Communication Network Architecture Research Articles

Security architecture for automotive communication networks with CAN FD

Modern vehicles have dozens of electronic modules, connected through sophisticated intra-vehicle networks, which essentially control all the vehicle functions. Recent studies have shown the vulnerability of vehicular computer systems, but the existing security models are not enough robust yet because the busload and level of cryptographic strategy are not considered enough to be implemented in the frame. This work proposes a new security model for the Controller Area Network with Flexible Data-Rate (CAN FD), based on encryption and authentication. The model divides the frame data field into two blocks. The AES-256 (Advanced Encryption Standard) symmetric key encryption is applied to the first block of the data frame, whose content is the data corresponding to the payload of the frame. The authentication of the data in the first block is executed through the implementation of the HMAC/SHA-256 function and inserted in the second block. Performance analysis has shown that the combination of 32 bytes for the first block and 32 bytes for the second one provides the shortest processing time and 33.33% fewer data compared to frame 48. Results indicated that the proposed security model has a higher encryption performance than existing methods.

Imitation Learning-Based Implicit Semantic-Aware Communication Networks: Multi-Layer Representation and Collaborative Reasoning

Semantic communication has recently attracted significant interest from both industry and academia due to its potential to transform the existing data-focused communication architecture towards a more generally intelligent and goal-oriented semantic-aware networking system. Despite its promising potential, semantic communications and semantic-aware networking are still in their infancy. Most existing works focus on transporting and delivering the explicit semantic information, e.g., labels or features of objects, that can be directly identified from the source signal. The original definition of semantics as well as recent results in cognitive neuroscience suggest that it is the implicit semantic information, in particular the hidden relations connecting different concepts and feature items that play the fundamental role in recognizing, communicating, and delivering the real semantic meanings of messages. Motivated by this observation, we propose a novel reasoning-based implicit semantic-aware communication network architecture that allows destination users to directly learn a reasoning mechanism that can automatically generate complex implicit semantic information based on a limited clue information sent by the source users. Our proposed architecture can be implemented in a multi-tier cloud/edge computing networks in which multiple tiers of cloud data center (CDC) and edge servers can collaborate and support efficient semantic encoding, decoding, and implicit semantic interpretation for multiple end-users. We introduce a new multi-layer representation of semantic information taking into consideration both the hierarchical structure of implicit semantics as well as the personalized inference preference of individual users. We model the semantic reasoning process as a reinforcement learning process and then propose an imitation-based semantic reasoning mechanism learning (iRML) solution to learning a reasoning policy that imitates the inference behavior of the source user. A federated graph convolutional network (GCN)-based collaborative reasoning solution is proposed to allow multiple edge servers to jointly construct a shared semantic interpretation model based on decentralized semantic message samples. Extensive experiments have been conducted based on real-world datasets to evaluate the performance of our proposed architecture. Numerical results confirm that iRML offers up to 25.8 dB improvement on the semantic symbol error rate, compared to the semantic-irrelevant communication solutions.

Security in Wireless Communication Networks

Over the last decade, wireless networks have experienced significant growth due to the proliferation of mobile devices and new development of radio technologies. Since the very beginning, security for wireless communication networks has always been regarded as a critical issue. In recent research frenzy on 5G and V2X communications, security plays a pivotal role as wireless Internet access serves as critical infrastructures to facilitate the digital transcations. This book timely provides a comprehensive introduction to the security in wireless communication networks, with respect to not only general concepts, but also practical principles and cases in specific wireless communication systems. This book covers a wide range starting from the general wireless communication network architecture and basic concepts of network security to the mathematical background and practical techniques, and further to the specific security issues in different wireless networks, such as WLAN, LTE, 5G, etc. Comprehensively covering the security issues, security mechanisms, design principles, and techniques in wireless communication networks. The book intends to be a self-contained and one semester textbook on wireless security for either undergraduate senior level or graduate level courses. This book can also serve as a reference for practitioners and researchers in the field to get an idea of the current and future research focus in the emerging wireless security area.

Распределенный реестр истории эксплуатации транспортного средства на основе блокчейн-платформы Hyperledger Fabric

Due to the rapid development of various transport platforms, including those using unmanned technologies, systems that provide storage of vehicle operating history throughout its lifecycle are becoming increasingly relevant. Purpose: the purpose and functionality of the developed system for storing such information are defined. The main purpose of the system is to maintain a single source of reliable and unchangeable information about the operating history of the vehicle. Such a system can increase the transparency of business processes that arise between participants in the automotive industry: manufacturers and owners of vehicles, service stations, insurance companies and other industry participants. Methods: Blockchain technology, smart contracts and various methods of transaction processing were used. Results: the system was designed based on a distributed platform, based on the criteria defined in the work, Hyperledger Fabric was chosen as the platform. Communication network and information system architecture were designed and developed based on the distributed registry technology. The paper describes the process of creating the Hyperledger Fabric network, which is supported by the member organizations of the automotive industry. A description of the basic elements of the system is presented, as well as the mechanisms that maintain and harmonize the distributed registry, transaction processing, execution of smart contracts and interaction of the connected system participants. The hardware was designed in the form of a plug-in unit, which implements the functions of collection and pre-preparation of data collected from the nodes, units, sensors of the vehicle, as well as additional sensors built into the hardware unit. The collected data are transmitted from the block to the storages, the maintenance of which is carried out by the system participants interested in such data. The fact of data transfer and data source identifier is recorded in a distributed registry in the form of a transaction, placed in the block. Practical relevance: On the basis of smart contract technology the issues of forming reports on the history of vehicle operation are considered. The system is scalable and allows the deployment of new smart contracts, which provides the ability to create new scenarios for its use. Discussion Possible variants of further development and use of the system are considered: the solution of scaling the system by local zones is proposed, and a brief overview of the approach of dynamic channel definition Hyperledger Fabric using dedicated near-field data communication is presented.

Low-Latency Autonomous Service Orchestration for the Power Communication Network

Power communication network based on optical technology can support the operation, production and scheduling of power systems. However, due to the dynamic and information uncertainty factors in the network environment, the independent service arrangement of the power communication network is faced with many challenges. To address these challenges, a software-defined network (SDN)-empowered the power communication network architecture. In this paper, we proposed a routing algorithm based on ε-greed to minimize total transmission delay of service data flow, which can support the autonomous, intelligent, and flexible orchestration for the power communication network. Simulation verify the superiority of the proposed ε-greedy algorithm in the aspect of delay and optimal path selection.

A Covert-Aware Anonymous Communication Network for Social Communication

To effectively protect the communication content and communication behavior of social networks, anonymous communication technologies are widely used. However, the anonymous communication networks represented by Tor and I2P lack the covertness of the control plane design, which leads to important user behavioral characteristics in the process of accessing anonymous communication networks. Therefore, network monitors can analyze users' communication behavior by tracking these characteristics. In this paper, the concept of covert measurement is proposed. On this basis, a software-defined anonymous communication network architecture is presented, which also considers the covertness of the anonymous communication network control plane and the data plane. According to the theoretical analysis and experimental results, the anonymous communication network architecture proposed in this paper has better anonymity and usability than traditional anonymous communication networks, such as Tor.

ExtHT: A hybrid tracing method for cyber-attacks in power industrial control systems

Tracing the sources of cyber-attacks in Power Industrial Control Systems (PICS) can help the defense systems to block the attacks, and support the decision of the grid control policies. However, there has been no work on the cyber-attack source traceback for PICS, and the methods for the Internet are not suitable for PICS in terms of fineness, real-time performance, and supporting communication protocols. Therefore, a method for tracing cyber-attacks in PICS is proposed. First, the communication network architecture of PICS and the cyber security threats to PICS are analyzed. Then, an extended hybrid tracing method (ExtHT) based on packet marking and packet logging is proposed. This method involves all the devices working at the data link layer and upper layers to achieve more fine-grained attack tracing. At the same time, taking the costs of attack tracing into consideration, a coarse-grained tracing mode is presented to improve the tracing speed. In addition, a log database optimization scheme is provided to reduce storage costs. To facilitate the application of this method in practice, a cyber-attack source tracing system and its deployment architecture are designed for PICS. Further, the applicability and limitations of ExtHT are analyzed, theory ratiocinations are given to justify our ExtHT, and the performance of our ExtHT is compared with that of existing mainstream methods. Finally, two cyber-attack scenarios against PICS are constructed and the feasibility of ExtHT is verified on them.

Shift to 6G: Exploration on trends, vision, requirements, technologies, research, and standardization efforts

Recent technological breakthroughs and significant expansion in the number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, a new paradigm of unparalleled user experiences, dramatically improved a host of innovative applications, and the emergence of various use cases has begun. To achieve this, a much better adaptable communication network architecture is required, one that is exceptionally intelligent and capable of providing hyper-fast, ultra-reliable, and low-latency communications. These needs of the next-generation wireless communication systems are expected to be met by sixth-generation (6G) communication technologies. The standardization process for fifth-generation is now complete, and the worldwide installation has begun. To keep cellular networks competitive, a collaboration between industry and academics has already commenced in designing the next phase called “6G” in communication networks. It provides the groundwork for layering the communication demands arising in the 2030s. 6G perception, services, technology, and standardization are all hot topics in academics and industries. In pursuit of this ambition, this paper outlines the most prospective avenues of 6G research from current literature. In this investigation, the paper highly focuses on state-of-art driving factors and technological developments propelling the 6G revolution. In this study, emerging applications and requirements are also discussed in depth. Then, to provide a perspective on the global aspect of 6G development, the frameworks for existing and ongoing research projects and activities, including standardization efforts, are reviewed. Finally, specific issues have been incorporated to give new insight into future development approaches towards 6G based on developing demands in the coming years.

A UAV swarm communication network architecture based on consortium blockchain

In the context of the development of UAVs towards clustering, intelligence, and autonomy, it is necessary to ensure that multiple UAVs and ground control stations can communicate and share information securely in real-time so that UAV swarms can make real-time and effective decisions and collaborations. These factors pose challenges to the security, robustness, and operational efficiency of UAV swarm communication networks. This paper combines blockchain technology with a UAV swarm communication network, proposes a new UAV swarm communication network architecture based on consortium blockchain, and describes the network structure and transaction process in detail. The performance analysis shows that the security mechanism of the architecture can meet the security requirements of the UAV swarm communication network. And this solution is superior to existing solutions based on blockchain technology such as Ethereum in performance and is a technical solution with both security and usability.

Information security in intelligent mass transit management systems

Aim. The paper examines matters related to the definition of the architecture and requirements for data communication networks as part of intelligent mass transit management systems. Methods. The paper suggests a network architecture using multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) technology and traffic routing. If the core of a local area network is implemented using fully-connected topology, the use of flow labels allows predefining information exchange routes between servers and applications of an information and telecommunications network (ITS). Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) is the foundation of control and information acquisition networks of ITS. That allows adopting common interfaces to the subsystems that perform various functions within an ITS, e.g., control and diagnostics, minimizing the time of information delivery to management servers and sending critical control commands, as well as using common Ethernet or 4G/5G wireless interfaces. Conclusions. The path installation/removal principle, when applied to critical facilities, significantly complicates attacks and collection of information on the network structure of ITS.

In-Vehicle Communication Cyber Security: Challenges and Solutions.

In-vehicle communication has become an integral part of today’s driving environment considering the growing add-ons of sensor-centric communication and computing devices inside a vehicle for a range of purposes including vehicle monitoring, physical wiring reduction, and driving efficiency. However, related literature on cyber security for in-vehicle communication systems is still lacking potential dedicated solutions for in-vehicle cyber risks. Existing solutions are mainly relying on protocol-specific security techniques and lacking an overall security framework for in-vehicle communication. In this context, this paper critically explores the literature on cyber security for in-vehicle communication focusing on technical architecture, methodologies, challenges, and possible solutions. In-vehicle communication network architecture is presented considering key components, interfaces, and related technologies. The protocols for in-vehicle communication have been classified based on their characteristics, and usage type. Security solutions for in-vehicle communication have been critically reviewed considering machine learning, cryptography, and port-centric techniques. A multi-layer secure framework is also developed as a protocol and use case-independent in-vehicle communication solution. Finally, open challenges and future dimensions of research for in-vehicle communication cyber security are highlighted as observations and recommendations.

Hierarchical Cooperative Control Strategy for Battery Storage System in Islanded DC Microgrid

This paper presents a novel hierarchical cooperative control strategy to solve the problems of unbalanced State of Charge (SoC), unreasonable load current sharing, and unstable bus voltage for battery storage system (BSS) in islanded DC microgrid. In the communication layer, a neighbor-to-neighbor communication network architecture is constructed in which each battery storage unit (BSU) only communicates information with neighboring nodes, and a multi-agent consensus algorithm is used to iteratively estimate the relevant average global variables. In the main control layer, the droop coefficient is dynamically adjusted by constructing a fast SoC convergence function to ensure that the load current is reasonably distributed based on the rated capacity of each BSU. In the secondary control layer, a virtual voltage drop equalization controller and an average bus voltage compensation controller are designed to eliminate the impact of line impedance mismatch and compensate the average bus voltage. Furthermore, an optimized factor is designed to accelerate the later stage of SoC convergence. Finally, a DC microgrid experimental platform based on StarSim HIL is built, and the results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can achieve the control objectives of fast SoC balance, proportional load current sharing, and bus voltage stability.

Wireless communication based cloud network architecture using AI assisted with IoT for FinTech application

Financial Technology has revolutionized the delivery and usage of the autonomous operations and processes to improve the financial services. Banks and Financial institutions play a crucial role in economic development of country albeit slow to embrace IoT technology. Integrating Artificial Intelligence in IoT enhances IoT performance by analysing the information and extracting knowledge therefore making them more intelligent. so this paper enables the cloud based wireless communication network architecture integrated with IoT in Financial Technology (FinTech) where the data have been collected by cloud based server incorporated with secure transaction based authentication protocol (STAP) to identify the malicious users and fraudulent in bank transactions. The collected data from cloud server has been classified based on deep Q- learning (DQL) which uses training and testing by neural networks. By enhancing the authentication protocol during the transactions will improve the security of the banking networks and by classifying the cloud data it will identify whether there are any unauthenticated users proceed with the transaction without knowledge of the banking sector. The experimental analysis was carried out based on both secure transactions based authentication protocol and deep Q-learning through the parameters in terms of authentication protocol, security rate of the network, average end-to-end delay and cloud data based classification for secure bank transactions.

Application of wireless mobile communication technology in nursing and pharma profession

At present, the commonly used remote physiological information monitoring method in the field of nursing is limited in application, and has poor real-time performance and anti-interference ability. Therefore, through the research of remote monitoring method based on wireless mobile communication, the application of wireless mobile communication technology in nursing professional field was explored. Using ZigBee technology to build a wireless mobile communication network architecture, through which the ECG data analysis and diagnosis of patient monitoring terminal are transmitted. Using TDOA ranging technology to quickly locate the position of patients, so as to ensure the medical effect. Compared with the traditional remote monitoring method, the wireless mobile communication technology has the advantages of fast response, stable monitoring and high sensitivity.

A V2P Collision Risk Warning Method based on LSTM in IOV

With the evolution of communication networks, the Internet of Vehicles (IOV) continues to accelerate the safe and rapid development of autonomous vehicles. Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) communication is a key technology in autonomous vehicles and a potential solution to realize collaborative intelligence between vehicles and pedestrians. However, the existing V2P communication early warning system does not consider the uncertainty of pedestrian trajectory, and the determination of the collision area is limited to a single point, resulting in an inaccurate system judgment and limited improvement of traffic efficiency. This paper designs a new autonomous-oriented V2P communication network architecture and completes a V2P communication early warning system based on Long Range (LoRa). A V2P anticollision model is established, and a new V2P collision risk early warning method is proposed. In this method, danger index is introduced into the early warning of collision between pedestrian and vehicle. The long short-term memory (LSTM) artificial neural network is used to predict the pedestrian’s trajectory, so as to deduce the pedestrian-vehicle collision risk area when the pedestrian trajectory is uncertain. Meanwhile, the confidence probability is used to judge whether the pedestrian and vehicle are warned. The simulation shows that the V2P collision risk warning method proposed in this paper has good performance, which can accurately warn the pedestrian and vehicle under different vehicle speeds and Global Positioning System (GPS) positioning errors. At the same time, it reflects the characteristics of intelligence brought by using LSTM methods. Using the V2P communication early warning system based on LoRa to verify the experimental results show that when the GPS positioning accuracy is submeter level, the prediction accuracy is greater than 98%. The results of the proposed method show good performance and high detection rate.

MAC Protocols for mmWave Communication: A Comparative Survey.

With the increase in the number of connected devices, to facilitate more users with high-speed transfer rate and enormous bandwidth, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has become one of the promising research sectors in both industry and academia. Owing to the advancements in 5G communication, traditional physical (PHY) layer-based solutions are becoming obsolete. Resource allocation, interference management, anti-blockage, and deafness are crucial problems needing resolution for designing modern mmWave communication network architectures. Consequently, comparatively new approaches such as medium access control (MAC) protocol-based utilization can help meet the advancement requirements. A MAC layer accesses channels and prepares the data frames for transmission to all connected devices, which is even more significant in very high frequency bands, i.e., in the mmWave spectrum. Moreover, different MAC protocols have their unique limitations and characteristics. In this survey, to deal with the above challenges and address the limitations revolving around the MAC layers of mmWave communication systems, we investigated the existing state-of-the-art MAC protocols, related surveys, and solutions available for mmWave frequency. Moreover, we performed a categorized qualitative comparison of the state-of-the-art protocols and finally examined the probable approaches to alleviate the critical challenges in future research.

A Novel Architecture for Future Classical-Quantum Communication Networks

The standardisation of 5G is reaching its end, and the networks have started being deployed. Thus, 6G architecture is under study and design, to define the characteristics and the guidelines for its standardisation. In parallel, communications based on quantum-mechanical principles, named quantum communications, are under design and standardisation, leading to the so-called quantum internet. Nevertheless, these research and standardisation efforts are proceeding in parallel, without any significant interaction. Thus, it is essential to discuss an architecture and the possible protocol stack for classical-quantum communication networks, allowing for an effective integration between quantum and classical networks. The main scope of this paper is to provide a joint architecture for quantum-classical communication networks, considering the very recent advancements in the architectural design of 6G and the quantum internet, also defining guidelines and characteristics, which can be helpful for the ongoing standardisation efforts. For this purpose, the article discusses some of the existing main standardisation processes in classical communications and proposed protocol stacks for quantum communications. This aims at highlighting the potential points of connection and the differences that may imply future incompatible developments. The standardisation efforts on the quantum internet cannot overlook the experience gained and the existing standardisation, allowing the creation of frameworks in the classical communication context.

A unified framework to improve the interoperability between HPC and Big Data languages and programming models

One of the most important issues in the path to the convergence of HPC and Big Data is caused by the differences in their software stacks. Despite some research efforts, the interoperability between their programming models and languages is still limited. To deal with this problem we introduce a new computing framework called IgnisHPC, whose main objective is to unify the execution of Big Data and HPC workloads in the same framework. IgnisHPC has native support for multi-language applications using JVM and non-JVM-based languages. Since MPI was used as its backbone technology, IgnisHPC takes advantage of many communication models and network architectures. Moreover, MPI applications can be directly executed in an efficient way in the framework. The main consequence is that users could combine in the same multi-language code HPC tasks (using MPI) with Big Data tasks (using MapReduce operations). The experimental evaluation demonstrates the benefits of our proposal in terms of performance and productivity with respect to other frameworks. IgnisHPC is publicly available for the Big Data and HPC research community.

Reliability of IEC 61850 based substation communication network architecture considering quality of repairs and common cause failures

Mission-critical IEC 61850 system architectures are designed to tolerate hardware failures to achieve the highest reliability performance. Hence, multi-channel systems are used in such systems within industrial facilities to isolate machinery when there are process abnormalities. Inevitably, multi-channel systems introduce Common Cause Failure (CCF) since the subsystems can rarely be independent. This paper integrates CCF into the Markov reliability model to enhance the model flexibility to investigate synchronous generator intra-bay SCN architecture reliability performance considering the quality of repairs and CCF. The Markov process enables integration of the impact of CCF factors on system performance. The case study results indicate that CCF, coupled with imperfect repairs, significantly reduce system reliability performance. High sensitivity is observed at low levels of CCF, whereas the highest level of impact occurs when the system diagnostic coverage is 99% based on ISO 13849-1, and reduces as the diagnostic coverage level reduces. Therefore, it is concluded that the severity of CCF depends more on system diagnostic coverage level than the repair efficiency, although both factors impact the system overall performance. Hence, CCF should be considered in determining the reliability performance of mission-critical communication networks in power distribution centres.

Robust Beamforming Design and Time Allocation for IRS-Assisted Wireless Powered Communication Networks

In this paper, a novel intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted wireless powered communication network (WPCN) architecture is proposed for power-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) smart devices, where IRS is exploited to improve the performance of WPCN under imperfect channel state information (CSI). We formulate a hybrid access point (HAP) transmit energy minimization problem by jointly optimizing time allocation, HAP energy beamforming, receiving beamforming, user transmit power allocation, IRS energy reflection coefficient and information reflection coefficient under the imperfect CSI and non-linear energy harvesting model. On account of the high coupling of optimization variables, the formulated problem is a non-convex optimization problem that is difficult to solve directly. To address the above-mentioned challenging problem, alternating optimization (AO) technique is applied to decouple the optimization variables to solve the problem. Specifically, through AO, time allocation, HAP energy beamforming, receiving beamforming, user transmit power allocation, IRS energy reflection coefficient and information reflection coefficient are divided into three sub-problems to be solved alternately. The difference-of-convex (DC) programming is used to solve the non-convex rank-one constraint in solving IRS energy reflection coefficient and information reflection coefficient. Numerical simulations verify the superiority of the proposed optimization algorithm in decreasing HAP transmit energy compared with other benchmark schemes.