Architectural Principles Research Articles

The Restoration of New Gourna: Safeguarding the Legacy of Hassan Fathy

Hassan Fathy’s New Gourna project in Egypt (1946-52) is renowned as a pioneering example of sustainable urban settlement, integrating traditional technologies with modern architectural principles and serving as an inspiration to architects and planners worldwide. But decades of neglect have resulted in major structural deterioration and demolitions of the original buildings. In response, a project titled “Safeguarding Hassan Fathy’s Architectural Legacy in New Gourna” has been undertaken through a collaboration between UNESCO and the Egyptian Ministry of Culture, as defined by the National Organization for Urban Harmony (NOUH) for the period 2019-21. This initiative aims to conserve and repurpose the public heritage buildings while addressing the critical issue of groundwater. NOUH has now taken the project into a second phase (2023-24). This paper outlines the symptoms and causes of deterioration in New Gourna Village and reviews the restoration efforts applied to four major buildings: the khan, the mosque, the theater, and Hassan Fathy’s house. Further research will detail the restoration project in each case, including the documentation phase and the specific restoration techniques applied to each structural element and material.

Architectural dissection of adhesive bacterial cell surface appendages from a "molecular machines" viewpoint.

The ability of bacteria to interact with and respond to their environment is crucial to their lifestyle and survival. Bacterial cells routinely need to engage with extracellular target molecules, in locations spatially separated from their cell surface. Engagement with distant targets allows bacteria to adhere to abiotic surfaces and host cells, sense harmful or friendly molecules in their vicinity, as well as establish symbiotic interactions with neighboring cells in multicellular communities such as biofilms. Binding to extracellular molecules also facilitates transmission of information back to the originating cell, allowing the cell to respond appropriately to external stimuli, which is critical throughout the bacterial life cycle. This requirement of bacteria to bind to spatially separated targets is fulfilled by a myriad of specialized cell surface molecules, which often have an extended, filamentous arrangement. In this review, we compare and contrast such molecules from diverse bacteria, which fulfil a range of binding functions critical for the cell. Our comparison shows that even though these extended molecules have vastly different sequence, biochemical and functional characteristics, they share common architectural principles that underpin bacterial adhesion in a variety of contexts. In this light, we can consider different bacterial adhesins under one umbrella, specifically from the point of view of a modular molecular machine, with each part fulfilling a distinct architectural role. Such a treatise provides an opportunity to discover fundamental molecular principles governing surface sensing, bacterial adhesion, and biofilm formation.

Bioclimatic criteria in the AMOF building to reduce the emission of Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) - Lima - Peru 2021

This research aims to analyze the influence of the application of bioclimatic criteria in buildings to obtain integral well-being, energy efficiency and reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the environment. The growing trend for the use of sun-exposed glass in buildings, which causes the greenhouse effect, increases the interior temperature of the building and causes glare, promoting artificial cooling by inefficiently using energy; heating a room naturally and then cooling it artificially is a bad practice and stimulates the closing of the curtains, which causes the lighting of luminaires; with which the building emits carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the environment, contributing to global warming. It has been developed, with a methodological approach based on the principles of bioclimatic architecture, the analysis of the variables that allow to study this influence, in the office buildings in Miraflores (Lima, Peru), considering the AMOF building under adverse thermal and light conditions. With the results obtained, it is verified that the solution with solar geometry proposed for the AMOF building solves problems of thermal wellbeing, lighting and decreases the emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by 74.07 %. Therefore, it is concluded, that these considerations that were not regarded, influence the conditions of habitability and well-being of users, making the window the weakest point of the building to achieve human well-being, energy efficiency and reduction of pollution to the environment.

Humanitarian Architecture in Service of Children: Designing an Orphanage for Vulnerable Children in Yaoundé

This research explores the impact of humanitarian architecture in designing an orphanage for vulnerable children in Yaoundé, Cameroon. In a context where millions of children are affected by social, economic, and political crises, particularly in Sub- Saharan Africa, humanitarian architecture emerges as a viable response to ensure their protection and well-being. The literature review highlights the key principles of humanitarian architecture, such as user-centered design, the use of local and sustainable materials, and the creation of resilient spaces in times of crisis. Through case studies, including projects in Burkina Faso and Mali, this research examines how architectural approaches can be integrated into educational and care facilities to improve the living environment of vulnerable children. The work concludes with design proposals for an orphanage in Yaoundé, focusing on adaptation to the local climate, material sustainability, and community participation, aiming to strengthen the resilience and autonomy of children.

Best Practices for Designing Scalable REST APIs in Cloud Environments

This research paper explores the best practices for developing scalable Representational State Transfer (REST) APIs in cloud environments. As the demand for robust and high-performance APIs continues to grow, developers face numerous challenges in designing and implementing scalable solutions. This study examines various aspects of API development, including architectural principles, cloud-native technologies, performance optimization techniques, and security considerations. By synthesizing current research and industry practices, this paper provides a comprehensive guide for practitioners and researchers in the field of API development for cloud environments.

A Sustainable and Resilient Response to the Housing and Reintegration Problems of Displaced People from the NOSO’s Crisis Situations in Cameroon

The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive analysis of the living conditions and propose support mechanisms for displaced people from conflict zones in the NOSO who have taken refuge in the West region of Cameroon and a peace and security survey, focusing specifically on the Tchoualé neighborhood in Dschang. It highlights the need for improved services and facilities to adequately address the challenges faced by these populations. Through a detailed assessment, the research identifies gaps between existing services and the actual needs of the displaced, utilizing a SWOT analysis to provide insights into the current environment. Recommendations are proposed to enhance the capabilities of existing centers, expand service offerings, and involve displaced individuals more actively in center management. The article also outlines an adaptive architectural approach for designing a sustainable and resilient reception center that meets the unique needs of the displaced. Key architectural objectives, principles, and site-specific considerations are examined, including the use of local materials and eco-friendly construction techniques. This work contributes to a broader discussion on effective humanitarian responses, offering insights into the future of support systems for displaced populations in Cameroon and similar contexts.

Architectural Dynamics in Tolkien’s Novel, The Hobbit: A Literary and Cinematic Perspective

This study investigates the dynamic interplay between architectural elements and narrative construction in J.R.R. Tolkien’s novel The Hobbit (1937) and its cinematic adaptations directed by Peter Jackson. By focusing on both literary and cinematic mediums, this research elucidates how architectural elements contribute to world-building, character development, story progression, and thematic expression. The fantasy genre, with its potential for spatial constructs, provides fertile ground for this exploration. Through comprehensive analysis, it is revealed that Tolkien’s strategic use of spaces such as the Shire, Erebor, and the Woodland Realm enhances the narrative's depth and realism. These spaces are integral to the narrative, reflecting the cultural and moral attributes of their inhabitants and influencing the story's progression. In parallel, Jackson's films reinterpret these architectural spaces, employing cinematic techniques to amplify their visual and emotional impact. The adaptation showcases the integration of architectural elements with narrative and character development, creating a different kind of experience for viewer. This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from literary analysis, film studies, and architectural theory, to offer new insights into the significant role of architecture in storytelling. The research highlights how architectural principles are translated into narrative devices in literature and visual representations in film. The findings underscore the transformative potential of architectural elements in narrative construction, highlighting their importance as central components rather than mere background settings. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted relationship between architecture, literature, and film, and calls for further interdisciplinary exploration to fully appreciate the impact of spatial dynamics in narrative art.

The Eindhoven Acoustic Virtual Reality (EAVR) toolkit in education and beyond

The Eindhoven Acoustic Virtual Reality (EAVR) toolkit is an open-source software intended to teach undergraduate students in architecture principles in acoustics in an intuitive and interactive way. EAVR allows students to experience and interact with their 3D models in Virtual Reality (VR), by changing the materials of the surfaces and changing the size of the room in real time. Since its conception in 2019, EAVR has been employed in several courses at the Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), where students (re)created various spaces, ranging from lecture halls to concert venues. Using students' feedback, an improved version of the toolkit, named EAVR-v2, was created and is presented in this paper. Two spin-off projects of this, a restaurant environment and a concert hall, were presented at the annual Dutch Design Week (DDW) in Eindhoven, which provided general insights in the usability of the toolkit. This paper presents several findings made while using EAVR in education as well as during the DDW. The findings indicate that students enjoy working with EAVR, and highlighted aspects that need improvement.

Preserving Tradition, Embracing Innovation Mohsen Foroughi's Maison de'lIran

Iranian architecture has left its mark on world history, with its influence reaching the farthest corners of Europe through the creation of Byzantine architecture. The traditional architecture of Iran, as described by Professor Pirnia, is built upon five principles. These principles highlight the evolution of Iranian civilization over time. Mohsen Foroughi, an exemplary Iranian architect, has skillfully merged the essence of Iranian architecture with contemporary ideals, exemplified by his masterpiece, the "Maison de l’Iran" in Paris, designed in a modern style. In this study, we aimed to explore how Foroughi incorporated these five principles of Iranian architecture into his project in France. Employing a descriptive and analytical method, we assessed the physical and structural components of Iranian architecture, examining how Foroughi's work aligns with the principles and values of Iranian architecture. Our findings demonstrate that Foroughi is in line with traditional Iranian architectural values, contextual materials, and climate-friendly design in his works. Furthermore, Foroughi's expertise in Statics, Material Studies, and Structural techniques sciences enabled him to successfully execute large-scale projects. The Maison de l’Iran exemplifies his understanding of modern styles while honoring the principles of Iranian architecture. His work has been instrumental in shaping modern Iranian architecture, reflecting his artistic creativity and inspiration from Iran's architectural heritage.

Implementing the Integrated Climate Data Analysis through Hands on Experiments and Jigsaw Methodology to Enhance the Attainment of Learning Outcomes in the Climate-Responsive Architecture Course in Architectural Education

Abstract : As climate change poses unprecedented challenges to the built environment, architectural education must adapt to equip future architects with the necessary knowledge and skills to design climateresponsive buildings. This research explores the implementation of an innovative pedagogical approach in the climate-responsive architecture course, aimed at enhancing student’s learning outcomes through the integration of climate data analysis, hands-on experiments, and the jigsaw methodology. The study focuses on a cohort of architecture students engaged in a semester-long course specifically designed to address climateresponsive architectural concepts and principles. The results suggest that the integrated approach significantly improves student’s comprehension of climate-responsive architectural design principles and their ability to apply these principles to real-world design scenarios. The hands-on experiments and collaborative learning encourage participation, critical thinking, and creativity, while the jigsaw methodology encourages an interdisciplinary understanding of varied climate scenarios.The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discourse on innovativeteaching methodologies in architectural education and provide valuable insights into the integration of climate-responsive design principles. By cultivating a generation ofarchitects equipped with climate-responsivedesign skills, architectural education can effectivelycontribute to mitigating the impacts of climate change and creating sustainable built environments for the future. Keywords :JIGSAW, pedagogy, climate data analysis, Learning Outcomes.

Sustainable Architecture Implementation of Mosque in Indonesia (Case Study: Mosque Istiqlal, Jakarta)

Abstract In the context of global dynamics influenced by climate change and environmental sustainability awareness, the implementation of sustainable architecture becomes an urgent necessity in infrastructure development. Mosques, as centers of spiritual and social activities, play an undeniable role in responding to and facing these challenges. This research focuses on Mosque Istiqlal in Jakarta, a symbol of religious and national significance in Indonesia. Mosque Istiqlal, as a case study, becomes a crucial representation of efforts to integrate principles of sustainable architecture into religious buildings. To comprehensively analyze and understand the implementation of these principles, this research aims to detail how Istiqlal Mosque creates a functional and environmentally friendly built environment. By delving into the design and construction of Istiqlal Mosque, this study employs a qualitative descriptive method, involving document analysis, field observations, and interviews with architects and stakeholders. The research results are expected to provide profound insights into the positive contributions made by the implementation of sustainable architecture in the context of mosques and serve as a foundation for the development of more sustainable mosques in Indonesia in the future. With a focus on Mosque Istiqlal, this research is anticipated to offer valuable guidance for understanding and promoting sustainability in the spiritual and architectural aspects of religious buildings.

Enhancing Online Learning in Architectural Education: A Virtual Reality Enabled Experiment with Arkio

This study examines the role of Arkio, a Virtual Reality (VR) platform, in facilitating design critiques during online learning in first-year architectural design studios. This research, which was conducted in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and a severe earthquake that required a return to remote education, is based on the experiences of instructors who had previously adapted to online teaching during the pandemic. Arkio provides an innovative solution for the preservation of the quality of architectural education by offering an immersive, real-time environment for design feedback, which is essential in the absence of in-person studio sessions. Using a mixed-methods approach that incorporates surveys and qualitative feedback from students, the study investigates the impact of Arkio on students' understanding of architectural principles, participation in design critiques, and overall learning experience. The results suggest that Arkio was generally well-received for its ability to facilitate critiques and enhance spatial understanding. However, students encountered difficulties with the platform's interface, 3D modeling tools, and file integration. The significance of user-friendly design in educational technologies is underscored by the strong correlation between the perceived educational value of Arkio and its usability, as revealed by cross-analysis. The study identifies critical areas for improvement, despite the fact that Arkio has the potential to significantly transform the critique process in architectural education, particularly in an online setting that is influenced by external disruptions. These insights are essential for the continuous adaptation of VR-driven tools in architectural education, particularly as institutions navigate the complexities of post-pandemic and disaster-responsive teaching environments.

Development of Guidelines for Edutourism Facilities through Research Instrument Preparation Based on Ecological Architecture

Abstract Sustainable tourism development is an important issue in maintaining environmental sustainability and providing economic and social benefits for society. Ecological architecture and educational tourism have similar concepts, namely, complementing each other to create harmony between humans and the environment. This study investigates the integration of environmental architecture principles into sustainable tourism, mainly focusing on educational tourism (edutourism) development in Indonesia. It seeks to establish eco-friendly edutourism standards by analyzing ecological architecture, educational tourism principles, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Utilizing a literature review, questionnaires, and interviews with edutourism managers, the research assesses infrastructure and educational aspects while emphasizing alignment with sustainability, stakeholder collaboration, and environmental awareness. Findings underscore edutourism’s potential in promoting sustainability and community welfare, contributing to setting standards for managers and enhancing visitor experiences. Recommendations include improving stakeholder communication and ongoing research for refined edutourism standards, highlighting the importance of integrating ecological architecture into edutourism for environmental sustainability and responsible tourism practices.

Investigate Sustainability Aspect in Spatial Configurations of Javanese Vernacular Architecture: Case Study of Joglo House

Abstract This research focuses on the unique spatial designs and variations found in the Joglo houses of Juwana, Pati, in Central Java, a region celebrated for its indigenous architecture. The Joglo house, a fundamental component of the Javanese cultural identity, is often inherited through generations without any formal written records, leaving its architectural details in scholarly discussions. The purpose of this study is to explore the spatial characteristics of spaces in the Joglo house that support the sustainability. The study employs the space syntax methodology to investigate the spatial interrelations among rooms in 16 Joglo houses then the 5 representative houses were picked to be analysed mathematically. By using the justified plan graph analysis, it identifies specific patterns and categorizations in the relationships between rooms, thereby uncovering the intrinsic architectural principles. The findings reveal that all the representative floor plans have a corridor as the most integrated space and there is a distinct separation between public and private spaces. This study bridges traditional knowledge and scholarly research, highlighting the intricate architecture and cultural significance of Joglo houses.

The RAS Paradigm in Mainframe Systems: A Comprehensive Analysis of Design Principles and Operational Benefits

This article examines the critical role of Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS) in mainframe computing systems. We explore how RAS principles have become fundamental design features in modern mainframes, enhancing their ability to meet the demanding requirements of enterprise-level data processing. The article provides an in-depth analysis of each RAS component, detailing how reliability is achieved through robust hardware self-checking and extensive software testing, availability is maintained via seamless component failover and layered error recovery, and serviceability is ensured through advanced diagnostic capabilities and modular replacement units. We argue that the holistic integration of RAS principles in mainframe architecture not only maximizes system uptime and operational continuity but also significantly impacts application design and overall system efficiency. Through a comprehensive review of current mainframe technologies and industry practices, this article highlights the enduring importance of RAS in an era of increasing computational complexity and datadriven decision making. Our findings suggest that RAS principles will continue to evolve, playing a crucial role in shaping the future of high-performance, mission-critical computing systems.

The Ecological Architecture Approach Analysis at Kusuma Agrotourism Resort & Convention Hotel

Resort areas are popular recreational destinations for urban populations, but rapid urban development often leads to significant environmental degradation in these areas. This degradation is evidenced by the decline in water, air, and soil quality, the extinction of local flora and fauna, and the destruction of natural ecosystems. As a response, the application of ecological architecture has become essential in designing and constructing city facilities, including resorts, to mitigate environmental damage. This study aims to examine the implementation of various principles of ecological architecture in resort areas and identify sustainable materials suitable for such applications. A qualitative descriptive method is employed, combining literature reviews and field observations to analyze the integration of ecological architectural principles in the resort area. The findings reveal that key principles such as the use of local materials, energy-efficient systems, and environmental management strategies have been applied. However, the study also highlights areas where improvements can be made to better preserve the ecosystem and minimize the negative impacts of architectural design.

Rare yet relevant: Trondheim Cooperative Housing Association

ABSTRACT The paper explores the history of the housing cooperative Trondhjems Kooperative Boligselskap (TKB) [The Trondheim Cooperative Housing Association] in relation to societal and political currents in contemporary Norway. The article also discusses how the neighbourhood and its architectural layout were adapted to changing uses over a 100-year period. Established in 1922, the TKB is the second-oldest housing cooperative in Norway. An important distinction from similar cooperatives was its construction process, where members of the construction workers’ union built their own homes and set up a production unit to continue developing new projects. Two related movements contributed to the TKBB’s foundation: Firstly, the work of the Norwegian Association of Housing Reforms, and the Own Homes movement, both inspired by the Ebenezer Howard Garden City concept. Secondly, the labour movement, which initiated the construction of the TKB. The main actor behind the housing association was the Norwegian architect and planner, Sverre Pedersen. Consisting of 86 units in 11 duplexes and 16 quadruplexes, the timber houses are organized with small gardens and within larger green communal spaces. The article elaborates on how elements from the TKB’s organizational and architectural principles are relevant to developing social housing in Norway today.

Neural network architecture of a mammalian brain

Connectomics research is making rapid advances, although models revealing general principles of connectional architecture are far from complete. Our analysis of 106 published connection reports indicates that the adult rat brain interregional connectome has about 76,940 of a possible 623,310 axonal connections between its 790 gray matter regions mapped in a reference atlas, equating to a network density of 12.3%. We examined the sexually dimorphic network using multiresolution consensus clustering that generated a nested hierarchy of interconnected modules/subsystems with three first-order modules and 157 terminal modules in females. Top-down hierarchy analysis suggests a mirror-image primary module pair in the central nervous system's rostral sector (forebrain-midbrain) associated with behavior control, and a single primary module in the intermediate sector (rhombicbrain) associated with behavior execution; the implications of these results are considered in relation to brain development and evolution. Bottom-up hierarchy analysis reveals known and unfamiliar modules suggesting strong experimentally testable hypotheses. Global network analyses indicate that all hubs are in the rostral module pair, a rich club extends through all three primary modules, and the network exhibits small-world attributes. Simulated lesions of all regions individually enabled ranking their impact on global network organization, and the visual path from the retina was used as a specific example, including the effects of cyclic connection weight changes from the endogenous circadian rhythm generator, suprachiasmatic nucleus. This study elucidates principles of interregional neuronal network architecture for a mammalian brain and suggests a strategy for modeling dynamic structural connectivity.

Reviving Cultural Heritage: Incorporating Prefabricated Elements in Mongolian Yurt Renewal Design

This study extensively explores the multifaceted realm of Mongolian yurts, deeply ingrained in Mongolia's cultural heritage and emblematic of nomadic life. Through detailed case studies, it investigates the fusion of traditional craftsmanship with modern architectural principles and the application of prefabricated elements for yurt renewal. These yurts, situated in diverse sociocultural contexts, provide a comprehensive cross-section of their architectural heritage, spanning from ancestral to contemporary instances. The methodology involves a harmonious synthesis of indigenous wisdom, sustainable material selection, and precision prefabrication techniques. Initiating with a meticulous analysis of each yurt's structural condition, historical significance, and cultural relevance, skilled artisans and contemporary architects collaboratively integrate prefabricated elements tailored to the unique attributes of each yurt while preserving heritage-specific designs. Qualitative and quantitative data collected through fieldwork, custodian interviews, and structural assessments form the basis for an exhaustive analysis. The analysis covers architectural heritage preservation, the effectiveness of prefabricated elements in enhancing structural integrity while retaining cultural authenticity, as well as the evaluation of environmental sustainability and energy efficiency, shedding light on ecological impact. This research makes a significant contribution to the field of heritage conservation, extending its implications beyond Mongolian yurts. It underscores the dynamic interplay between tradition and innovation, advocating a reconsideration of the perceived past-versus-future dichotomy. The potential of prefabricated elements unveiled in yurt renewal offers a globally relevant path that respects historical significance while embracing modernity.

The status quo of architecture and its impact on urban management: Christopher Alexander's insights

Christopher Alexander argued that modernist approach to architecture prioritizes innovation, abstraction, and mechanistic efficiency at the expense of human-centered and organic values. According to Christopher Alexander, this shift has led to a proliferation of buildings that are visually striking, but often feel cold, impersonal, and disconnected from the deeper needs of the people who inhabit and/or see them. Alexander called for a return to timeless architectural principles such as harmony, balance, and a deep connection to the natural and cultural context. He introduced the concept of living structure, which emphasizes creating spaces that resonate with the intrinsic order found in nature and human life, fostering environments that are not only functional and beautiful but also profoundly life-affirming. Alexander challenged the dominance of “iconic” but alienating designs, calling for a holistic, human-centered approach to architecture that prioritizes the well-being of individuals and communities, creating spaces that nurture a sense of place, belonging, and harmony with the world around them.