Communication Network Architecture Research Articles

Reliability analysis of a novel IEC 61850-9-2 process-bus based substation automation system architecture

IEC 61850 process-bus based Substation Communication Network (SCN) architecture can facilitate the implementation of ‘all-digital’ protection and control functions in Substation Automation Systems (SAS). Thus appropriately designed SCN architecture is vital in the reliability, availability and deterministic delay performance of all-digital protection and control functions. This paper has addressed this vital need for any SAS, more specifically for EHV transmission, by proposing a novel IEC 61850-9-2 process-bus based SAS architecture. High reliability of the proposed SAS architecture is demonstrated using Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) approach. The reliability results for the proposed architecture are found to be encouraging and present an option to provide high network availability and protection reliability.

Wireless Network Architecture for Cyber Physical Wind Energy System

There is a growing interest to increase the grid integration of large-scale wind power farms (WPF). As most WPFs are located in remote areas where abundant wind resources are available, these sites are lacking communication infrastructures and network coverage which present major obstacles in enabling reliable data transmission between WPFs and their control centers. With the absence of unified communication network architecture, different vendors and manufacturers are developing their own monitoring and control solutions according to their needs. There is a knowledge gap related to the design of WPF communication networks, where the assumptions of available articles do not represent the complete monitoring data from WPF subsystems including wind turbines, meteorological towers and substations. This work aims to design a wireless network architecture for the grid integration of cyber physical wind energy system based on the IEC 61400-25 standard. The proposed architecture consists of four layers: a wind farm layer, a data acquisition layer, a communication network layer and an application layer. Wireless communication technologies outperform conventional wired-based solutions by offering lower costs, greater flexibility and easier deployment. Based on IEC 61400-25 standard, a wireless turbine area network is proposed for collecting sensing data from wind turbine parts, and connected to a wireless farm area network developed for communication between the remote control center and wind turbines. The network performance of the proposed wireless wind turbine internal network (includes the number of sensor nodes, data types and data size) is evaluated considering different wireless technologies (ZigBee, WiFi and WiMAX) in view of end-to-end delay, wireless channel capacity, and data loss. The simulation results show that wireless-based solutions can meet the delay requirements of the IEEE 1646 standard. This work contributes for building a redundant wireless communication infrastructure for remote monitoring of WPFs with scalable coverage and capacity.

NETWORK LATENCY COMPENSATION APPROACHES FOR APPLICATIONS IN 2030 COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS

Research subject. Communication network architecture 2030, delay compensation mechanisms. Objective. Consider the architecture of communication networks with intelligent edge computing, propose mechanisms for compensating network latency for tactile Internet applications based on predictive analytics. Core results. Scientific publications and specifications from open sources were analyzed, on tactile Internet topics, delay compensation mechanisms, intelligent boundary computing. A model of 2030 network architecture and a method of minimizing delay based on machine learning are proposed. Main conclusions. Modernization of the network architecture and software package will significantly increase the efficiency of communication networks, implement new models and methods of data processing, and will also have a significant impact on the digital economy.

Energy Minimization of Resource Allocation in Cloud-Based Satellite Communication Networks

In this letter, we give a cloud-based satellite communication network (C-SCN) architecture to make full utilization of resources in current satellite systems. Since the complex computation and transmission bring huge energy cost, energy minimization is one of the most important problems in the C-SCN. Considering that the energy minimization problem is involved with the delay constraint, we decompose the original problem into two coupling subproblems, virtual machine assignment and power allocation, and then propose a joint optimization algorithm to solve the subproblems. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the existing algorithms on energy efficiency in the C-SCN.

Secure Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is the most important recent trending approaches to provide Medical care for patients through remote monitoring and data collection using body sensors. It's a well-known system offering a high standard of security and also privacy. Therefore, it provides us a very big interest for discussing the issues of privacy and security in WBAN. In this paper, the architecture of WBAN communication network, various safety threats and it’s measures, several types of research methodologies to secure health records and research issues are reviewed on the basis of various secure routing protocols of recent publications. Also, this paper tabulated the detailed comparison study of analysis of security requirements, resistance to various attacks, computing costs during authentication and running time between the application provider and the customer. At last, open fields are investigated for future research.

Survey, comparison and research challenges of IoT application protocols for smart farming

Smart farming era has already begun and its societal and environmental implications are expected to be huge. In this context, the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have become the major path forward towards novel farming practices. The unprecedented capability of data collection and management offered by IoT is based on several factors of the underlying communication network architecture and technology, one of the most important being the application level protocol that is used among IoT nodes, gateways, and application servers. This work offers an up-to-date survey of research efforts on the IoT application layer protocols, focusing on their basic characteristics, their performance as well as their recent use in agricultural applications. Furthermore, it provides a comparison among them, in terms of well-accepted key performance indicators and comments on their suitability in the framework of smart farming as well as the corresponding challenges that have to be faced towards their efficient implementation.

Performance Evaluation of Multi-UAV Network Applied to Scanning Rocket Impact Area.

This paper presents a communication network for a squadron of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to be used in the scanning rocket impact area for Barreira do Inferno Launch Center—CLBI (Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil), aiming at detecting intruder boats. The main features of communication networks associated with multi-UAV systems are presented. This system sends information through Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). After comparing and analyzing area scanning strategies, it presents the specification of a data communication network architecture for a squadron of UAVs within a sensor network using XBee Pro 900HP S3B modules. A brief description is made about the initial information from the construction of the system. The embedded hardware and the design procedure of a dedicated communication antenna to the XBee modules are presented. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed architecture in terms of robustness and reliability, a set of experimental tests in different communication scenarios is carried out. Network management software is employed to measure the throughput, packet loss and other performance indicators in the communication links between the different network nodes. Experimental results allow verifying the quality and performance of the network nodes, as well as the reliability of the communication links, assessing signal received quality, range and latency.

Energy Consumption Optimization by Increasing The Processor Speed of Moving Communication Devices in Transport Layer Protocol

The energy efficiency of mobile devices becomes very important, considering the development of mobile device technology starting to lead to smaller dimensions and with the higher processor speed of these mobile devices. Various studies have been conducted to grow energy-aware in hardware, middleware and application software. The step of optimizing energy consumption can be done at various layers of mobile communication network architecture. This study focuses on examining the energy consumption of mobile devices in the transport layer protocol, where the processor speed of the mobile devices used in this experiment is higher than the processor speed used in similar studies. The mobile device processor in this study has a speed of 1.5 GHz with 1 GHz RAM capacity. While in similar studies that have been carried out, mobile device processors have a speed of 369 MHz with a RAM capacity of less than 0.5 GHz. This study conducted an experiment in transmitting mobile data using TCP and UDP protocols. Because the video requires intensive delivery, so the video is the traffic that is being reviewed. Energy consumption is measured based on the amount of energy per transmission and the amount of energy per package. To complete the analysis, it can be seen the strengths and weaknesses of each protocol in the transport layer protocol, in this case the TCP and UDP protocols, also evaluated the network performance parameters such as delay and packet loss. The results showed that the UDP protocol consumes less energy and transmission delay compared to the TCP protocol. However, only about 22% of data packages can be transmitted. Therefore, the UDP protocol is only effective if the bit rate of data transmitted is close to the network speed. Conversely, despite consuming more energy and delay, the TCP protocol is able to transmit nearly 96% of data packets. On the other hand, when compared to mobile devices that have lower processor speeds, the mobile devices in this study consume more energy to transmit video data. However, transmission delay and packet loss can be suppressed. Thus, mobile devices that have higher processor speeds are able to optimize the energy consumed to improve transmission quality.Key words: energy consumption, processor, delay, packet loss, transport layer protocol

Analog network coding aided multiuser visible light communication networks using optical CDMA

A novel architecture of a visible light communication (VLC) network that can provide bidirectional transmission for multiple users is proposed in this paper. Multiple users can exchange data asynchronously and simultaneously thanks to the use of analog network coding (ANC) and optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) with the support of a coordinator, which plays a role as a relay node. We derive the mathematical expressions for bit error rate (BER) and network throughput of an indoor VLC network with multiple users located in a room and one coordinator mounted on the ceiling. Many physical layer impairments are considered in our analysis, including shot noise, thermal noise, multiuser interference (MUI), and optical beat noise. BER and throughput performance are investigated versus the transmitted optical power, the number of users, and the VLC transceiver’s parameters. The numerical results obtained in this paper will provide useful information for designing the indoor multiuser VLC networks.

Future industrial networking: from use cases to wireless technologies to a flexible system architecture

Abstract In this paper, we propose a communication network architecture for industrial applications that combines new 5G technologies with other existing communication technologies on the shop floor. This architecture connects private and public mobile networks with local networking technologies to achieve a flexible setup addressing many different industrial use cases. We show how the advancements introduced around the new 5G mobile technology can address a wide range of industrial requirements. We further describe relevant use cases and develop an overall communication system architecture proposal, which is able to fulfill not only technical requirements but also system requirements, which result from specific applications existing in today’s and future manufacturing scenarios.

Intelligent Cognitive Radio in 5G: AI-Based Hierarchical Cognitive Cellular Networks

Faced with constant increasingly complicated communication network architecture issues and blossoming traffic demand over wireless systems, it is still insufficient for dynamic spectrum resource allocation in the fifth generation (5G) networks if cognitive radio (CR) technology lacks intelligence. For an efficient real-time process, a distributed cognitive cellular network is proposed in this article, which integrates artificial intelligence and CR technology into a sophisticated multi-agent system (MAS). It is a novel paradigm for 5G cellular communication networks. Balancing the resource allocation among primary users, secondary users, and base stations is of fundamental importance for dynamic time-frequency-space resource allocation to improve the utilization of the spectrum resources in the cognitive cellular network. We introduce a four-layer distributed networking framework and establish a hierarchical MAS model. Furthermore, we expound the key methods and technologies and evaluate the effectiveness through numerical simulations. Finally, challenges and open issues are discussed.

5G Wireless Communication Network Architecture and Its Key Enabling Technologies

The wireless mobile communication systems have developed from the second generation (2G) through to the current fourth generation (4G) wireless system, transforming from simply telephony system to a network transporting rich multimedia contents including video conferencing, 3-D gaming and in-flight broadband connectivity (IFBC) where airline crew use augmented reality headsets to address passengers personally. However, there are still many challenges that are beyond the capabilities of the 4G as the demand for higher data rate, lower latency, and mobility requirement by new wireless applications sores leading to mixed content-centric communication service. The fifth generation (5G) wireless system has thus been suggested, and research is ongoing for its deployment beyond 2020. In this article, we investigate the various challenges of 4G and propose an indoor, outdoor segregated cellular architecture with cloud-based Radio Access Network (C-RAN) for 5G, we review some of its key emerging wireless technologies needed in meeting the new demands of users including massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) system, Device-to-Device (D2D), Visible Light Communication (VLC), Ultra-dense network, Spatial Modulation and Millimeter wave technology. It is also shown how the benefits of the emerging technologies can be optimized using the Software Defined Networks/Network Functions Virtualization (SDN/NFV) as a tool in C-RAN. We conclude that the new 5G wireless architecture will derive its strength from leveraging on the benefits of the emerging hardware technologies been managed by reconfigurable SDN/NFV via the C-RAN. This work will be of immense help to those who will engage in further research expedition and network operators in the search for a smooth evolution of the current state of the art networks toward 5G networks.

Towards attack tolerant networks: Concurrent multipath routing and the butterfly network.

It is crucial for large-scale communication networks such as the internet to be resilient against attacks such as censorship and surveillance, which pose a threat to free expression and free association. Self-organized networks such as the internet’s router network typically have heavy-tailed degree distributions, making them highly vulnerable to targeted attacks against central nodes. While cryptographic solutions exist, they fail to address the underlying topological problem, and remain vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks and coercion. Coercion-resistant, topological approaches to attack tolerance are needed to address the current vulnerability of communications infrastructure to censorship and surveillance. We present a novel concurrent multipath routing (CMR) algorithm for the wraparound butterfly network topology, as well as a highly attack-tolerant Structured Multipath Fault Tolerance (SMFT) architecture which incorporates the butterfly CMR algorithm. We also identify a previously unexplored relationship between network topology, trust transitivity, and attack-tolerance, and provide a framework for further exploration of this relationship. Our work is the first theoretical demonstration of a point-to-point communication network architecture that can resist coercion and other non-technical attacks, without requiring infinitely transitive trust. To address cases where the network structure cannot be fully controlled, we demonstrate how a snapshot of the internet’s router network can be partially rewired for greater attack-tolerance. More broadly, we hope that this work will serve as a starting point for the evelopment of additional topology-based attack-tolerant communication architectures to guard against the dangers of censorship and surveillance.

Visible light positioning based on architecture information: method and performance

In this paper a novel 2-D range free positioning method which uses visible light communications network architecture is presented. The algorithm performance for lattice and hexagonal LED lighting infrastructure deployment is obtained by computational simulation. The robustness of our method against changes on receiver's field of view and mismatch between the assumed vertical distance and real vertical position is simulated in a room of dimensions 5 × 5 × 2.5 m. A localization interest zone with receiver's height between 0.5 and 1.1 m measured from the floor is considered as variation on vertical distance. Moreover, FOV's ranging from 90° to 130° are used to measure the behaviour of the method when different built-in photo detectors are incorporated in the mobile device. Our algorithm overcomes three traditional localization methods, i.e., convex position estimation, centroid and received signal strength based trilateration when changes in the FOV occurs. In addition to this, it shows better accuracy than other range free algorithms when an assumed height difference mismatch of up to 30 cm exist. The method shows better coverage than range based methods being able to reduce border effects and perform localization with reliable accuracy using only one connected cell and a single photo detector.

Dynamic Variance Equalization Planning Optimization Method for Power Grid System Protection Communication Network

To improve the universality of the backbone communication network architecture model in Smart Grid, this paper proposed a dynamic variance equilibrium planning optimization method for the system protection service in the power grid. Firstly, based on the two-layer architecture model of the power backbone communication network, a network equilibrium optimization model is constructed. Secondly, based on the network equilibrium optimization model, a simulation experiment method with the node usage ratio as the optimization target and the delay in the transmission process as the constraint condition is designed. Finally, the model was quantified through simulation experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed optimization model has excellent applicability in network balance planning of grid protection services.

Wireless Networks Design in the Era of Deep Learning: Model-Based, AI-Based, or Both?

This paper deals with the use of emerging deep learning techniques in future wireless communication networks. It will be shown that the data-driven approaches should not replace, but rather complement, traditional design techniques based on mathematical models. Extensive motivation is given for why deep learning based on artificial neural networks will be an indispensable tool for the design and operation of future wireless communication networks, and our vision of how artificial neural networks should be integrated into the architecture of future wireless communication networks is presented. A thorough description of deep learning methodologies is provided, starting with the general machine learning paradigm, followed by a more in-depth discussion about deep learning and artificial neural networks, covering the most widely used artificial neural network architectures and their training methods. Deep learning will also be connected to other major learning frameworks, such as reinforcement learning and transfer learning. A thorough survey of the literature on deep learning for wireless communication networks is provided, followed by a detailed description of several novel case studies wherein the use of deep learning proves extremely useful for network design. For each case study, it will be shown how the use of (even approximate) mathematical models can significantly reduce the amount of live data that needs to be acquired/measured to implement the data-driven approaches. Finally, concluding remarks describe those that, in our opinion, are the major directions for future research in this field.

Study of Smart Grid Communication Network Architectures and Technologies

Smart Grid (SG) is an emerging paradigm of the modern world to upgrade and enhance the existing conventional electrical power infrastructure from generation to distribution to the consumers in a two-way communication fashion to automate the electrical power demand and supply and make this a cyber-physical system. SG infrastructure key elements, such as smart meters, circuit breakers, transformers, feeders, substations, control centers, grid stations, are required well-formed communication network architectures. SG infrastructure is divided into three main communication networks architectures, such as HAH, NAN, and WAN. Each of these communication network architectures requires reliable, stable, secure, high data rate at real-time with the help of different wireline and wireless communication technologies from HAN to WAN networks. To understand the complete concepts about SG, a concise review is presented and it will help the readers to get foundations of communication network architectures and technologies of SG.

Two-layer QoS-guaranteed backbone communication network modeling for power protection services

In order to ensure that the smart grid backbone communication network architecture model has a good universality, a two-layer QoS (Quality of Service) optimization modelling method of the backbone communication networks for power protection services is proposed. Firstly, taking the communication network capacity as a constraint, the minimum value of time-QoS of the system protection service is the optimization goal, and a two-layer capacity optimization model of service quality assurance is constructed. Secondly, the optimization model is simplified and a simulation experiment is designed. The validity of the proposed method is verified by numerical examples. The simulation results of the optical layer and the electrical layer satisfy the power system protection time delay specified in the power system protocol should meet the requirement of less than 50 ms.

Security Architecture of 5G Wireless Communication Network

Security Architecture of 5G Wireless Communication Network

Bio‐inspired routing protocol for WSN‐based smart grid applications in the context of Industry 4.0

AbstractRecently, the advences of Industry 4.0 have paved the way for a systematical deployment of the smart grid (SG) to manage continuously growing energy demand of the 21st century. This even allows the fourth stage of the industrial revolution in the power sector, which is known as the smart grid industry (SGI) 4.0. In SGI 4.0, the industrial wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things are envisioned as key promising communication technologies for monitoring various SG applications due to their large‐scale coverage, fault tolerance characteristics, and cost reduction. However, highly dynamic nature of the SG environments brings several unique challenges caused by systems and operating devices. This results in hampering the quality‐of‐service communication requirements for WSNs‐based SG applications. In SGI 4.0, the routing infrastructure not only requires a reliable but also fulfills the communication requirements of diverse SG applications. Thus, a sophisticated, reliable and QoS‐aware multi‐hop communications network architecture enabling a real‐time exchange of data for various WSNs‐based SG applications is essential in SGI 4.0. Hence, this paper proposes a novel bio‐inspired self‐optimized butterfly mating optimization‐based data gathering routing scheme called Self‐optimized Intelligent routing protocol (SIRP) for WSNs‐based SG applications. The extensive simulations reveal that the proposed scheme achieves its defined goals compared to existing routing schemes designed for WSNs‐based applications.