Architecture Paradigm Research Articles

An Improved VLSI Algorithm for an Efficient VLSI Implementation of a Type IV DCT That Allows an Efficient Incorporation of Hardware Security with a Low Overhead

This paper aims to solve one of the most challenging problems in designing VLSI chips for common goods, namely an efficient incorporation of security techniques while maintaining high performances of the VLSI implementation with a reduced hardware complexity. In this case, it is very important to maintain high performance at a low hardware complexity and the overheads introduced by the security techniques should be as low as possible. This paper proposes an improved approach based on a new VLSI algorithm for including the obfuscation technique in the VLSI implementation of one important DSP algorithm used in multimedia applications. The proposed approach is based on a new VLSI algorithm that decomposes type IV DCT into six quasi-cycle convolutions and allows an efficient incorporation of the obfuscation technique. The proposed method uses a regular and modular structure called quasi-cyclic convolution and the obtained architecture is based on the architectural paradigm of systolic arrays. In this way we can obtain the advantages introduced by systolic arrays, especially high speed, with an efficient utilization of the hardware structure. Moreover, using the proposed VLSI algorithm, we can obtain the important benefit of attaining hardware security. Thus, a more efficient VLSI architecture for type IV DCT can be obtained, with a significant reduction of the hardware complexity, and an efficient incorporation of an improved hardware security mechanism with low overheads. These features are very important for resource-constrained common goods.

Vision Transformers for Vein Biometric Recognition

In October 2020, Google researchers present a promising Deep Learning architecture paradigm for Computer Vision that outperforms the already standard Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) on multiple image recognition state-of-the-art datasets: Vision Transformers (ViTs). Based on the self-attention concept inherited from Natural Language Processing (NLP), this new structure surpasses the CNN image classification task on ImageNet, CIFAR-100, and VTAB, among others, when it is fine-tuned (Transfer Leaning) after a previous pre-training on larger datasets. In this work, we confirm this theory and move one step further over the CNN structures applied for Vascular Biometric Recognition (VBR): to the best of our knowledge, we introduce for the first time multiple pure pre-trained and fine-tuned Vision Transformers in this evolving biometric modality to address the challenge of the limited number of samples in VBR datasets. For this purpose, the ViTs have been trained to extract unique image features on the ImageNet-1k and ImageNet-21k and then fine-tuned for the four main existing VBR variants, i.e., finger, palm, hand dorsal, and wrist vein areas. Fourteen existing vascular datasets have been used to perform the vein identification task in the four previously mentioned modalities, based on the True-Positive Identification Rate (TPIR) and 75-25% train-test sets obtaining the following results: HKPU (99.52%), and FV-USM (99.1%); Vera (99.39%), and CASIA (96.00%); Bosphorus (99.86%); PUT-wrist (99.67%), and UC3M-CV1+CV2 (99.67%). Furthermore, we introduce UC3M-CV3: a hygienic contactless wrist database collected on smartphones and consisting of 5400 images from 100 different subjects. The promising results show the Vision Transformer’s versatility in VBR under Transfer Learning and reinforce this new Neural Network architecture paradigm.

Sustainability, through passive solar building envelope design, based on the principles of bioinspiration

How can architecture respond to sustainability issues where buildings will behave in built environments like living organisms in the natural environment? To answer this question, scientists have turned in recent years to the investigation of living organisms in nature to design models that create new ways to think about adaptation, change, and performance in architecture. At the same time, the development of technologies helps engineers, architects, and designers inspired by bio-mimetics to recreate complex structures that exist in nature, using innovative construction methods and materials, with the aim of energy saving. The building shell is now constructed, not with traditional inert surfaces but with a cladding, which in many cases includes a wide range of technologies based on the behavior of organisms found in nature. The strength of this approach is the identification and evaluation of multiple benefits related to the energy efficiency of biomimetic solutions. The purpose of this article is to create a knowledge transfer between biology and technology and to integrate this knowledge into the development of bio-inspired structures. Thus, three paradigms of kinetic architecture will be presented to understand the importance and impact that the application of bio-inspiration in Architecture can have on the energy debate.

Enhancing Disaster Resilience and Long-Term Sustainability: Adaptive and Cultural Architectural Designs of Saudi Arabia

In the heart of Saudi Arabia, a nation grappling with multifaceted climate change challenges, a transformative architectural paradigm has emerged. The region contends with rising temperatures, prolonged heatwaves, water scarcity, and the looming specter of sea-level rise. In response, Saudi Arabia is undergoing an architectural revolution—a fusion of adaptive designs with a profound respect for cultural heritage. This research explores the profound implications of integrating adaptive and culturally nuanced architectural designs into Saudi Arabia\'s unique socio-ecological fabric. A comprehensive methodology, combining a meticulous literature review, in-depth case studies, insightful expert interviews, and data analysis, provides a multifaceted exploration into the realms of energy efficiency, water usage, disaster resilience, cultural preservation, and community acceptance. The findings underscore the marked improvement in energy efficiency achieved through innovative cooling techniques, passive solar design, and energy-efficient materials. This contributes substantially to long-term sustainability. Additionally, sustainable architectural features, such as water-efficient fixtures and innovative landscaping approaches, have led to a significant reduction in water usage, preserving scarce water resources. These designs effectively preserve the rich cultural heritage of Saudi Arabia, ensuring the continuity of cultural identity. The amalgamation of cultural elements and adaptive features in architectural designs stands as a testament to long-term sustainability, reducing resource consumption, energy usage, and environmental impact. Furthermore, adaptive designs have notably elevated disaster resilience, fortifying structures against extreme heat, sandstorms, and heavy rainfall. The confluence of traditional and adaptive architectural elements has resulted in robust structures that can withstand environmental challenges, minimizing infrastructure damage, and safeguarding cultural assets. Lastly, the incorporation of cultural elements in architectural designs has garnered high levels of community acceptance and appreciation, fostering a sense of connection and belonging.

Дослідження моделей для розпізнавання жестів з використанням 3D конволюційних нейронних мереж та візуальних трансформерів

The work primarily focuses on addressing the contemporary challenge of hand gesture recognition, driven by the overarching objectives of revolutionizing military training methodologies, enhancing human-machine interactions, and facilitating improved communication between individuals with disabilities and machines. In-depth scrutiny of the methods for hand gesture recognition involves a comprehensive analysis, encompassing both established historical computer vision approaches and the latest deep learning trends available in the present day. This investigation delves into the fundamental principles that underpin the design of models utilizing 3D convolutional neural networks and visual transformers. Within the 3D-CNN architecture that was analyzed, a convolutional neural network with two convolutional layers and two pooling layers is considered. Each 3D convolution is obtained by convolving a 3D filter kernel and summing multiple adjacent frames to create a 3D cube. The visual transformer architecture that is consisting of a visual transformer with Linear Projection, a Transformer Encoder, and two sub-layers: the Multi-head Self-Attention (MSA) layer and the feedforward layer, also known as the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), is considered. This research endeavors to push the boundaries of hand gesture recognition by deploying models trained on the ASL and NUS-II datasets, which encompass a diverse array of sign language images. The performance of these models is assessed after 20 training epochs, drawing insights from various performance metrics, including recall, precision, and the F1 score. Additionally, the study investigates the impact on model performance when adopting the ViT architecture after both 20 and 40 training epochs were performed. This analysis unveils the scenarios in which 3D convolutional neural networks and visual transformers achieve superior accuracy results. Simultaneously, it sheds light on the inherent constraints that accompany each approach within the ever-evolving landscape of environmental variables and computational resources. The research identifies cutting-edge architectural paradigms for hand gesture recognition, rooted in deep learning, which hold immense promise for further exploration and eventual implementation and integration into software products.

Enterprise Transformation Projects-Cloud Transformation Concept Holistic Security Integration (CTC-HSI)

This chapter presents the fundaments of the Cloud Transformation Concept (CTC) and this concept is a basic component of the author’s transformation framework and in complex transformation projects, where a holistic security concept is a top priority. The implementation of CTC’s Holistic Security Integration (CTCHSI) is supported by the author’s Applied Holistic Mathematical Model (AHMM) for CTC (AHMM4CTC) and his various research works on Holistic Security Integration (HSI), Business Process Management (BPM), Artificial Intelligence (AI), AI Services (AIS), Compute Services (CS), Mathematical Models, cross-functional transformations projects. The AHMM4CTC is based on cross-functional research on an authentic and proprietary mixed research method supported by his own version of an AI learning model, a search tree, combined with an internal heuristic algorithm. In this chapter, the focus is on CTC-HSI’s integration concepts, requirements, services, data management, and corresponding transformation security strategies. The proposed AHMM4CTC-based CTC-HSI is a concept for secured environments, which use real-life cases of a transformation project, which needs scalable and secured Cloud Platform’s (CP) infrastructure and services layer, that are supported by the alignment of CP services, standards, enterprise architecture paradigm, and security development strategies. In a CP-based transformation project, the author recommends integrating a Private CP (PCP); which can use commercial CPs like the Google CP (GCP). The GCP was chosen as a sample CP, but there is a need to define a standardized security architecture and concept/procedures so that the organization builds its own CTC-HSI-based PCP and has to avoid locked-in commercial products.

BUILDING NEW HERITAGE FOR THE FUTURE: INVESTIGATING COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE PARADIGMS IN CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE OF IRAN (1978–2020)

Contemporary Iranian architecture in the last forty decades has been influenced by different currents and trends, from modern trends to postmodern and kitsch and attention to regionalism in recent years. Yet, there have been fewer participatory approaches in design and especially community architecture. As an approach, participatory architecture has not been a suitable approach for many architects because they believe the user interference leads the project to a wrong path, and it is a time-consuming process. On the other side, some governments make seductive participation for some political aims. Many recourses in this field talk about the user’s direct participation in the design process, and also many of the cases are not outstanding in contemporary architecture literature. So just a seduce participation occurs during design. Some methods used in this kind are questionnaires, workshops, interviews, etc. Some cases consider involvement during the project’s construction phases (especially in developing countries). Assessing different successful Iranian projects in four recent decades shows a little kind of participatory methods in CA of Iran. The lack of usage of community architecture paradigms leads to not being too good architecture practices. Some projects with a successful appearance made community design principles in the design process. Combining regionalism and community design approaches make responsible and sustainable projects for the future. In this study, by using the PAR research method, the typology of participatory architecture in contemporary Iranian architecture has been analyzed. Seven typologies of participation in the design process show different levels and conditions of participation for users and architects. Some typologies such as interpretive and regional participation consider more values, costumes and user behaviors, and they are more indirect. In the next step, using the case study research method and qualitative analysis by the ATLAS.ti software, the relationship between the concepts of community architecture and its impact on the formation of Iranian architecture has been discussed. Different typologies of participation in architectural cases are wide ranges of successful methods of participation that if far from previous typical involvement consideration in social mobilization and questioner’s procedures. Today, questionnaire participation and social mobilization are named seduce participation (also, in some cases, may be useful). In recent years, the tendency towards participatory design with interpretive and regionalism approaches has increased. Studies show the use of three branches: 1 – Elements of traditional Iranian-Islamic architecture (29 codes), incorporation with the environment (23 codes), use of natural light (17 codes) are the most important reasons for the formation of today’s Iranian architecture. In recent years, by combining the concepts of community architecture (29 codes) with emphasis on identity (4 codes), transparency (4 codes), attention to user needs (3 codes), privacy, sense of belonging, sense of ownership, and sense of unity have become the main criterion of architectural formations. Today, assessing the contemporary architecture of Iran (recent decades) shows the usage of responsible typologies of participation in the design process have a good impact on the built environment, and it also improves the condition of life for user and respects values, culture, costumes, needs and ideas, literature survey and recommends a sustainable future. The most influential factors in contemporary Iranian architectural ideas in recent years include topics such as the Usage of Iranian-Islamic traditional elements, harmony with nature, and natural light. Combining Iranian-Islamic traditional architecture elements (such as courtyards, Koushk, etc.) with community design architectural concepts with solutions such as social spaces, flexibility, platform spaces, courtyards are the most important features of the formation of today’s architecture. Central courtyard, Eyvan, and the Persian garden have been the three main elements of today’s Iranian architecture.

Hetero‐Integrated InGaAs Photodiode and Oxide Memristor‐Based Artificial Optical Nerve for In‐Sensor NIR Image Processing

AbstractIn‐sensor computing is an emerging architectural paradigm that fuses data acquisition and processing within a sensory domain. The integration of multiple functions into a single domain reduces the system footprint while it minimizes the energy and time for data transfer between sensory and computing units. However, it is challenging for a simple and compact image sensor array to achieve both sensing and computing in each pixel. Here, this work demonstrates a focal plane array with a heterogeneously integrated one‐photodiode one‐resistor (1P‐1R)‐based artificial optical neuron that emulates the sensing, computing, and memorization of a biological retina system. This work employs an InGaAs photodiode featuring a high responsivity and a broad spectrum that covers near‐infrared (NIR) signals and employs an HfO2 memristor as the artificial synapse to achieve the computing/memorization in an analog domain. Using the fabricated focal plane array integrated with an artificial neural network, this work performs in‐sensor image identification of finger veins driven by NIR light illumination (≈84 % accuracy). The proposed in‐sensor image computing architecture that broadly covers the NIR spectrum offers widespread application of focal plane array for computer vision, neuromorphic computing, biomedical engineering, etc.

Generic Patterns for Intrusion Detection Systems in Service-Oriented Automotive and Medical Architectures

To implement new software functions and more flexible updates in the future as well as to provide cloud-based functionality, the service-oriented architecture (SOA) paradigm is increasingly being integrated into automotive electrical and electronic architecture (E/E architectures). In addition to the automotive industry, the medical industry is also researching SOA-based solutions to increase the interoperability of devices (vendor-independent). The resulting service-oriented communication is no longer fully specified during design time, which affects information security measures. In this paper, we compare different SOA protocols for the automotive and medical fields. Furthermore, we explain the underlying communication patterns and derive features for the development of an SOA-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS).

Rhythm and Architecture in Prague around 1400: Changing Architectural Paradigms at St. Vitus’s Lodge

In this contribution I focus on the relationship between rhythm, architecture, and music, especially around 1400. Medieval architecture and music are both grounded in the classical theory of proportion. In the sequence of the seven artes liberals, arithmetic and geometry-the arts associated with architecture-are placed just before music, forming the quadrivium along with astronomy. Proportion, order, and harmony play an essential role in both music and architecture. In medieval architecture, rhythm was the consequence of the use of classical theories of proportion with the application of constructive geometry, and is seen most clearly in monumental longitudinal spaces of basilicas where rows of piers or columns and vaulting shafts corresponding to bays form regular rhythm in the interior to which the same rhythm of windows and buttresses or flying buttresses corresponds on the exterior. The paradigm changes only when this regular rhythm is loosened and connected with a less rigid treatment of the existing tradition of cathedral construction as can be seen in St. Vitus’ Lodge in Prague, a project led by Peter Parler. In the article I visually present this moment of radically changed rhythm and order at the end of the fourteenth century in Prague and compare it to musical developments at that time.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICAL VISIONS IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Problems related to ecology and impact on the environment in recent years have transformed our vision of ordinary things and processes. The active development of society was accompanied by a global threat - an increase in the consumption of resources, the main of which was energy. Ecology, as a discipline that is only a century and a half old, catapulted to the forefront of society in the 1960s, when an "ecological crisis" was recognized. Since then, this term appears before us both as a problem and its solution. Environmental movements and changes in social attitudes draw the attention of architects to the problems of ecology. Architecture, along with related fields, naturally reacted to these changes, developing its own way and approaches to solving the environmental problem. During the modern development of society, the problems that have become the beginning of changes in ecology grow in scale and take on new forms. However, this very development makes it possible to solve these problems more effectively. The work of international organizations and institutions is focused on preserving the environment and solving ecological problems. Measures and goals are implemented in the policies of states and cities, and ecology becomes a regulatory requirement. The general vision that considers ecology as a protected article is sustainable development - a general concept regarding the need to establish a balance between meeting the current needs of humanity and protecting the interests of future generations
 On the example of the first concepts and approaches, the development of scientific and technical achievements and individual projects, it is possible to trace this process and describe the formation of an ecological approach in architecture. The article describes the process of emergence and formation of the trend of environmentalism in architecture. The key stages of the development of the problem of ecology are established and the first concepts of ecological architecture are analyzed. The main factors that influenced the emergence of ecological architecture were identified and systematized. The main goal of the study is to consider the main prerequisites for the formation of ecological views in architecture and to find peculiarities in approaches to the formation of an ecological approach. In addition, the influence of ecology on the formation of a new paradigm in architecture is considered.

Towards a Taxonomy of The 21st century Architectural Practices in the age of Sustainability and Technology

The architectural practices witness drastic transformations in the 21st century globally, which put the architectural community in a situation of crisis; facing challenges to identify different trajectories and their characteristics for a reliable evaluation of the approaches and strategies. Conferences and research laboratories started to seek a philosophy interpreting new practices, mostly known is the 2003 Pompidou exhibition in France discussing “Non-standard Architectures”. This research investigates the interrelation between architecture, and the most-two dialectic terms of the age “sustainability and technology”, linking influencing beliefs and philosophies with the design approaches and strategies through a comprehensive design theory. It emphasizes the paradigm shift from modernism architecture that tied the design to craft to a richer knowledge paradigm ties design, technology and craft in a complex-system. This has more impressive and complex drivers corresponding to the reflects of “The Knowledge Power” coined by Foucault that shapes the whole cultural paradigm and its sub-systems of any society across history. Such a philosophy can reach a meta-theory about current practices of architecture seen as isolated islands or fragmented practices through revealing the radical drivers of current iconic projects and identifying hypothetical boundaries that interprets these typologies and their relevancy to each other promoting a new holistic paradigm of architecture.

Context-Aware Multi-Criteria Handover at the Software Defined Network Edge for Service Differentiation in Next Generation Wireless Networks

The densified deployment of heterogeneous networks coexisting with a variety of overlapping cells has emerged as a viable solution for next generation wireless networks. Despite numerous advantages, the heterogeneity and denseness also raise complicated handover management issue. Nonetheless, most existing handover methods generally depend on one or more objective attributes, and rarely consider the subjective demands of personalized users and specific applications that demand differentiated services. Through decomposing the control plane and data plane, software defined network(SDN) offers a flexible architectural paradigm to overcome these challenges. In this article, we first develop an SDN-driven handover architecture that is capable of perceiving global network status and requirements from various perspectives, including the physical layer, users, and applications. Then, a context-aware multi-criteria handover mechanism is developed in the SDN edge to provide differentiated services. Considering the numerous complicated factors, the handover decision is made based on a hierarchical fuzzy inference system to process diverse attributes and vague requirements described in natural language. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme through a combination of extensive simulations and real-world experiments. The results demonstrate that our solution outperforms the baseline handover schemes, more efficiently providing differentiated services with respect to throughput, bandwidth cost, and application satisfaction, and is efficient and feasible in practice.

Complexity Metrics for Statechart Diagrams

Model-Driven Development and the Model-Driven Architecture paradigm have in the recent past been emphasizing on the importance of good models. In the Object-Oriented paradigm one of the key artefacts are the Statechart diagrams. Statechart diagrams have inherent complexity which keeps increasing every time the diagrams are modified, and this complexity poses problems when it comes to comprehending the diagrams. Statechart diagrams provide a foundation for analysing the dynamic behaviour of systems, and therefore, their quality should be maintained. The aim of this study is to develop and validate metrics for measuring the complexity of UML Statechart diagrams. This study used design science which involved the definition of metrics, development of a metrics tool, and theoretical and empirical validation of the metrics. For the measurement of the cognitive complexity of statechart diagrams, this study proposes three metrics. The defined metrics were further used to calculate the complexity of two sample statechart diagrams and found relevant. Also, theoretical validation of the defined metrics was done using the Weyuker’s nine properties and revealed they are mathematically sound. Empirical validations were performed on the metrics and results indicate that all the three metrics are good for the measurement of the cognitive complexity of statecharts.

Influences on Apartment Design: A History of the Spatial Layout of Apartment Buildings in Sydney and Implications for the Future

This paper traces the history of apartment design with an emphasis on spatial layout. It charts the events that have influenced apartment design in Sydney, Australia and provides a framework for understanding how changes in society, the economy, regulations, and architectural paradigms have influenced apartment layouts over time. Through a review of historical and contemporary apartment plan drawings in Sydney, we identify four chronologically distinct eras: layouts reflecting physically separate rooms and a healthier living condition (1900–1935); layouts following function (1935–1961); layouts enhancing interaction between family members (1961–2002); and layouts for independent life and to satisfy minimum regulatory requirements (2002–the present). We then consider these distinct eras in relation to political, economic, and social influences at the time. We propose that prior to 1961, changes in social paradigms and architectural thinking and the development of technologies were the main drivers of apartment layouts. After 1961, changes in the economy, the housing market, and regulations appear to have had more influence. This historical analysis provides insights into factors contributing to current apartment layouts and how different social, economic, and regulatory levers may influence them in future. These insights will be useful to both practitioners and academics in international jurisdictions considering how to encourage improved apartment spatial layouts in future.

SysML modeling of service-oriented system-of-systems

The success of the ongoing fourth industrial revolution largely depends on our ways to cope with the novel design challenges arising from a combination of an enormous increase in process and product complexity, as well as the expected autonomy and self-organization of complex and diverse industrial hardware–software installments, often called systems-of-systems. In this paper, we employ the service-oriented architectural paradigm, as materialized in the Eclipse Arrowhead framework, to represent modern systems engineering principles and their open structural principles and, thus, relevance to flexible and adaptive systems. As for adequately capturing the structural aspect, we propose using model-based engineering techniques and, in particular, a SysML-based specialization of systems modeling. The approach is illustrated by a real-life use-case in industrial automation.

A Voltage-Controlled, Oscillation-Based ADC Design for Computation-in-Memory Architectures Using Emerging ReRAMs

Conventional von Neumann architectures cannot successfully meet the demands of emerging computation and data-intensive applications. These shortcomings can be improved by embracing new architectural paradigms using emerging technologies. In particular, Computation-In-Memory (CiM) using emerging technologies such as Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) is a promising approach to meet the computational demands of data-intensive applications such as neural networks and database queries. In CiM, computation is done in an analog manner; digitization of the results is costly in several aspects, such as area, energy, and performance, which hinders the potential of CiM. In this article, we propose an efficient Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator (VCO)–based analog-to-digital converter (ADC) design to improve the performance and energy efficiency of the CiM architecture. Due to its efficiency, the proposed ADC can be assigned in a per-column manner instead of sharing one ADC among multiple columns. This will boost the parallel execution and overall efficiency of the CiM crossbar array. The proposed ADC is evaluated using a Multiplication and Accumulation (MAC) operation implemented in ReRAM-based CiM crossbar arrays. Simulations results show that our proposed ADC can distinguish up to 32 levels within 10 ns while consuming less than 5.2 pJ of energy. In addition, our proposed ADC can tolerate ≈30% variability with a negligible impact on the performance of the ADC.

Improved Parallel Scanner for the Concurrent Execution of Lexical Analysis Tasks on Multi-Core Systems

Purpose: The processing power of machines will continue to accelerate massively. Modern eras of computing are driven by elevated parallel processing by the revolution of multi-core processors. This continuing trend toward parallel architectural paradigms facilitates parallel processing on a single machine and necessitates parallel programming in order to utilize the machine's enormous processing power. As a consequence, scanner generator applications will eventually need to be parallelized in order to fully leverage the throughput benefits of multi-core processors. This article discusses the way of processing the tasks in parallel during the scanning stage of lexical analysis. This is done by recognizing tokens in different lines of the source program in parallel along with auto detection of keyword in a character stream. Tasks are allocated line-by-line to the multiple instances of the lexical analyzer program. Then, each of the instances is run in parallel to detect tokens on different cores that are not yet engaged. Design/Methodology/Approach: Developing a theoretical and experimental approach for parallelizing the lexical scanning process on a multi-core system. Findings/Result: Based on the developed model, the theoretical and practical results indicate that the suggested methodology outperforms the sequential strategy in terms of tokenization consistently. It significantly decreases the amount of time spent on lexical analysis during the compilation process. It is clearly observed that the speedup should increase at or close to the same rate as the number of cores and keywords in the source program increases. This enhancement would improve the overall compilation time even more. Originality/Value: A hybrid model is developed for the concurrent execution of a lexical analyzer on multi-core systems using a dynamic task allocation algorithm and an auto-keyword detection method. Paper Type: Experimental Research.

Improved Parallel Scanner for the Concurrent Execution of Lexical Analysis Tasks on Multi-Core Systems

Purpose: The processing power of machines will continue to accelerate massively. Modern eras of computing are driven by elevated parallel processing by the revolution of multi-core processors. This continuing trend toward parallel architectural paradigms facilitates parallel processing on a single machine and necessitates parallel programming in order to utilize the machine's enormous processing power. As a consequence, scanner generator applications will eventually need to be parallelized in order to fully leverage the throughput benefits of multi-core processors. This article discusses the way of processing the tasks in parallel during the scanning stage of lexical analysis. This is done by recognizing tokens in different lines of the source program in parallel along with auto detection of keyword in a character stream. Tasks are allocated line-by-line to the multiple instances of the lexical analyzer program. Then, each of the instances is run in parallel to detect tokens on different cores that are not yet engaged. Design/Methodology/Approach: Developing a theoretical and experimental approach for parallelizing the lexical scanning process on a multi-core system. Findings/Result: Based on the developed model, the theoretical and practical results indicate that the suggested methodology outperforms the sequential strategy in terms of tokenization consistently. It significantly decreases the amount of time spent on lexical analysis during the compilation process. It is clearly observed that the speedup should increase at or close to the same rate as the number of cores and keywords in the source program increases. This enhancement would improve the overall compilation time even more. Originality/Value: A hybrid model is developed for the concurrent execution of a lexical analyzer on multi-core systems using a dynamic task allocation algorithm and an auto-keyword detection method. Paper Type: Experimental Research.

THE CHANGING AND DECLINE OF JOHOR KANGKAR SETTLEMENTS: A CASE STUDY OF MUAR, JOHOR

Kangkar is a traditional Chinese historic settlement in Johor, which established during Kangchu system from 1844 to 1917 represents strong historical significance in the Chinese architectural paradigm. However, the number of kangkar settlements decrease drastically from 100-120 to less than 20 in current context. This article aims to identify the possible reasons of kangkar decline in order to give insight in developing conservation policy for the historic settlement. Historical method was employed through archival research, literature review, and historical cartography; while field trip was carried out to examine the current development of kangkars. The findings revealed that 75% of kangkars are lost while the rest of 25% have been survived at least partly in today’s context. The establishment of New Village Resettlement and development of new town near to the kangkar settlements greatly contributed to the diminishing of kangkars at Muar. In short, the identification of reasons contributes to decline of kangkars act as the lessons to be integrated in traditional village conservation or town development planning in the future. This could avoid further neglect, gradual deterioration, and destruction of the traditional environment built with the experiences gained over the centuries.