The current findings in this field are not sufficiently comprehensive and require further clarification. Type of paper. The article presents some theoretical concepts. It is a general overview article.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN DESA WONOKRITI SEBAGAI DESA WISATA EDELWEIS DI KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL BROMO TENGGER SEMERU

Edelweis tourism village is one of the tourist villages located in Pacitan Regency, East Java. This tourist village is still in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park area. This tourist village has the main tourism potential, namely the Edelweiss flower or eternal flower. In this research, using descriptive analysis which is qualitative in nature. The data obtained were then analyzed using SWOT analysis. From the results of this study, the development strategy of Wonokriti Village as an Edelweiss tourism village is obtained, including holding activities related to the Edelweiss flower, making this village a center for educational tourism, especially edelweiss flowers, developing tourism supporting infrastructure, holding hospitality training for human resources involved in management. Edelweiss Tourism Village.

Identification of Rainfall and Inundation pattern using remotely sensed data in Lake Sentarum Floodplain Area

Wetlands are vulnerable natural habitats that should be preserved to protect habitat for fish and wildlife, flood mitigation, improve water quality, recharge area, and maintain surface water flow during dry periods. Water bodies and swamp areas are two primary components of the wetland. Considering its essential roles for the ecosystem, Lake Sentarum was set as a national park area (Lake Sentarum National Park – TNDS), Indonesia's 15 national priority lakes, and; designated as a Ramsar site (The Convention on Wetlands) in Indonesia. Despite the significant roles for the ecosystem, providing the limnological characteristic of Lake Sentarum remains a challenge due to its remote location. This study aims to identify the rainfall and inundation characteristics in the Lake Sentarum area and develop the rainfall-inundation relationship in the TNDS area. First, we carried out rainfall analysis using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data. Second, we utilized a remote-sensing-based global surface water map from the Joint Research Centre (JRC) to describe the historical inundation pattern. Third, we applied the Normalized Different Water Index (NDWI) combined with Modification Normalized Different Water Index (MNDWI) to the selected Landsat dataset to extract the inundation area. Finally, we developed a rainfall-inundation relationship in the TNDS area. The result indicated that the yearly rainfall in the TNDS area has an increasing trend, with the highest peak in December and the second peak in April. Historical Landsat data shows that the TNDS has a complex pattern of inundation. The maximum water extent was 649 km2, with a 95 km2 as permanent (90&gt;- 100 % water occurrence). These areas were constantly flooded, even in the dry season. The most significant non-permanent water was 161 km2 (80&gt;- 90 % water occurrence). This permanent and larger temporary water area provides fish and other aquatic biotas habitats. It temporarily stores the water flowing slowly into the River Kapuas through the Tawang River. We captured the spatial inundation pattern and its relationship with the temporal regional rainfall. The developed relationship showed a lag of -60 days of accumulated rainfall correlated with the inundation area (R2 of 0.48, n=11). These findings will thus provide valuable data for lake managers and policy-makers to protect the biota and habitat in Lake Sentarum National Park area.

PU’UNO RONGA TEKALE ANO TO MORONENE: MANUSKRIP PENYELAMAT KLAIM MASYARAKAT ADAT HUKAEA

The HukaEa indigenous people are the Moronene people who are scattered in the Poleang and Rumbia mainland areas or which are currently included in the expansion of the Bombana Regency. The community itself is a group of people with a total of 110 families with a total of 453 people who are struggling to defend their claim to their customary territory, covering an area of ​​26,000 Ha. Nowadays, the problem faced by the community is their territory which is right inside the Rawa Aopa National Park. This then became a barrier to the community in carrying out their activities, so that territorial claims were filed. In The Ministry Regulation No. 52 of 2014, it is explained that indigenous peoples must be identified through 5 elements, namely, history, territories, customary law, assets or customary objects, and customary government institutions or systems. In this case, there is a lack of written history related to the community and no one has written a history of how the HukaEa indigenous people were originally from. However, the discovered manuscript that was typed by the HukaEa community in 1974 slowly saved the HukaEa indigenous people in the process of claiming their territory and existence. In the text, entitled PU'UNO RONGA TEKALE ANO TO MORONENE, it is clear how the history of the early birth of the Moronene community in general and the formation of a group of HukaEa Indigenous Peoples who live in the area which is currently the area of ​​the Rawa Aopa National Park, as well as the history of customary government and also his royal lineage. This rewritten manuscript has now become one of the strong grips and foundations for the HukaEa indigenous people in claiming their existence as indigenous peoples who are recognized and protected by the government