Industrial Architecture Research Articles

Cybersecurity of Automotive Wired Networking Systems: Evolution, Challenges, and Countermeasures

The evolution of Electrical and Electronic (E/E) architectures in the automotive industry has been a significant factor in the transformation of vehicles from traditional mechanical systems to sophisticated, software-defined machines. With increasing vehicle connectivity and the growing threats from cyberattacks that could compromise safety and violate user privacy, the incorporation of cybersecurity into the automotive development process is becoming imperative. As vehicles evolve into sophisticated interconnected systems, understanding their vulnerabilities becomes essential to improve cybersecurity. This paper also discusses the role of evolving standards and regulations, such as ISO 26262 and ISO/SAE 21434, in ensuring both the safety and cybersecurity of modern vehicles. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the current challenges in automotive cybersecurity, with a focus on the vulnerabilities of the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. Additionally, we explore state-of-the-art countermeasures, focusing on Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs), which are increasingly leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to detect anomalies and prevent attacks in real time. Through an analysis of publicly available CAN datasets, we evaluate the effectiveness of IDS frameworks in mitigating these threats.

Cyber-physical threat mitigation in wind energy systems: a novel secure architecture for industry 4.0 power grids

In Industry 4.0, integrating Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) within wind energy infrastructures introduces significant cyber-attack vulnerabilities. This paper presents the Hybrid Adaptive Threat Detection and Response System (HATDRS), a novel security architecture designed to enhance the resilience of wind energy systems against evolving cyber threats. The HATDRS model integrates a hybrid machine learning approach, combining supervised logistic regression with adaptive learning mechanisms, providing real-time threat detection and mitigation. This approach was chosen for its ability to integrate labelled data with real-time unsupervised feedback, providing dynamic and accurate threat detection in wind energy systems. The model was evaluated against traditional Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Machine Learning-based Anomaly Detection Systems (ML-ADS) across key metrics, including accuracy, detection rate, false positive rate, response time, System Security Index (SSI), energy loss, and cost-efficiency. The results demonstrate that the HATDRS model outperforms its counterparts, achieving an accuracy of 95.4% and a detection rate of 97.2% while maintaining the lowest false positive rate (3.1%) and response time (500 ms). Additionally, the model achieved the highest SSI value of 88.7, significantly reducing energy loss to 1.5% and improving cost-efficiency to 0.528. These findings underscore the robustness and efficiency of the HATDRS model in mitigating cyber-physical threats in wind energy systems, offering a scalable and effective solution for securing renewable energy infrastructures. Future work will explore further optimization and real-world testing to validate the system’s scalability across diverse energy environments.

Symbiotic design and numerical methods of industrial architecture and urban landscape in the context of sustainable development

The status quo of low sustainability of urban landscape symbiosis design programme and low referability of the corresponding comprehensive evaluation method, the study will take the environmental and ecological value as the symbiosis goal to design the urban landscape. The study constructs a comprehensive evaluation model of industrial heritage urban landscape ecology, researches each index affecting landscape ecology, and determines the weight of each influence index by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The maximum influence factors of the four criteria layers of emotion, culture, material and ecology are pleasure, obvious cultural symbols, appropriate scale and microclimate regulation, and the corresponding values are 0.313, 0.404, 0.315 and 0.495, respectively. Compared with that before the introduction of the self-organised neural network fusion K-Means clustering algorithm, the ecological evaluation scores of the urban landscape of the industrial heritage are much closer to the real situation, and the overall error is much higher. The ecological evaluation model of industrial heritage buildings is closer to the real situation, and the overall error fluctuation is 0.012–0.020. The precision-recall curve of the comprehensive evaluation model of industrial heritage buildings is more advantageous than that of other comprehensive evaluation models. The results of the study provide a scientific reference basis for the design of the external landscape environment of industrial heritage buildings, and provide a strong scientific support for the ecological symbiosis between old industrial buildings and the environment under the concept of sustainability.

IDENTITY OF INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES. IN THE HISTORICAL AREA OF THE CITY OF KHARKIV

The article highlights the topic of formation, development, and degradation of Kharkiv's textile manufactories, which are compactly located along Rizdviana Street in the downtown area. In addition to the processes related to the activity in the territory of the manufactories' neighborhood, the article raises the theme of the representation of identity in the monuments of Kharkiv industrial architecture. In the early twentieth century, Kharkiv's manufactory district was the embodiment of a big city, the world of science and technical progress, where each firm expressed its identity in the architecture of the building. Contemporaries called the neighborhood “Kharkiv City”. Later on, the district gradually began to lose this status. Over the next 50 years, weaving production declined, giving way to book printing. During the Second World War, the neighbourhood was severely damaged and some of the buildings were rebuilt in Soviet Art Deco style. From the 1970s onwards, a gradual deterioration began, which intensified from the 1990s onwards. Since the 2000s, attempts to renovate manufactory buildings have started: exhibitions are held in separate buildings, and since 2016 the creation of hubs, which combine offices with different functions, has begun. The article proposes 3 renovation strategies that range from "conservative" to "radical". Conservative strategy implies preservation of the neighborhood in existing forms, museification of buildings to create museums. The main emphasis is on the development of tourism. The second concept implies regeneration of the lost parts of the neighborhood development, symbols, functions. The concept implies restoration of the lost image of Kharkiv City and filling it with new content (functions). The radical concept is connected with the creation of new forms, functions, which were not previously present in the territory of the district and which will contrast with the historical building. This will provide an opportunity to create new functions and images that will become a center of activity. The combination of the creation of new functions and images with the revival of lost identities will make it possible to turn the district into a centre of activity, preserving its historical heritage and reviving the lost image. Key words: degrading industrial buildings and territories, identity, renovation, architecture of industrial objects.

Los mercados de alimentos en la ciudad de Rosario

Since the mid-19th century, Rosario was supported by agro-export production, where the countryside, railways, ports and its utilitarian buildings played key roles in its development. To date, at the local level, the cultural and heritage value of the latter has been barely studied, disseminated and/or preserved. In this context, the present work has proposed to record the urban architectural characteristics of the different food markets, with the aim of recognizing their heritage importance. From what was observed, two types of proposals were identified: those that are developed in open spaces and those that are in closed spaces. The latter presented distinctive typological and formal characteristics of the industrial architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, differing from each other according to the available lots. Among the paradigmatic cases, the Model Fair and the Food Producers Market stand out, both built in the 1960s, where some of the ideas of the Modern Movement were incorporated.

Industrial Buildings—Dialogue Between Architecture and Structure

Industrial architecture is the result of the integration of complex planning and construction, with the goal of attaining an optimal arrangement of building processes toward the creation of a quality working environment. The subject of research focuses on the architecture of light-industry buildings and product warehouses and includes sustainable smart concepts and laboratories for modern industry with high-quality production and working environments. All of this is expressed in the creation of architecture as a result of the meaningful dialogue among the components of architectural design. The goal of this research is to determine the main categories of the interaction of industrial architecture and construction and, at the same time, to provide an answer to the main research question of what the application determinates are in a given relationship: environment—architectural expression—construction. The quantitative and qualitative methods of research are focused on the choice, definition, and correlation (dialogue) of the elements of architecture and construction, in dependence on the character of the industrial activity. The research outputs, in the form of diagrams and illustrative graphic displays, make a contribution toward the visual interpretation of the architecture/construction relationship and the methodological basis for the creative process of designing industrial architecture within the context of contemporary trends. Their use in engineering and architecture education is of undoubted significance.

Tailored Conceptual Frameworks for Early Supplier Involvement in High-Value Product Development: A Case-Based Approach

As high-value products (HVPs) are fundamentally different from commodity products such as electronic products, the practices derived from such commodity products cannot be deployed directly to the HVP industry to further the objectives of early supplier involvement (ESI). To this end, a conceptual framework of ESI for HVP manufacturers is proposed based on success factors and existing models of ESI together with the features of HVP industries. A case study approach based on six leading companies from three typical HVP industries is conducted to validate the conceptual model proposed in the research and prove its applicability to HVP industries premised upon extant literature. Therefore, this research aims to address this problem through a combination of a critical literature review and a case study approach. The case study results demonstrate approach as to how the conceptual model for ESI can be directly applied to HVP manufacturers. ESI is a significant lever in achieving success in new product development (NDP), particularly in the context of high-value, complex and layered products such as aircraft, trains and automobiles. Although ESI practices have long been part of HVP development, few researchers have focused on the development of generalized ESI architecture in the HVP industry. The results of the case study show that the conceptual model for ESI can be directly applied to HVP manufacturers. For HVP manufacturers, this framework can help to implement ESI in their NPD project by guiding how to manage and coordinate both parties, that is, the manufacturer and the supplier.

Adaptive practices of working with industrial heritage in a historical settlement

Examples of industrial heritage located in a historical urban environment that have partially or completely lost their original function are considered. An analysis of world and domestic practices in working with similar objects is carried out, the possibility of their adaptation to use in the conditions of the historical settlement of the city of Samara is assessed. Based on the conducted research, a number of techniques have been identified that make it possible to competently adapt industrial facilities and industrial territories to modern use, while revealing their architectural, construction, historical and cultural potential. The above practices of working with industrial heritage objects can be applied when developing a strategy for the renovation of partially used or lost their original function historical objects of industrial architecture in the historical settlement of Samara and in a number of historical settlements with similar characteristics.

Using 5G Standards for Smart Healthcare Applications and Designing an Artificial Intelligence‐Based Industry 4.0 Communication System

ABSTRACTThe introduction of Industry 4.0, to improve Internet of Things (IoT) standards, has sparked the creation of 5G, or highly sophisticated wireless networks. There are several barriers standing in the way of 5G green communication systems satisfying the expectations for faster networks, more user capacity, lower resource consumption, and cost‐effectiveness. 5G standards implementation would speed up data transmission and increase the reliability of connected devices for Industry 4.0 applications. The demand for intelligent healthcare systems has increased globally as a result of the introduction of the novel COVID‐19. Designing 5G communication systems presents research problems such as optimizing resource usage, managing mobility, ensuring cost‐efficiency, managing interference, and maximizing spectral efficiency. The fast advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) in several domains yields improved performance in contrast to traditional methods. Hence, including AI in 5G standards would enhance performance by catering to diverse end‐user applications. Initially, we provide an overview of concepts such as Industry 4.0, the 5G standard, and recent developments in the sphere of wireless communications in the future. The goal is to use 5G technology to look at current research problems. We present a new architecture for Industry 4.0 and 5G‐compliant smart healthcare systems. We develop and run the proposed model to investigate the current 5G methods using the Network Simulator (NS2). The results of the simulation show that 5G resource management and interference management approaches already in use face challenges including performance trade‐offs.

A Survey of Joint Security-Safety for Function, Information and Human in Industry 5.0

Industry 5.0 blows the whistle on a new industrial revolution, aiming to refocus industrial development by reintegrating the human factor into the technological equation. On the eve of the revolution, the comprehensive surveys for Industry 5.0 would provide important support for future development. However, current surveys for Industry 5.0 are still in their infancy and some gaps remain. (i) Current work lacks a comprehensive technical architecture for Industry 5.0 and an in-depth analysis of the enabling technologies that will drive Industry 5.0; (ii) There is no comprehensive survey on security issues of Industry 5.0, which will directly hinder its development; (iii) As Industry 5.0 introduces people into the technological equation, then it will also further consider the broader human interests in its security equation. It is an open issue that traditional security classifications cannot summarize these new security threats in Industry 5.0. Therefore, this survey starts by reviewing the latest key enabling technologies and proposing an overall technology hierarchical structure for Industry 5.0. Second, we investigate the triad of security issues in Industry 5.0, which includes threats and countermeasures for functional safety, information security, and humanized security. Among them, we define the third security issue in Industry 5.0, humanized security, which includes safeguarding the broader interests and rights of individuals, machines, and society. Finally, we summarize future challenges and research trends. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive overview of security in Industry 5.0, in which humanized security is defined for the first time.

Mineralogy and environmental geochemistry of copper slag from Butte, Montana

Mineralogy and environmental geochemistry of copper slag from Butte, Montana

TOGAF's Approach in Developing an Enterprise Architecture for the Information Technology Security Industry

The information technology security industry, encompassing various activities such as risk identification and assessment, policy development, and solution implementation, plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and security of information systems. This study aims to develop and implement an efficient and effective enterprise architecture within the information security sector, focusing on three key core processes identified as the major revenue contributors: risk identification and assessment, security policy development, and security solution implementation. Utilizing the TOGAF-based Enterprise Architecture framework, this research identifies and designs architecture that integrates various systems, applications, and business processes, facilitating better alignment within the organization. The architecture design process involves a thorough analysis of operational needs and business strategies, leading to the development of a model that enhances efficiency and reduces the risk of failure in technology implementation. The outcomes of this study are intended to provide practical guidance for information security companies to optimize operations, simplify system complexities, and achieve strategic goals more effectively. It is anticipated that the application of the designed architecture will have a significant positive impact on the company's ability to address challenges and dynamic needs within the information security industry.

Enhancing Industry Evolution: The Role of Digital Inclusive Finance in Optimizing and Upgrading the Industrial Structure

The upgrading of digital inclusive finance has markedly enhanced the financing and operational milieu for small and micro enterprises (SMEs), exerting a pivotal influence on the optimization of the national industrial structure. This paper leverages panel data spanning from 2011 to 2020 across 30 provincial-level administrative regions within China to scrutinize the ramifications of digital inclusive finance on the amelioration and elevation of the industrial framework. It endeavors to assimilate the construct of digital inclusive finance into the analytical paradigm concerning the evolution of industrial structures, embarking on a dual-faceted investigation from both theoretical constructs and empirical evidences to elucidate the dynamics between digital inclusive finance and the upgrading of China’s industrial structure. The empirical outcomes underscore that digital inclusive finance substantially fosters the refinement of the industrial architecture, particularly accentuating its positive leverage on the rationalization of industrial structure. Subsequent explorations reveal a regional heterogeneity in the facilitative effects of digital inclusive finance on industrial structure optimization and upgrading, with more pronounced significances identified within the central and western regions of China. Moreover, it is discerned that divergent domains of digital inclusive finance impart differential impacts on the optimization efficacy of the industrial structure. This discourse not only augments the scholarly dialogue on digital finance and industrial progression but also proffers empirical insights for policy formulations aimed at harnessing digital inclusive finance as a strategic instrument for economic augmentation and industrial sophistication.

A Comparative Analysis of EfficientNet and MobileNet Models’ Performance on Limited Datasets: An Example of American Sign Language Alphabet Detection

This paper explored the performance of EfficientNet architecture and MobileNet architecture while processing sign language alphabets using small-scale datasets. EfficientNet and MobileNet are the two most popular architectures in the computer vision industry. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates the importance of investigating two model’s performance while a product needs to be developed in a short time. Previously, research has been conducted on two models, mainly focusing on the two model’s performance while handling small datasets related to medicine. However, there remains a research gap for sign language. A combined dataset obtained from two datasets from Kaggle was used to train the model. The models’ performance under 5 epochs, 10 epochs, and 20 epochs were deduced and compared. In general, the performance of MobileNetV2 models is outstanding, especially under 5 epochs, while other MobileNet and EfficientNet models show an intense overfit. Moving forward, the models could be tested on more powerful platforms and more models could be compared.

Linking education and practice gaps for inclusive architecture in the AEC industry

PurposeThis study explores the opportunities for a gender-inclusive architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry, focussing on the gap between architectural education and practice. This study focusses on three research questions: (1) What factors influence women architects' career retention and advancement in the AEC industry? How can practice outcomes be linked with educational approaches for gender inclusion in the AEC industry? (3) What critical factors can enable structural changes in architecture education, including AEC-related subjects and practice/career pathways towards gender equity?Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on a systematic literature review (SLR). The established timeframe for selecting papers in this study considered the last 20 years, as various seminal studies in feminism and gender inclusion in architecture emerged in the early 2000s through the definition of keywords used in two prestigious databases. The academic articles selected were filtered through a process of inclusion and exclusion, following criteria for suitability and relevance using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) diagram.FindingsThis study revealed key trends in the literature review consistent with the research questions, including (1) the disproportionate struggles women face at individual, interpersonal and organisational levels and the gender-based bias from entry and progression in the AEC industry that also requires multi-level interventions; (2) traditional architecture education affects female students and educators who find networking, social capital and leadership opportunities to challenge gender-based stereotypes and promote workplace equity, and finally, (3) observe enablers for fostering equity in architecture and education, which should not be limited to policy-driven interventions but structural transformations through transparency, mentorship, leadership, awareness raising and empowerment of women and men, promoting inclusivity and gender equity in the AEC industry.Research limitations/implicationsThis study considers a global understanding of gender equity in the AEC industry, regional and country-specific analysis needs to be considered in future studies. The study's focus is on women’s inclusion, acknowledging the limitations of conventional binary gender concepts; future studies need to include the experiences of LGBTI + communities and other underrepresented groups. The literature review considers only academic articles; future research should also consider industry reports, government initiatives and organisational documents for a broader understanding of diversity efforts in business.Originality/valueThis paper observes the issues for gender-inclusive architecture within the context of a male-dominant AEC industry through linking architectural education and practice. Studies rarely focus on this link and address workplace issues. This study highlights this link and extends the discussion through the critical literature review, providing a new ground for geographic-specific or intersectional studies.

Soviet industrial architecture projects by Nikolay Boykov from the early 20th century

Soviet industrial architecture projects by Nikolay Boykov from the early 20th century

PT VKP's competitive strategy architecture in the healthcare digitalization industry

Indonesia's digital transformation has led to the emergence of startups like PT VKP, which focuses on the healthcare service segment. The company aims to optimize business opportunities in this segment, but the lack of mass vaccinations after Covid-19 has impacted the number of active consumers. To remain competitive, PT VKP must develop a strategic architecture strategy. The study analyzed the company's internal and external factors, conducted a competitive advantage analysis, and formulated a competing strategy architecture. Externally, the digital health industry presents an opportunity, while competitors' product diversification poses a threat. Internally, the company's ability to build relationships with partners is its strength, while its weakness is limited product features. Six alternative competitive strategies were identified, with the main focus being on making sales in the health service category. PT VKP will implement these strategies in four phases over a year.

Between Vision and Possibility – Industrial Architecture From the Socialist Period in Sarajevo

<p class="Abstract" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="sr-Cyrl-BA">As a contribution to the research on the specificities of Yugoslav modernism, the development of industrial architecture in the City of Sarajevo after World War II is presented. When defining the architectural typology of industrial buildings during this period of development, examples of conceptual designs whose implementation was either fully or partially absent were analyzed. </span><span style="background-color: var(--bs-body-bg); font-weight: var(--bs-body-font-weight); text-align: var(--bs-body-text-align);">The paper elaborates on the specific socio-economic and cultural context that determines the architectural production of the post-war period. Financial difficulties led to significant rationalization of construction that resulted in devoid of aesthetic expression. Nonetheless, conceptual designs from the archive of the People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Ministry of Construction (</span><i>Ministarstvo građevina NRBiH</i><span style="background-color: var(--bs-body-bg); font-weight: var(--bs-body-font-weight); text-align: var(--bs-body-text-align);">) show careful consideration of the technological process in conjunction with contemporary constructive possibilities and aesthetics of the functionalist design of modernism. </span><span lang="sr-Cyrl-BA">The detailed presentation of the ambitious design of the Bosna Film "film city" in Jagomir provides a vivid insight into the undisputed development of architectural thought in this area.</span></p>

ДИНАМИКА ОСВОЕНИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЗА ПОСТСОВЕТСКИЙ ПЕРИОД

Industrial structures of post-soviet period are urbanizing and do influence on quality of life in anthropogenic environment. Post-soviet period can be considered as crisis for industrial architectural objects in the field of the usage and consequently of the physical condition and obsolescence. There are the patterns have been observed during each time step differently and for all the post-soviet period Three main time steps of post-soviet period have been revealed. Each one includes special features and paradigmatic dynamics in the question of usage of industrial architectural objects. The first step of devaluation – end of 1980s – beginning of 1990s – the period of the stagnation of industrial activity, partial demolishing of the objects of the industrial architecture. The second step of transition – mid 1990s – 2014 – the period of the chaotic filling of industrial objects, renovation. The third step of renaissance – 2014 – nowadays – the period of the restoration and development of the industries, organization of new industries on the territory of existing industrial structures of soviet period. Nevertheless, with main positive dynamic of usage of that kind of architectural objects, there is no systematic approach to the exploiting of them. This way it is not possible to provide the complexness of industrial and auxiliary processes at the object.

Аспекты архитектуры наземных и подземных промышленных зданий и сооружений

The article is devoted to industrial architecture. Examples of old and modern industrial aesthetics, the tendency to use underground space for buildings and structures are considered. Examples of underground placement of industrial and civil buildings, warehouses, shelters and nuclear facilities, in particular, nuclear power plants and particle accelerators, are shown. The advantages of using underground space in terms of efficiency, safety of underground facilities and the envi-ronment, sound insulation, integrity of the architectural landscape and urban infrastructure are described.