Arctic Zone Of Russia Research Articles

ПОРЯДОК ВОЗМЕЩЕНИЯ УБЫТКОВ ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЯМ КОРЕННЫХ НАРОДОВ СЕВЕРА

A new round of socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of Russia determines the need to be guided by international and national principles of sustainable development of territories. Industrial companies developing the territories of traditional nature management should interact with indigenous population, participate in the socio-economic development of the region, pay damage compensation of traditional economic activity when withdrawn from economic management. The absence of certain rules, procedures, rights and obligations, deadlines in the norms of conciliation procedures leads to the fact that subsoil users evade payments to associations of indigenous small-numbered peoples. The results of the practical experience of ethnological expert examination in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Krasnoyarsk Territory indicate a low activity of subsoil users in working with local indigenous communities. At the same time, representatives of small-numbered indigenous peoples can wait for years for accrued compensation payments for the damage to the original living environment of indigenous peoples. The article considers the procedure for concluding an agreement on compensation payments for the damage caused (inflicted) in areas of traditional residency and economic activity of associations of indigenous small-numbered peoples. A brief overview of federal and regional regulatory-legal acts on damage compensation to the traditional way of life and traditional economic activities of associations of indigenous small-numbered peoples and its representatives is presented. An interview with the heads of nomadic tribal communities who have passed an ethnological examination is conducted and according to its results an agreement is concluded. A draft agreement on compensation payments for damage caused (inflicted) in places of traditional residency and traditional economic activity transferred to associations of indigenous small-numbered peoples is proposed.

Recovery of magnetite-hematite concentrate from iron ore tailings

The research is aimed at study of the probable recovery of iron from the tailings of the Olcon mining company located in the north-western Arctic zone of Russia. Material composition of a sample from a tailings dump was analysed. The authors have developed a separation production technology to recover magnetite-hematite concentrate from the tailings. A processing flowsheet includes magnetic separation, milling and gravity concentration methods. The separation technology provides for production of iron ore concentrate with total iron content of 65.9% and recovers 91.0% of magnetite and 80.5% of hematite from the tailings containing 20.4% of total iron. The proposed technology will increase production of the concentrate at a dressing plant and reduce environmental impact.

Organizational and legal approaches to digitalization of territories Arctic zone of Russia

Organizational and legal approaches to digitalization of territories Arctic zone of Russia

Problems of legal regulation of the Arctic zone of Russia

Problems of legal regulation of the Arctic zone of Russia

Advanced technologies of the pilotage service in the sea and river ports of the Arctic zone of the RF

In a significant number of waters with difficult navigation conditions, especially in the waters of the sea and river ports of the Arctic, despite the presence of a wide range of modern information and navigation aids, pilotage is actively used. In some cases, the pilot's situational awareness in difficult meteorological conditions is insufficient, which necessitates the introduction of more advanced information sensors and communication tools. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop proposals on the principles of building technical means for increasing situational awareness during pilotage in sea and river ports of the Arctic zone of Russia. This article proposes the concept of constructing a system for providing a pilot with additional highly detailed information based on the technology of broadband data transmission of a highly informative port radar station directly to the pilot's terminal with visualization of the real picture of the navigation situation. The application of the proposed principles of building information support systems for pilotage services in ports will improve the efficiency and safety of navigating ships in the port water area and on approaches to the port, increase the rate of information exchange between the control point and the ship's crew (pilot), and create prerequisites for automating ship management processes. The use of a new generation of highly informative radars and mobile terminals associated with them via broadband communication channels ensures the creation of a local navigation system for navigation. That ensures pilotage in the Arctic zone of ships of any type, including those without high-quality ship radars, and provides automation of the assessment of threatening situations and solutions for them prevention even with unstable operation of satellite navigation systems. In essence, this technology is the first step towards increasing the automation of navigation in ports and ship passages.

ПОТЕПЛЕНИЕ В АРКТИКЕ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И РИСКИ

The dynamics and forecasts of climate change in the Arctic as a result of global warming on the planet are considered. The article analyzes the influence of climate change on the natural environment, some sectors of the economy and social sphere of the Arctic zone of Russia, and the way of life of the indigenous peoples of the North.

Analysis of natural and climatic as well as road conditions in the territories of the Russian Arctic zone

In the course of the study, we analyzed the development of the railway and road network and assessed the prospects of transport infrastructure development in the northern and Arctic regions of Russia. Besides, we reviewed processes of territory development with account for natural and climatic conditions. The article presents potential ways to overcome the specified problems related to the development of transport infrastructure and logistics in the northern and Arctic regions of Russia.

НОВЫЙ ЭТАП РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПРОЕКТА «ЭКОЛОГИЯ» В АРКТИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Implementation of the national project “Ecology” in the Russian Arctic zone in connection with the current strategic documents on carrying out the state policy in the Arctic until 2035 is analyzed. A special attention is paid to the state environmental management on the basis of the best available technologies and ensuring the balance of interests of economic entities operating facilities with a significant negative impact on the environment. Methodological and organizational inconsistencies in implementing the project with the conceptual provisions of the theory of transition to the best available technologies are considered. In connection with Russia's national development goals until 2030 in the field of environmental safety, the “Strategy of development of the Russian Arctic zone and ensuring national security for the period up to 2035” and the “National Action Plan, ensuring recovery of employment and population incomes, economic growth and long-term structural changes in the economy” measures and mechanisms to achieve a notable positive result in the implementation of the national project are justified and specified. The feasibility of the financial and organizational restructuring of the federal project “Introduction of the best available technologies” and the possibility of implementing its activities as part of other projects of the national project “Ecology” during the period until 2024 is argued.

АРКТИКА: ТРАНСПОРТНАЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИОННАЯ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА, ЭКОНОМИКА И НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ

At the current time, it is impossible to manage the economy of the Russian Arctic regions without creating an infrastructure that will allow organizing effective management of the entire complex of industries located in these territories. In order to organize the development of the territory and living conditions on it, it is necessary to create the infrastructure and environment for comfortable living of the employed and residing population. First of all, it concerns the necessity to strengthen integration processes as the population living there experiences discomfort from the impossibility to use modern telecommunication and information services. In this article the author analyzes and proposes the concept of development and use of fiber-optic communication lines, which could provide (after their installation) the most inhabited communities with digital economy services at affordable prices. The population living in the northern regions and working in hydrocarbon production companies is partially provided with modern services through the construction of departmental communication lines for the management of production and transportation complexes. Get the integration of regional management systems based on the development of digital economy from the laying of Russian communication lines, replacing the use of satellite Internet owned by foreign companies. This will help to use information resources more efficiently in the process of management and interactions to solve common tasks of the Russian Arctic zone where the population lives on a permanent basis. In addition, the most important part of the construction of modern communication lines in the Arctic is to ensure the country’s defense capability of its northern borders, protection of the Northern Sea Route — the main route for the delivery of liquefied gas to Europe and Asia.

АНАЛИЗ КРЕДИТНЫХ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ НАРАЩИВАНИЯ ФИНАНСОВО-ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА РЕГИОНА

The article is devoted to analyzing credit instruments for increasing the financial and investment potential of the region. The place of credit instruments in the state monetary policy system is considered, and the influence of the monetary policy on regional economic processes is analyzed. Based on the analysis of the relevant research works, the thesis on different reactions of regions to significant decisions of monetary authorities while implementing the monetary policy is confirmed. Possibilities of differentiating application of the monetary policy instruments by territories in accordance with the development specifics of individual regions or their clusters are studied. It is concluded that some of the instruments (interest rates on operations of the Bank of Russia, mandatory reserve requirements, open market operations, refinancing of credit institutions) have a potential to adapt their use in the regional context. Separately, the article highlights and analyzes direct regional tools for enhancing credit activities, such as direct lending to priority areas and sectors of the economy by regional authorities, subsidizing credit rates for certain categories of borrowers, and creating regional credit organizations with governmenta participation. Based on the assessment of the principles of using the instruments to increase the financial and investment potential of the region, the article provides recommendations for choosing credit instruments for the regions of the Russian Arctic zone (Arkhangelsk region, Nenets Autonomous district, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous district, Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic, Murmansk region, Krasnoyarsk territory, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)). For this purpose, the features of building and functioning of the financial systems of the Russian Arctic regions, and the state and performance indicators of their banking sector were analyzed.

Трансформация оленеводства Арктики в условиях рыночной экономики (на примере Ямала)

The authors investigate the economic transformation of reindeer farming in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. The region is unique for having the largest number of domesticated reindeer and nomadic indigenous peoples in the world. The conceptual basis of the research is the idea of reindeer farming as a unique biosocial system, including the triad “man-reindeer-pasture”. The study analyzes the historical, social and economic transformations of reindeer farming in the region, where at least 60% of the private livestock of domesticated reindeer in the Arctic zone of Russia have always grazed. An increase in the number of reindeer was observed in private farms even during the years of economic crisis, reforms and industrial development of the territory. Private reindeer farmers belong to former sovkhozs (post-state farms), communities and unassociated “private” owners. Only half of the reindeer farming communities are registered in the state register and receive subsidies for the sale of products. Post-state farms have government subsidies that are significantly higher than reindeer farming communities, which increases the cost of their production two to three times. “Private traders” do not receive subsidies to increase the number of reindeer and the products they sell. The liberalization of the economy lifted restrictions on private reindeer farms, and their quantitative growth exceeded the norms permissible for pastures. At the same time, private reindeer farms produce almost 70% of marketable products, primarily meat, dags and antlers. Only 36% of personal subsidiary plots are included in legal entities, which makes it difficult to organize the regulated use of pastureland in the region. The administration of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, together with scientific and public organizations, has developed a conceptual plan for the reorganization of private reindeer farms into peasant (farmer) enterprises. A register of producers is being created to allocate state and municipal subsidies. It is planned to speed up the cooperation of private farms in order to improve their manageability. There is a process of reducing the number of post-state farms in order to focus reindeer farming mainly on preserving the traditional way of life and reproducing the ethno-culture of the Arctic indigenous peoples.

MECHANISMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IN COMPLEX CLIMATE AND GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS

Mechanisms and procedures for strategic management of the development of transport infrastructure in a large-scale region located in difficult climatic and geographical conditions are proposed. These mechanisms and procedures are illustrated by the example of managing the development of transport infrastructure in Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic zone of Russia.

A balanced scorecard-based assessment of the migration attractiveness of the Russian Federation Arctic Zone regions

Subject. This article deals with the issues of migration attractiveness of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The article aims to identify problems affecting the migration attractiveness of these regions, build a model of its assessment on the basis of a balanced scorecard system, and check the model's statistical significance. Results. The article describes the configuration of the developed original balanced scorecard system, which is a set of factors broken up into economic, social, demographic, and natural components. Eight of the nine Russian Arctic zone subjects studied showed an increase in the integrated index of migration attractiveness. However, not all its components have positive changes. Relevance. The integrated index of migration attractiveness is statistically significant, and it can be used to characterize the migration attractiveness of the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, identify reserves to stimulate migration, and plan and predict the migration situation as a whole.

Modern Labor Market in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation

The article highlights the features of employment in the Arctic zone of Russia. The main one is the disparity between the importance of the AZRF in the country’s economy and the constant shortage of workers. This disparity has not arisen now, but is a traditional problem since the Soviet Union, which created a certain management mechanism that promotes the development of this potential. This mechanism was based on state ownership of the property of enterprises and organizations, a centralized system of recruitment of personnel attracted to work from other regions, as well as wages and social packages in order to ensure their material interest in work. All this is against the background of unfavorable climatic conditions for health, lagging service infrastructure (housing, education, medicine), difficulties in providing food and personal consumption goods - primarily due to agricultural production and hence dependence on the center for all these items.

Increased severity of labor is the most important risk factor of occupational diseases at enterprises in the Arctic

In Russia, in the structure of harmful production factors that cause the development of occupational pathology, the severity of labor takes the second place. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of increased labor severity on the occurrence, prevalence and structure of occupational diseases in workers at enterprises in the Arctic. The analysis included results of the monitoring study “Working conditions and occupational morbidity” of the population of the Arctic zone of Russia in 2008 – 2018. It was found that in 2008-2018 there was a significant increase in the etiological significance of increased labor severity in the development of occupational pathology: the share of the factor in the total structure of harmful occupational exposures increased from 7.4% to 8.9% (p <0.001), and that of occupational diseases caused by increased labor severity - from 18.6% to 46.9% (p <0.001). Two thirds of occupational diseases caused by the increased severity of labor occur in miners, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system dominate in their structure (80.1%). The risk of developing this group of occupational health disorders in 2018 was higher than in 2008: RR=3,95; CI 3,13-4,99; χ2 =155,9; р<0,001. In contrast to the Russian Federation as a whole, where the increased severity of labor ranks second among the occupational pathology causing factors (24.7%), in the Russian Arctic it came out on top in 2018 (46.9%), exceeding the cumulative effect of all physical factors (44.0%). When carrying out recreational activities and prevention of occupational pathology at enterprises in the Arctic, special attention should be paid to achieving permissible levels of labor severity among workers engaged in mining operations.

Spatial–Temporal Variability of the Calculated Characteristics of the Ocean in the Arctic Zone of Russia by Using the NEMO Model with Altimetry Data Assimilation

The spatial–temporal variability of the calculated characteristics of the ocean in the Arctic zone of Russia is studied. In this study, the known hydrodynamic model of the ocean Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) is used with assimilation of observation data on the sea surface height taken from the Archiving, Validating and Interpolation Satellite Observation (AVISO) archive. We use the Generalized Kalman filter (GKF) method, developed earlier by the authors of this study, in conjunction with the method of decomposition of symmetric matrices into empirical orthogonal functions (EOF, Karhunen–Loeve decomposition). The investigations are focused mostly on the northern seas of Russia. The main characteristics of the ocean, such as the current velocity, sea surface height, and sea surface temperature are calculated with data assimilation (DA) and without DA (the control calculation). The calculation results are analyzed and their spatial–temporal variability over a time period of 14 days is studied. It is shown that the main spatial variability of characteristics after DA is in good agreement with the localization of currents in the North Atlantic and in the Arctic zone of Russia. The contribution of each of the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariation matrix to the spatial–temporal variability of the calculated characteristics is shown by using the EOF analysis.

Concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids by body mass index among Arctic residents

Aim. To study polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) blood concentrations by body mass index (BMI) among residents of the Arctic. Methods. A total of 756 healthy permanent residents of the different parts of the Russian Arctic zone aged 22 to 60 years comprised the sample. By BMI, all participants were divided into 3 groups: 1 - normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9, n = 280), 2 - overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9, n = 270), 3 - obesity (BMI >30, n = 238). Serum concentrations of ω3 and ω6 of PUFA were assessed and their ratios were calculated. Results. Greater BMI was associated with higher concentrations of dihomo-γ-linolenic (Me1 = 15.17, Me2 = 18.22, Mе3 = 22.63, p1-2 = 0.036, p1-3 < 0.001), γ-linolenic (Me1 = 2.79, Me2 = 3.51, Mе3 = 3.75, p1-2 = 0.015; p1-3 < 0.001) and docosahexaenoic (Me1 = 35.10, Me2 = 45.65, Mе3 = 43.77, p1-2 = 0.027) acid. In parallel, an increase in the following ratios were observed: dihomo-y-linolenic/docosahexaenoic (Me1 = 0.434, Me2 = 0.387, Mе3 = 0.497, p1-3 = 0.046; p2-3 = 0.004), dihomo-y-linolenic/eicosapentaenoic (Me1 = 0.749, Me2 = 0.805, Mез = 1.05, p13 = 0.002; p23 = 0.018), y-linolenic/ eicosapentaenoic (Me1 = 0,149, Me2 = 0,155, Mе3 = 0,173, p13 = 0.040). An increase in BMI was associated with a decrease in the following ratios: arachidonic/dihomo-y-linolenic (Me1 = 5.69, Me2 = 5.12, Mе3 = 4.06, p < 0.001; p2-3 < 0.001), arachidonic/y-linolenic (Me1 = 27.32, Me2 = 26.14, Mе3 = 22.82, p1-3

Features of occupational pathology with varying experience in arctic enterprise workers

Introduction. Issues of protecting and strengthening the health of the working population are among the most important problems of modern occupational medicine and healthcare as a whole. The aim of the study was to establish the causes for the development, structure and prevalence of occupational pathology in the Arctic enterprise workers with varying lengths of employment. Materials and methods. We studied data on 8609 newly diagnosed occupational diseases registered in 6833 employees of enterprises in the Arctic zone of Russia in 2007-2018. Results. It has been established that occupational health disorders that develop in the first 10 years and in later periods of work have significant differences. Earlier forms of occupational pathology are relatively more often formed in women (25.0%), younger people (46.5 ± 0.6 years), health care workers (7.1%), and under acceptable working conditions (9.0%).A specific feature of their development is the more frequent exposure to chemical (25.0%) and biological factors (6.1%) due to imperfection of sanitary installations (7.1%), occupational contact with an infectious agent (3.8%), and inappropriate use of personal protective equipment (3.3%). Intoxications, especially their acute forms, are of greater importance (9.9%) in the structure of occupational pathology of these workers. Chemical and biological factors have been shown to play greater role in the development of health disorders in workers with an experience of up to 10 years, while vibration (hand-arm and whole-body) and aerosols of mainly fibrogenic effect were more important as causative factors in workers with an experience of 11-30 years, and noise - in workers with an experience of more than 30 years. With an experience of less than 10 years, 57.1% of health problems were established as a result of independent requests for medical assistance by workers, while with an experience of more than 10 years 53.0% -60.5% of diseases were diagnosed for the first time as a result of periodic medical examinations. Conclusions. It is necessary to improve the prevention of occupational pathology in the early years of experience, especially among the workers exposed to chemical and biological harmful production factors.

Production and logistics of goods in the Arctic zone of Russia

The study focuses on the extraction, production, transfer, transportation and storage of goods in the Arctic zone. The issues of ensuring the transportation of goods to the Arctic zone and the movement of extracted goods and services from the Arctic are relevant and necessary for study. The study revealed the main problems that arise in the Arctic after the extraction and transportation of natural resources. Achieving the efficiency of production and transportation of goods and reducing the burden on the environment should be decided at the state level. At the same time, in order to increase the efficiency of production, production, transfer and transportation of goods, a model has been developed that will improve the efficiency of production and transport enterprises in the Arctic zone.

Management of Technological Component in Development Programs of the Russian Arctic Zone

The study defines the program-targeted and project approach to Russian Arctic strategy management to Arctic complex as a large system of tasks and challenges in the unstable and high-risk environment. Characteristic of current conditions (sanctions), preventing Russia from reaching the economy 4.0 level via national projects of digitalization and import substitution are given as well as Russia’s technological partners, including China. It is proposed to define Arctic zone projects: on the targeting basis - as a set of global, regional and national goals and social tasks, and on the content basis - as a set of consulting, technological and infrastructure solutions. Sources of innovation, Arctic trending forecast, a role of Russia as a producer of exclusive goods from scratch (ice-breakers) have been revealed. Also the 22 flagship technological projects in Russian Arctic of 2019, including AI projects, collected by the authors are analyzed as a big system. The illustration of revolutionary technological leap from automation to artificial intellect level through adaptation of the existing military and civil technologies to Russian Arctic’s needs is given. The study shows how important today is not only to be the Arctic experts but Arctic creators and educators with eco-philosophy, based on global collaboration and responsibility for global ecology. Arctic insurance business is forecasted as a new trend. The levels of project subordination and reasons for Russia’s linking to the long-term technological chains without an international labor division have been identified, including the situations when the dependence on imported technologies have been reduced. The methods of creating conditions for technological breakthrough are proposed, including the non-anchor (non-sanctions) approaches.