Architectural Form Research Articles

Content-addressable memory using selective-charging and adaptive-discharging scheme for low-power hardware search engine

Single clock cycle access feature of content-addressable memory (CAM) suits well for high-speed parallel content search operation in data-intensive hardware search engines. The diverse applications span from accelerating databases and routing networks to processing images, implementing machine learning, processing biomedical data, and compressing data. Nevertheless, the CAM macro consumes significant energy due to the high switching of most match-lines (MLs), which comprise CAM words, during parallel access. Segmented ML schemes reduced power yet the cell and ML delay, and the extra sequential cycles affect search-speed. A novel selective-charging and adaptive-discharging (SCAD) scheme in the form of dynamic ML architecture is proposed to reduce CAM power consumption at no extra cycle cost. Additionally, a full-swing CAM cell forms the basis of storage and comparison-evaluation to lessen ML delay. Based on 45-nm technology under 1-V supply, the proposed 64 × 32-bit and 256 × 144-bit SCAD-CAM arrays dissipate only 0.45–0.46 fJ/bit/search energy and achieve high-speed. Compared to CAMs based on low-power ML schemes, viz., low-swing precharge, division and control, and master–slave, and the conventional CAM as baseline design, the SCAD-CAM reduces 13.49%–89.35% energy-delay. The average-power reduction of 1.8×–2.4× establishes the SCAD-CAM as a promising memory architecture for emerging search-intensive applications involving large-scale data workloads.

The early west front of Lincoln Cathedral: the threshold to the Heavenly Jerusalem?

ABSTRACT This paper is the result of an archaeological survey of what remains of the Romanesque chambers and staircases found within the west front of Lincoln Cathedral. It provides evidence, for the first time, that Remigius had begun to build a symmetrically planned west front, complementing the three arched bays to the west and the arch to the south, with a further one on the north west elevation, not the plain wall and low arch we see today. It is argued that, rather than an example of an early fortified church or lord’s tower, as proposed by some scholars, the Romanesque west front of Lincoln Cathedral has within it evidence of a liturgical architectural form which was to be developed fully in thirteenth century west fronts, most famously at Wells and Salisbury.

From Stupa to Pagoda: Re-Examining the Sinification and Transformation of Buddhist Monuments from Indian Origins

This study conducts a comparative analysis of Buddhist sacred structures throughout Asia, focusing on the historical development, regional disparities, and the cultural sinification process of stūpas, caityas, and pagodas. Specifically, it delves into the origins, definitions, and terminologies of early Buddhist monuments, such as stūpas/mahācetiyas and caityas/cetiyas, emphasizing their Indian origins. The research further explores the adaptation and reinterpretation of these original Indian concepts as they spread to East Asia, morphing into new forms, such as pagodas and Buddha halls. It examines the subtle shifts in terminology and the altered meanings and functions of these monuments, from their Indian origins to their sinified representations in East Asia. The transformation of Indian Buddhist monuments through local culture and technology into East Asian architectural forms is investigated, offering a detailed perspective on the dynamic transformation of sacred spaces in Buddhism. This illustrates the religion’s adaptability and integration with the local cultures of ancient East Asia. By analyzing the terminologies and symbolic meanings associated with the architectural transition from stūpa to pagoda, the study argues that sinicized ritual spaces in East Asia have adopted architectural types from pre-Buddhist traditions to represent Indian spaces, thereby highlighting the nuanced changes and the continuous adaptation of sacred Buddhist architecture.

Study on the Spatial and Architectural Morphological Characteristics of Buyei Traditional Settlements and Their Sustainable Development Strategies

The development of traditional settlements and architecture in China has changed along with the acceleration of the urbanization process, especially the changes are more obvious in the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. We take the traditional Buyei settlement space and architectural form as the object of research, summarize its characteristics, and study the development and change of the traditional Buyei settlement after the reform and opening up, summarize the characteristics of the traditional Buyei settlement, and put forward the suggestions for the protection and construction of the settlement, which is of great significance to the protection of national culture and the construction of "beautiful countryside". The promotion of ecological civilization is an important part of the current social and economic development, and the traditional architecture of the Buyi people contains the concepts of the unity of man and nature, harmony between man and nature, and respect for nature, which should become an important part of the construction of China's ecological civilization. Especially in the context of rural revitalization, analyzing the sustainable development strategy of the vast minority areas is necessary for balancing economic development and ecological civilization, and can play a positive role in promoting urban-rural integration, accelerating rural construction and realizing green development.

КИРПИЧНЫЙ «СТИЛЬ» В АРХИТЕКТУРЕ УЧЕБНЫХ ЗАВЕДЕНИЙ РОСТОВА-НА-ДОНУ КОНЦА XIX – НАЧАЛА ХХ ВЕКОВ

The buildings of educational institutions in the period of the late XIX - early XX centuries are one of the most important elements in the formation of the architectural environment of provincial cities, including Rostov-on-Don. The buildings of gymnasiums, commercial, clerk, and technical schools often formed a kind of spatial framework of the central part of the city, being unique objects. Primary schools, which had common typical features, were part of the central core of individual residential areas, including peripheral ones. Regardless of the status and level of the educational institution, the number of students and its place in the structure of the city, most educational buildings of primary, secondary and secondary specialized education were built in the brick “style”. At the same time, it should be noted the variety of artistic techniques that determine the appearance of educational buildings of various types. In addition to the so-called “average brick “style””, more complex techniques for solving facades are widespread in the architecture of most primary schools: turning to the stylized forms of medieval and Old Russian architecture, solving classical details in brick, combining simplified geometric decor with forms in the Art Nouveau style, combining light and red brick.

Towards an Effective Architectural Form: The Composition of Squareness and Roundness Based on Scale Proportion—Evidence from the Yingxian Wooden Pagoda

Investigating the mathematical and geometric principles embedded in ancient classic architecture is a significant tradition in the history of architectural development. Drawing inspiration from the modular design and creative ideology based on the geometric proportions of squareness and roundness in ancient Chinese architecture, we propose a new mode of squareness and roundness composition based on scale proportion specifically for the design of multi-story buildings. Taking Yingxian Wooden Pagoda as the case study, we not only re-evaluate the modular system and proportional rules followed in the design of the entire pagoda, but also reveal the technical approaches and geometric rules for effectively controlling the form of multi-story buildings. In particular, the mode of squareness and roundness composition based on scale proportion, utilizing a modular grid combined with squareness and roundness drawings as decision-making tools, can control the scale and proportion of buildings across different design dimensions and organically coordinate the design of multi-story buildings’ plans and elevations. Thus, it can achieve an effective balance of multi-story architectural forms. This study has potential applications in the creation of traditional multi-story buildings and heritage restoration projects, and offers valuable insights for future research on ancient multi-story buildings.

Following Armenian Memories: In the Myth of Venice. In Search for Determinants of Architectural Form

Following Armenian Memories: In the Myth of Venice. In Search for Determinants of Architectural Form

ФОРМА І ЗАДАЧІ ФОРМОТВОРЕННЯ В АРХІТЕКТУРІЙ КОМПОЗИЦІЇ

This paper examines the concept of architectural form as the boundaries of external and internal characteristics of the form, its role in the structure of the compositional image and the disclosure of certain aspects of forming, characteristic of different types of materials, their assortment and typification. In writing the article, general scientific and special methods of scientific research were used. The article also examines the state of research on the concept of architectural form, determining that building materials are the material basis that allows the architectural form proposed by an architect and designer to be realized as an architectural object. The main part of the objects currently under construction are residential and public buildings, mainly frame, monolithic-frame, monolithic or panel, with different number of storeys and comfort level. Such diversity leads to a significant variety of objects under construction, requires the study and use of compositional and constructive methods and means in architectural design. The practical value of the work is that the results of this study can be used by architects in the process of sketching and conceptual design of architectural objects. After all, every architect should be able to navigate the theoretical provisions of architectural composition, master the tools for building architectural forms, identify ways to create their own arsenal of creative tools in various design situations, select materials for specific purposes in accordance with the planning structure and tectonics of the architectural form; perform a feasibility study of options for architectural and urban planning design solutions.

ПРОЄКТУВАННЯ ТЕАТРАЛЬНО-ВИДОВИЩНИХ ЦЕНТРІВ ДЛЯ ДІТЕЙ ТА МОЛОДІ (на прикладі досвіду кафедри дизайну архітектурного середовища)

The article explores the influence of educational, research, and competitive design of theatrical and spectacle buildings developed by professors and students of the Department of Architectural Environment Design at the Institute of Architecture and Design National University "Lviv Polytechnic". Within the framework of the contemporary cultural and educational environment, where active youth participation is a vital component of cultural development, there is a necessity for the creation of adaptive, innovative spaces for creativity and communication. The persistence of outdated architectural forms, characteristic of the Soviet period, particularly in segments like theaters for young audiences and puppet theaters, is emphasized. The absence of innovation in these types of structures at the beginning of the 21st century is noted, especially concerning theatrical and spectacle institutions such as theaters for young audiences and puppet theaters, which continue to exist but do not meet the modern needs for quality cultural education of Ukrainian youth. An analysis of over ten projects at all levels shows that a significant portion not only reproduces the concepts of architects from the second half of the 20th century but also incorporates elements inherited from theatrical and spectacle buildings of the former USSR. However, in recent years, the Lviv architectural school, particularly following the establishment of the Department of Architectural Environment Design, has shown a tendency towards experimentation and the search for innovative solutions for the architecture of the future. This is evidenced by the results of educational and competitive design projects, as well as the introduction of special courses that revive the ideas of futuristic architecture from the last century. Achievements in this field reflect the architectural visions of renowned masters such as F. Kiesler and I. Leonidov, as well as contemporary researchers like A. Quarmby, K. Tange, B. Fuller, G. Golmin and G. Kreiger, who explore the possibilities of future architecture. The article provides a classification of theatrical and spectacle centers for children and youth. The author discusses factors that continue to negatively impact the development of theatrical and spectacle centers in Ukraine in the future. The experience of designing research, educational, and competitive projects, exemplified by the activities of the Department of Architectural Environment Design, demonstrates that it can find application in the applied architectural and construction industry of the country as a whole.

Exploration of Natural Element Form Optimization Algorithm using Spatial-Temporal Multi-Scale Alignment Graph Neural Network in Architectural Design Based on Morphological Theory

The construction industry has experienced important changes in recent years due to advancements in digital, artificial intelligence, and construction technologies, as well as the sector's on-going development and the advancement of science and technology. The creative growth of building industry, creative creation of architectural forms are partially supported technically by sophisticated parametric design apparatuses, the potent computing benefits of computer technology. In this manuscript, Exploration of Natural Element Form Optimization Algorithm using Spatial-Temporal Multi-Scale Alignment Graph Neural Network in Architectural Design Based on Morphological Theory (ENEF-OA-ADMT) is proposed. The STMSA-GNN and the Chaotic Coyote Algorithm (CCA) are two tools used by the proposed ENEF-OA-ADMT approach to improve architectural design based on morphological theory. The ST-MSA GNN's ability to capture intricate interactions and dependencies between several components in both space and time allows it to perform a comprehensive study of the morphological aspects of architectural designs. This graph neural network's integration of spatial and temporal dimensions enables a deeper understanding of how the architectural structural form design changes over time. The CCA optimized the ST-MSA-GNN to enhance the architectural structural form design. The proposed ENEF-OA-ADMT methodology skill fully combines these methodologies, creating a strong framework that allows architects and designers to work together to explore, refine, and create architectural structural design forms. The framework provided serves as a spur for further research, encouraging a more complete integration of technology and environment in the architectural domain. The effectiveness of proposed method is executed in python, evaluated through performance metrics encompassing accuracy, precision, specificity, Recall, computational time, F1 score, population diversification, randomness. Proposed ENEF-OA-ADMT method 34.56%, 28.63% and 21.89% higher accuracy, 34.97%, 32.13% and 21.89% higher precision and 34.68%, 20.84% and 29.76% higher randomness when compared with the existing methods such as Study of Morphological Design of Architecture from Geometric Logic Perspective (SOT-MDA-GLP), learning deep morphological networks by neural architecture search (LD-MN-NAS) and identifying degrees of deprivation from space utilizing deep learning with morphological spatial analysis of deprived urban areas (IDDS-DLMSA-DUA) respectively.

SACRED ARCHITECTURE OF JAPAN DURING THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM: LOCAL TRADITIONS AND CHINESE INFLUENCES

The article examines the sacred complexes of Buddhism and Shinto from the time of the beginning of the spread of Buddhism in Japan in the Nara period (645-783) in order to identify the nature of the mutual influence of two architectural traditions – the continental one, represented by the Buddhist architecture of China, and the local Japanese one, represented by Shinto architecture. As architectural examples, two authentic objects of both religious movements built in the same time period in the area of Nara were chosen, namely: the Toshodai-ji monastery complex, founded in 759 by the Buddhist monk Jianzhen, and the Kasuga shrine complex, built in the early eighth century by representatives of the powerful Fujiwara clan, the protector of imperial power. The analysis of the selected objects is carried out in four aspects: the nature of the organization of space, the nature of the interaction of structural elements, the nature of their accessibility and semantic content. The architecture of the Toshodai-ji monastery complex is dominated by continental influences, which are reflected in the organization of the complex, the structure and interior of its main pavilion kondo, and its semantics. The architecture of the complex shows the beginning of the process of transformation of local architectural traditions into Buddhist architecture, which is mainly reflected in the the structure and organization of the interior space of the kondo. The Kasuga shrine complex, on the contrary, although influenced by continental techniques, remains largely within the framework of local influences, which prevail mainly at the level of organization of the complex and at the level of its semantics. Continental influences are manifested in attempts to organize the structure of the shrine complex following the examples of Buddhist architectural complexes, as well as in the architectural form of the hondo pavilions. The identification of the characteristic features of the two architectural traditions was carried out in parallel for each of the selected objects, and based on the results obtained, the nature of the mutual influence of the two architectural concepts was compared in quantitative terms.

Deformation of Cylindrical Shell Made of 9X2 Steel Under Complex Loading

The development of the construction industry in terms of the design and manufacture of shell structures of non-standard architectural forms made of materials with complex mechanical properties requires using modern integrated computer-aided design systems with step-by-step modeling of deformation of structural elements under operating conditions, as well as taking into account their subsequent behavior after accumulation of residual strains during plastic deformation. The purpose of the study is to simulate the process of plastic deformation of a thin-walled cylindrical shell made of 9X2 GOST 5950-2000 (Interstate Standard) steel under compression and torsion with theoretical calculations based on the general theory of elastoplastic processes by A.A. Ilyushin. The constitutive equations of the theory of elastoplastic processes by A.A. Ilyushin for complex loading path and deformation of materials in the deviatoric strain space are presented. Based on the presented solutions, according to the strain path of the 9X2 steel shell implemented in the model, the graphs showing the relation of the vector and scalar properties of the material to the arc length of the strain path are constructed. A conclusion is made about the degree of hardening of the material in question and its dependence on the magnitude of the angle of convergence at the kink point of the complex path. The graphs of changes in the constitutive plasticity functions with respect to the increments of the arc length of the strain path are presented.

HARMONY OF ARCHITECTURE AND MONUMENTAL PAINTING IN THE ART OF UZBEKISTAN

This study explores the harmony between architecture and monumental painting in the art of Uzbekistan. It investigates how architectural forms and decorative elements are integrated with painting techniques to create a cohesive visual language. Through an analysis of historical and contemporary examples, the research elucidates the cultural significance and aesthetic principles underlying this symbiotic relationship. By examining the interplay between architectural space and pictorial composition, this study offers insights into the unique artistic traditions of Uzbekistan and their enduring influence on architectural design and decorative arts.

Can Architectural Identity Be Measured?

The sustainable breadth of architectural identity is a remarkable phenomenon with many dimensions. These dimensions are melded together to produce an architectural form. Form as the final architectural product is shaped by the visual cues that produce symbols as a powerful tool in identifying a specific architectural trend. This study aims to construct a theoretical framework for the permanence of local identities to answer the main assumption, which is the following: Can identity be measured? It endeavors to clarify the main effective parameters that affect the permanency of architectural identity. It assesses the measurement variables of architectural identity based on multiple architectural perspectives and different points of view. The methodology of this study contains two broad approaches: a checklist and a questionnaire. The results provide a new model that includes three significant poles of architectural identity (mental images, originality, and building regulation). The findings enhanced the sustainability concept of architectural identity, which forecasts the permanency of architectural identity.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PONTOON-CABLE BRIDGE STRUCTURE FROM THE TENSEGRITY CONCEPT POINT OF VIEW

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to conduct an analysis of the tensegrity concept implementation, as well as the study of already built structures and those that are currently being designed according to this principle. Also to determine main features and characteristics of tensegrity structures and to consider the previously proposed structure of the pontoon-cable bridge from the point of view of this concept. Based on the analyzed data, it is proposed to develop alternative designs of the pontoon-cable bridge. Methodology. Analysis of literary sources, data on constructed and designed bridges and other structures; analysis and synthesis of building structures elements. Findings. Based on the studied data, the main features of tensegrity, as well as the principles of numerical analysis of structures to calculate some quantitative indicators of such systems, were determined. Conclusions were made about the formal non-compliance of both the built bridges and other structures, as well as the pontoon-cable bridge with tensegrity concept. Based on the task of finding architectural forms of dome systems through cutting axisymmetric ones, an "antiderivative" symmetrical structure for a pontoon-cable bridge is proposed, which will meet the specified characteristics. Based on the study of existing cable and tensegrity structures, three alternative architectural forms for the pontoon-cable bridge were developed. Originality. Analysis of existing sources, including constructed and designed tensegrity bridges and other structures, was conducted. A summary about the feasibility and usefulness of this approach for a previously proposed pontoon-cable bridge has been made. It was concluded that, in the future, this bridge can be considered from the tensegrity point of view, provided that the introduction of some tolerances or auxiliary elements were made. Practical value. For the existing structure of the pontoon-cable bridge, after considering it from the tensegrity and other cable structures’ point of view, alternative forms are proposed that may have additional advantages for specific design or construction conditions.

Pacific Space

In the West, architecture, landscape and interior are seen as separate disciplines, with the latter two subordinate to architecture’s concern with object, form and structure. This paper explores the extent to which buildings of the Pacific subvert this Western model using the examples of a Maori dwelling made from raupo reed, the Maori Meeting House (or whare nui) and the Pacific Island fale?. We review certain Pacific indigenous buildings, not in terms of architecture, but through looking at the garment and the body. It is doubtful if the people of the Pacific share the Western notion of architecture as something separate from craft, art, ornament, interior, landscape or other European notions, and we suggest that the disciplines of interior and landscape design can be useful in exploring the concepts on which building in the Pacific are based. This paper proposes an understanding of architecture more appropriate to a South Pacific milieu, which in turn can open up the possibilities of new architectural form.

Absolute Zero – Revealing the Void

Which comes first, the walls or the space? The discussion in this paper explores the significance of the void in the development of innovative architectural space. It challenges the traditional perception that only ‘positive’ elements, such as walls, generate meaningful form; the void being diminished in the role of resultant ‘negative’ space. If our design process concentrates on the object as the generator of interior space, then, as is proposed in the paper, our ability to develop and communicate our ideas is limited by the inherent meaning of that object. If, however, we come to accept the symbolic language of materiality, then, as interior architects, we will invert this process and explore the subject meaning of our ideas before defining their form. This proposal is illustrated with reference to Daniel Libeskind, Coop Himmmelb[l]au, Michaelangelo, the vanishing point, the blank page, and the absent North Pole. Oppositional relationships are noted as existing within the symbiotic framework of the void; a place where we strip away preconceived meaning in order to find the zero- point of our ideas. In so doing, the negative is inverted and the void becomes a meaningful generator of architectural form, in a design process that enables us to define our intentions beyond the inherent influence of the tangible object.

Predictive models of embodied carbon emissions in building design phases: Machine learning approaches based on residential buildings in China

As one of the major architectural forms, residential building construction consumes considerable resources, and it has been regarded as a crucial factor for the implementation of carbon peaking and neutrality targets. Estimation of carbon emissions is essential for making informed decisions regarding building design and carbon reduction measures. Some studies have established predictive models for building operational carbon emissions. However, there are relatively few studies concerning the prediction of embodied carbon emissions. This study established a dataset containing 850 residential building samples. Based on the trade-offs and combinations of different explanatory variables, including building features and material use, this study developed two-phase models. These models, incorporating six scenarios, predicted embodied carbon intensities using twelve machine learning algorithms. For the planning design phase, an extremely randomized tree model using the building height, structural form, seismic fortification intensity, delivery form, geographical region, and material cost as inputs was favored considering R2 as 0.821 on the testing dataset. For the preliminary design phase, an extreme gradient boosting model using both building features and material intensities provided superior performance with R2 and MAPE values of 0.917 and 0.038, respectively. The optimal models and relevant feature importance analysis can be helpful for efficiently predicting embodied carbon emissions, and therefore, facilitate low-carbon designs.

Connection between the artistic design of form in architecture and design and laws of psychology and physiology of perception

Specialists who have ever been involved in compositional work could not help but notice that there is a connection between compositional methods and techniques (architects, designers and artists use them in their work) and the fundamental tools of perception that nature has endowed man with and which he uses. The direction of Gestalt psychology is of greatest importance for the chosen topic. This direction describes and studies integral structures that, in principle, cannot be derived from the components that form them. At the same time, the theory of composition studies such laws of construction of a work of art that ensure the integrity of this work. It is quite obvious that the process of creating an attractive form simply must be built according to the laws of perception that are laid down by nature. It is this interesting connection that this article is devoted to.

Residential urban heritage space identification, delimitation, and potential assessment model based on space syntax

In the era of post-modernization, profound transformations in urban spaces have led to significant shifts in the spatial composition paradigms of contemporary urban heritage. Research on this process is crucial for elucidating the spatial pathways and compositional changes in the modernization transformation of urban heritage. This study aims to establish identification indicators and assessment systems for the spatial structure of urban residential environments exhibiting historical characteristics and heritage potential through a comparative analysis of residential urban heritage spatial paradigms in historic cities in China and Japan. First, grounded in space syntax theory, this study selected residential urban heritage in Suzhou’s Pingjiang Historic District and Uji’s Nakauji District as research cases. Utilizing road network data, this study analyzed the Life Integration (Int.VR1000) and Global Integration (Int.VR5000) of urban heritage spaces, thereby constructing a spatial topology system for heritage spaces. Second, the study employed urban spatial entropy indicators, such as architectural density entropy, spatial morphology entropy, and function mixing entropy, to quantitatively describe the spatial structure, consequently establishing a heritage space morphological structure indicator system. Finally, spatial clustering methods are used to integrate the spatial topology system with the morphological structure indicator system, resulting in a feature model for residential urban heritage spaces. The research results indicate that the transformation path of residential space paradigms is mainly influenced by spatial topology, affecting the structure of residential heritage spaces in three aspects: functional layout, building density, and spatial form. This phenomenon, in turn, impacts population distribution and the migration of living spaces. However, at the same time, the “resistance effect” of street and lane spaces and the limitations of architectural forms on spatial functions have protected the integrity and authenticity of the internal space.