Architecture Paradigm Research Articles

An Ontology for Spaceborne Radar Debris Detection and Tracking: Channel-Target Phenomenology and Motion Models

Following governmental strategies to acquire “capability to watch for objects and natural phenomena that could harm satellites in orbit,” a number of ground-based radars (GBRs) have been deployed for space situational awareness (SSA). In particular, networks of GBRs support the characterization of possible collision trajectories for different types of debris against orbital assets. On the other side, despite increasing demands for augmenting space-based monitoring capabilities for near-earth SSA, there is no evidence of operative SpaceBorne Radars (SBRs) for debris detection and tracking. In the absence of experimental data, one may ponder the design of a novel SBR payload transceiver with specific benefits for SSA, especially if compared to GBRs inference capabilities. In line with this reasoning, this article provides, for the first time, a holistic and harmonizing ontological framework for possible environmental scenarios that an SBR may have to cope with. The objective of such an ontology is related to the conceptual modeling of both channel and target phenomenology as well as target motion models. This, in turn, paves the way for reasonable mathematical formulations and architectural paradigms for framing SBR-based detection and tracking techniques, mostly with respect to small-size hypervelocity targets.

Architecture for More-than-Humans

In his project New Babylon (1956– 1974), artist Constant Nieuwenhuys proposes an alternative society that dedicates its time to creativity and play, and where human work becomes superfluous. Architectural paradigm of the free space and leisure enabled by the automation of work, New Babylon was also able to visualize the architecture of the post-labor world. A world that, fifty years later, is beginning to take concrete shape. Today, the architecture of full automation is being implemented in places like the Netherlands and China. Its introduction shakes the labor markets, as well as the configuration of human spaces and work tasks that have become obsolete with the emergence of machines in the production centers. These disruptive changes, however, could also be a trigger for the reinvention of the notion of human work and its architecture, from the perspective of its possible obsolescence. The architectural discipline faces the challenge of responding to the introduction of automation technologies. A research and innovation domain that still lacks a critical spatial perspective, automated architecture is, however, fundamental to discern an imminent future and, ultimately, to explore our agency and capacity to accept or challenge it.

A Survey Based Study on Fog Computing Awareness

In this day and age, the rise in technological advancements has the potential to improve and transform our lives every day. The rapid technology innovation can have a great impact on our business operations. Currently, Cloud computing services are popular and offer a wide range of opportunities for their customers. This paper presents a survey on a more recent computing architecture paradigm known as Fog Computing. Fog networking is a beneficial solution that offers the greater facility of data storage, enhanced computing, and networking resources. This new concept of fog complements cloud solution by facilitating its customers with better security, real-time analysis improved efficiency. To get a clear picture and understanding of how fog computing functions, we have performed an extensive literature review. We also presented a comparative study of fog computing with cloud and grid computing architectures. In this study, we have conducted a survey that led us to the conclusion that fog computing solution is still not applicable and implemented in most of the IoT industries due to the lack of awareness and the high architecture’s cost. Results of the study also indicate that optimized data storage and security are a few of the factors that can motivate organizations to implement the Fog computing architecture. Furthermore, the challenges related to fog computing solution are reviewed for progressive developments in the future.

Cloud-Fog Assisted Energy Efficient Architectural Paradigm for Disaster Evacuation

The disasters often lead to panic among people resulting into life threatening crowd movements. An efficient and systematic evacuation can mitigate the impact of devastation on human life. The evacuation, on the wake of extreme events, requires delay-sensitive computation and energy conserving mechanisms for power constrained data collection devices. In this paper, an IoT based Cloud-Fog assisted layered evacuation system is proposed for mass evacuation during emergency situation. The system utilizes fog computing paradigm to evaluate the panic health state in real-time using fuzzy K-nearest neighbour (FK-NN) method. The energy conserving mechanisms at fog layer performs data selection and data reduction to reduce the amount of data transmission to upper layer. Spatio-temporal Data Selection layer chooses the data for further transmission on the basis of its spatio-temporal analysis. Data reduction component reduces the dimensions of data using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The cloud layer examines the future temporal health state of evacuees by employing Holt-Winters method. Geographic Analysis layer at cloud determines the priority evacuation status of person on the basis of current and future temporal panic state. Moreover, it specifies the priority evacuation status of region using the count of currently panicked and predicted health status. Experimentation proves the efficiency of proposed system at various levels.

Investment Models for Enterprise Architecture (EA) and IT Architecture Projects within the Open Innovation Concept

Information technologies (IT) architecture and infrastructure is a significant cost item, especially for enterprises with complex production infrastructure and equipment that require automated and digital devices to collect and process primary data on technological and production processes. Most investment models for enterprise-wide development projects usually do not take into account the automation’s costs, including the design and implementation of information systems. The Enterprise Architecture (EA) paradigm has been proposed to bridge the gap between the business and the IT sector. The study aims to develop investment models for projects for the implementation and development of EA solutions, including IT architectures that eliminate the shortcomings of existing approaches. The research methodology is based on the analysis of published approaches to investment models for projects creating and developing EA, IT architectures with the identification of their advantages and limitations, and on the analysis of IT investment assessment practices in Russian infrastructure-intensive companies. As a result, investment and appraisal models are proposed that have advantages associated with the ability to calculate the effect of an integrated approach to the implementation of IT solutions, a more accurate calculation of an investment project cost by taking into account the IT system’s cost, a reduction in the investment cycle of development and implementation of architectural solutions, including physical and IT component.

Guaranteeing end-to-end QoS provisioning in SOA based SDN architecture: A survey and Open Issues

Ensuring end-to-end Quality of Services (QoS) is a challenging aspect in traditional network architectures. Software-Defined Network (SDN), as the new norm of the network, has ascended in response to a traditional network’s limitations. SDN’s benefits are its ability to provide a global networking view, programmability, decouple the data plane with the control plane. Integrating SDN architecture with Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm brings a novel network-based notion for service delivery. However, it also introduces new challenges for maintaining the QoS in these networks. Researchers from both academia and industry have proposed and developed several resolutions for QoS management in SDNs. However, gaps still exist in developing and applying such resolutions for QoS management in SOA-based SDNs. This review paper aims to identify these gaps by representing a sketch of the effectiveness of the existing QoS management techniques in SOA-based SDNs. We first identify the four different requirements that QoS management techniques need to meet to be applied in SOA-based SDNs. We then categorize the relevant QoS management approaches into five main categories of QoS based controller design, Resource allocation-based approach, Queue scheduling and management-based approach, QoS-driven optimal routing, and Service Level Agreement (SLA) based quality management in SDN. We then compare the working of techniques in each category against the identified requirements for guaranteeing end-to-end QoS provisioning in SOA based SDN architecture and present directions for future research.

Analog radio of fiber link of 2-Gbaud OOK/BPSK radio frequency-orbital angular momentum beam transmission over 19.4 km

The 5G mobile communication system provides ultrareliable, low-latency communications at up to 10 Gbps. However, the scale and power consumption of 5G is tremendous owing to a large number of antenna drivers required by the massive multiple-input multiple-output technique. The 6G system will require an architectural paradigm shift to resolve this problem. In this study, we propose an analog RoF downlink scheme for 6G wireless communications. The upcoming oversized base station problem is solved using photonics techniques. The antennas are driven together within the optical domain at a centralized station. The proposed system uses orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams as the generated space-division-multiplexing beams. An RF-OAM beam has a weak coupling effect between different modes, which will dramatically decrease the complexity of the signal processing. In our proof-of-concept experiment, the generated RF-OAM beam was shown to carry a 2-Gbaud OOK/BPSK signal in the Ku-band. Signals were transmitted over a 19.4-km RoF link without dispersion-induced power fading. In addition, by switching the OAM beams, a two-dimensional direction scanning was achieved.

Future Housing Identities: Designing in Line with the Contemporary Sustainable Urban Lifestyle

Over the past decade, urban housing typologies have evolved from being a feature of modern life to an essential postmodern issue, questioning future housing identities. One of the ways in which architecture can become engaged in this ever-changing process of urban regeneration is to challenge the inherited traditional housing typologies with the newly recognized values of contemporary lifestyle. This paper presents research and design aimed at exploring contemporary sustainable urban lifestyles as a resource for positioning housing structures as cultural urban infrastructure. The main focus of this study is design principles and strategies for generating future housing identities in accordance with sustainable urban development and sustainability of life in urban areas. It is about finding housing conceptual models for an interaction between housing and identity as a response to the impact of increased cities, changed lifestyles in contemporary cities and the requirements for the preservation of the city image and the public space within the housing areas in the city center. The main goal of this study is to understand whether and how an architectural design can preserve a sustainability of life within the city center and become a valuable agent of place identity in the process of urban regeneration. The paper indicates that the contemporary development of society requires a new architectural paradigm, in which lifestyle and architecture create a unique elastic open-ended system with the ability to adapt and change over time and throughout the place.

UnLost Territories, between norm and normative

I think it could be useful to recall some fundamental aspects on the basis of Tirana Design Week 2019, and from that, we will move independently from the lecture that I delivered in Tirana on the 19th of September 2019. The title of speech had been (1919-2019) “FROM BAUHAUS TO A NEW PARADIGM IN ARCHITECTURE”. My idea was to celebrate the centenary of the birth of the Bauhaus particularly to underline the paradigm shift from an architectural symbol of the mechanical and industrial world to a new one based on information, which is what portraits these times we are living in. Despite these celebrations usually have a historical-philological character, my lecture was based on the idea that history is always written from a today perspective and by the will to stimulate critical thinking.

COVID-19 –global transition to a new architecture and urban development paradigm of the environment?

New trends in the social life at crucial points mean applying to the past experience and looking for new development models. COVID-19 has marked a global transition to a new architecture and urban planning paradigm of the environment in accordance with the sanitary, hygienic requirements and rational forms. In accordance with the current challenges it becomes necessary to reevaluate the concepts of urbanism and disurbanism redefining urban planning, existing typology, structural and functional organization as well as to search for new ways of architecture and urban development. Urban structures and sociology are expected to be reconsidered leading to reduced capacity of all public buildings, disappearance of some of them and replacement by recreation zones. Inexhaustible ideas and resources of past design approaches may be featured in the buildings styles. We could predict appearance of significant signs of new ethics in the new aesthetics which will mark the arrival of the third global «superstyle» which features have been already seen in the rigid construction approaches, in the social movements activities. Methods of architecture education are expected to be modified: in particular, the importance of advanced techniques in the educational process will increase and teamwork in the architecture projects will became vital.

Energy-Efficient Edge-Fog-Cloud Architecture for IoT-Based Smart Agriculture Environment

The current agriculture systems compete to take advantage of industry advanced technologies, including the internet of things (IoT), cloud/fog/edge computing, artificial intelligence, and agricultural robots to monitor, track, analyze and process various functions and services in real-time. Additionally, these technologies can make the agricultural processes smarter and more cost-efficient by using automated systems and eliminating any human interventions, hence enhancing agricultural production to meet future expectations. Although the current agriculture systems that adopt the traditional cloud-based architecture have provided powerful computing infrastructure to distributed IoT sensors. However, the cost of energy consumption associated with transferring heterogeneous data over the multiple network tiers to process, analyze and store the sensor's information in the cloud has created a huge load on information and communication infrastructure. Besides, the energy consumed by cloud data centers has an environmental impact associated with using non-clean fuels, which usually release carbon emissions (CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) to produce electricity. Thus, to tackle these issues, we propose a new integrated edge-fog-cloud architectural paradigm that promises to enhance the energy-efficient of smart agriculture systems and corresponding carbon emissions. This architecture allows data collection from several sensors to process and analyze the agriculture data that require real-time operation (e.g., weather temperature, soil moisture, soil acidity, irrigation, etc.) in several layers (edge, fog, and cloud). Thus, the real-time processing could be held by the edge and fog layers to reduce the load on the cloud layer, which will help to enhance the overall energy consumption and process the agriculture applications/services efficiently. Mathematical modeling is conducted using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) for a smart agriculture environment, where the proposed architecture is implemented, and results are analyzed and compared to the traditional implementation. According to the results of thousands of agriculture sensors, the proposed architecture outperforms the traditional cloud-based architecture in terms of reducing the overall energy consumption by 36% and the carbon emissions by 43%. In addition to these achievements, the results show that our proposed architecture can reduce network traffic by up to 86%, which can reduce network congestion. Finally, we develop a heuristic algorithm to validate and mimic the presented approach, and it shows comparable results to the MILP model.

Applying an MDA-based approach for enhancing the validation of business process models

Abstract Business process modeling is a key activity during the development of complex and large information systems, such as enterprise management systems. These systems deal with a wide number of business processes; thus, the modeling and validation of processes becomes a challenging task. This entails dealing with issues such as the precedence between tasks and activities within a process, as well as resources, roles and enterprise assets involved. Moreover, undetected mistakes in this phase will be propagated to the system design phase and consequently will have a negative effect in the final system quality. On the other hand, the scientific literature advocates the suitability of formal models to address some issues during the process modeling. However, the adoption of formal models leads to new problems because formal languages are difficult to understand and process stakeholders usually lack of knowledge about them. In that direction, the Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) paradigm includes specifications that may alleviate some difficulties in the adoption of formal languages. Hence, in this paper we introduce an approach which combines MDA-specifications and ontologies to support process modeling. These technologies have great acceptance between both software researchers and developers. The use of ontologies permits to semantically validate the models. Furthermore, the application of MDA-guidelines could facilitate the integration of BPMN, a graphical notation for describing business process models widely accepted among business analysts, with a formal language to automate the analysis of business process models.

Towards Low-Latency Service Delivery in a Continuum of Virtual Resources: State-of-the-Art and Research Directions

The advent of softwarized networks has enabled the deployment of chains of virtual network and service components on computational resources from the cloud up to the edge, creating a continuum of virtual resources. The next generation of low latency applications (e.g., Virtual Reality (VR), autonomous cars) adds even more stringent requirements to the infrastructure, calling for considerable advancements towards cloud-native micro-service-based architectures. This article presents a comprehensive survey on ongoing research aiming to effectively support low latency services throughout their execution lifetime in next-generation networks. The current state-of-the-art is critically reviewed to identify the most promising trends that will strongly impact the full applicability and high performance of low latency services. This article proposes a taxonomy as well as specific evaluation criteria to classify research across different domains addressing low latency service delivery. Current architectural paradigms such as Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and Fog Computing (FC) alongside novel trends on communication networks are discussed. Among these, the integration of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial intelligence (AI) is introduced as a key research field in current literature towards autonomous network management. A discussion on open challenges and future research directions on low-latency service delivery leads to the conclusion, offering lessons learned and prospects on emerging use cases such as Extended Reality (XR), in which novel trends will play a major role.

Energy efficient IoT-Fog based architectural paradigm for prevention of Dengue fever infection

Dengue is one of the most common and widespread infectious illnesses in humans transmitted by female Aedes albopictis. The prevalence of Dengue cases has increased substantially leading to human morbidity. Inadequate availability of healthcare professionals and inaccessibility to healthcare institutions have aggravated the problem. The traditional medical technologies are too antiquated to serve the purpose. The innovative latest technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing, Fog Computing have made real-time and remote healthcare possible with huge success. In this paper, an IoT based Fog–Cloud enabled system for monitoring, assessment and control of Dengue Fever has been proposed. IoT sensors acquire data about a large spectrum of health as well as environmental factors that contribute to infection. The battery constrained sensors set their sampling rate according to the degree of cruciality that saves power to make battery long lasting. The Fog layer employs Support Vector Machine (SVM) for Dengue infection evaluation with least latency and sends alerts including precautionary measures to the users, hospital officials and government agencies. Moreover, the proposed system utilizes Temporal Network Analysis (TNA) and Google map service to categorize areas as infected, uninfected or risk prone. The experimental results are evaluated by a number of analytical parameters to investigate the effect of proposed system. SVM performs the best in terms of accuracy, recall, specificity, precision and f-measure with values 93%, 95%, 89%, 94% and 95% respectively. Furthermore, TNA based outbreak assessment gives valuable inputs for the government institutions to control the outbreak.

ZASTOSOWANIE METOD LCA ORAZ BIM W ARCHITEKTURZE DOMU JEDNORODZINNEGO W ZMIENIAJACYM SIĘ KLIMACIE POMORZA ZACHODNIEGO

The paper deals concerns the problem of energy optimization of single-family housing in Poland in Western Pomerania. The problem is considered because of the changing climate in the region and the consequences. This results in the search for changes in the architectural paradigm of singlefamily houses design and the use of appropriate technical solutions that minimize the environmental impact of these buildings. The problem of changes is considered in the category of building materials selection and the architectural form shape. In the analytical part, the following analyzes were carried out: in terms of the structures of the building in minimizing CO2 emissions and energy consumption of the building materials used and environmental factors (light, shade, wind) influencing energy consumption through the building's shape in the region.

Computation Offloading via Sinkhorn’s Matrix Scaling for Edge Services

Mobile-edge computing (or MEC) has aroused a wide attention at the 5th generation mobile networks (5G) communication era. Different edge servers (such as cloudlets, micro data centers, and base stations) have been proposed to support the MEC architecture paradigm. For the diverse loading capacities of different edge servers, computation offloading for the edge services loaded in neighboring edge servers is desired for assuring the overall serve performance as well as the Quality of Experience of users for MEC applications. To dynamically balance the computation load for neighboring edge servers, we model the optimal edge services computation offloading destination determination issue as an optimal transport distances problem in this article. We propose computation offloading via Sinkhorn's matrix scaling (COSIMS) to determine the optimal offloading destination. Experimental evaluations conducted on real-world edge computing data sets indicate that COSIMS can guarantee that the neighboring edge servers cooperatively provide effective services to mobile users with least extra communication hops.

A new beam synchronous processing architecture with a fixed frequency processing clock. Application to transient beam loading compensation in the CERN SPS machine

New projects being implemented or planned at CERN, such as the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU), the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) or the Future Circular Collider (FCC), motivate the change of several architectural paradigms in the Low Level RF systems (LLRF). In the upgraded Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) LLRF, the distribution of RF, the revolution frequency, settings and synchronization timings will rely on a deterministic link, the White Rabbit (WR), exploiting a distributed topology. The digital electronics (FPGA) will now use a fixed frequency clock extracted locally in each node from this data stream. The paper presents a new solution for algorithms that treat beam-induced perturbations as they must solve the challenge to tune their processing to the instantaneous revolution frequency, Beam Synchronous Processing (BSP). We use dynamic resampling of uniform sampled data as tuning element between a sweeping spectrum and the static processing implemented with fixed frequency clocks. The paper applies the novel Beam Synchronous Processing method to transient beam loading compensation. It presents a One Turn delay FeedBack (OTFB) for the SPS based on a cascade of two variable ratio resamplers.

P.445 Dose-response relationships of antipsychotic drugs for major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

New projects being implemented or planned at CERN, such as the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU), the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) or the Future Circular Collider (FCC), motivate the change of several architectural paradigms in the Low Level RF systems (LLRF). In the upgraded Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) LLRF, the distribution of RF, the revolution frequency, settings and synchronization timings will rely on a deterministic link, the White Rabbit (WR), exploiting a distributed topology. The digital electronics (FPGA) will now use a fixed frequency clock extracted locally in each node from this data stream. The paper presents a new solution for algorithms that treat beam-induced perturbations as they must solve the challenge to tune their processing to the instantaneous revolution frequency, Beam Synchronous Processing (BSP). We use dynamic resampling of uniform sampled data as tuning element between a sweeping spectrum and the static processing implemented with fixed frequency clocks. The paper applies the novel Beam Synchronous Processing method to transient beam loading compensation. It presents a One Turn delay FeedBack (OTFB) for the SPS based on a cascade of two variable ratio resamplers.

전통적 일본 건축의 유형적 패러다임

전통적 일본 건축의 유형적 패러다임

THE ROLE OF VISUAL PREFERENCES IN ARCHITECTURE VIEWS

Since the biggest part of the human relationship with environments occurs through visual sense, the interests and wills of humans in seeing environment and architecture are important. In fact, these interests give personal or individual aspects of architecture. The role of these visual interests and mental judgments of architecture audience is very important, such that architecture has become a function of the visual preferences of the audience. Therefore, realizing these preferences is important to form architecture and ignoring them results in not providing the desired architecture condition for the audience or the required motivations for producing useful mental images to meet the basic needs of the audience. Accordingly, this study addresses the role of visual preferences in the formation of environment architecture? And which factors in this environment affect this concept? Thus, this study aims to describe the visual preferences paradigm in architecture in order to examine its different aspects in relation to human and environmental behaviors and determine the effective factors, so This study was conducted using Bourdieu’s “distinction theory” and the nature of sensory judgment with the help of field studies and descriptive analysis a number of audiences of 62 different residential environments. As a result of this research, natural, memorable, evocative environments along with the combination of open and closed spaces have shown the most visual preferences of the person towards architecture that the mental images of the person with cultural roots have been very effective in judging architecture views.